Evaluating Indoor Air Phthalates and Volatile Organic Compounds in Nail Salons in the Greater New York City Area: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Recruitment of Nail Salons
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. VOC Analysis
2.4. Phthalate Analysis
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Salon Characteristics
3.2. Descriptive Statistics of VOCs and Phthalates
3.3. VOCs and Phthalates by Salon Characteristics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Class | |
MC | Methylene Chloride |
B | Benzene |
MMA | Methyl methacrylate |
T | Toluene |
EMA | Ethyl methacrylate |
TCE | Tetrachloroethylene |
E | Ethyl benzene |
X | m,p-Xylenes |
X | o-Xylene |
Phthalates | |
DEHP | Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate |
DnOP | Di-n-octyl phthalate |
DiBP | Diisobutyl phthalate |
DEP | Diethyl phthalate |
DnBP | Di-n-butyl phthalate |
BzBP | Benzylbutyl phthalate |
DMP | Dimethy phthalate |
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New Jersey (n = 10) | New York (n = 10) | Total (N = 20) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | N (%) | M (SD) | N (%) | M (SD) | N (%) | |
Number of employees | 6.80 (2.62) | 8.30 (4.50) | 7.55 (3.66) | |||
Daily customers during data collection | 40.00 (19.15) | 32.50 (23.01) | 36.25 (20.96) | |||
Daily open hours during data collection | 9.56 (0.50) | 9.61 (1.12) | 9.59 (0.84) | |||
Number of manicure tables | 7.70 (2.21) | 7.50 (1.78) | 7.60 (1.96) | |||
Number of pedicure tables | 6.90 (2.42) | 6.70 (2.00) | 6.80 (2.17) | |||
Doors | ||||||
1 | 2 (20%) | 4 (40%) | 6 (30%) | |||
2 or more | 8 (80%) | 6 (60%) | 14 (70%) | |||
Windows | ||||||
0 | 7 (70%) | 7 (70%) | 14 (70%) | |||
1 or more | 3 (30%) | 3 (30%) | 6 (30%) | |||
Has a ventilation system | 6 (60%) | 7 (70%) | 13 (65%) | |||
Ventilated manicure station | 4 (40%) | 3 (30%) | 7 (70%) | |||
Ventilated pedicure station | 1 (10%) | 1 (10%) | 2 (20%) | |||
Table fan connected to duct to vent contaminated air outside | 2 (20%) | 1 (10%) | 3 (30%) | |||
Exhaust hood to vent contaminated airoutside | 3 (30%) | 4 (40%) | 7 (70%) | |||
Use of products with all natural or organic ingredients | 4 (40%) | 8 (80%) | 12 (60%) | |||
Type of services | ||||||
Regular manicure/pedicure | 10 (100%) | 10 (100%) | 20 (100%) | |||
Artificial nail (UV gels) | 10 (100%) | 10 (100%) | 20 (100%) | |||
Artificial nail (Acrylics) | 1 (10%) | 5 (50%) | 6 (30%) | |||
Artificial nail (Dip powders) | 8 (80%) | 10 (100%) | 18 (90%) | |||
Spa/Facial/Waxing | 8 (80%) | 6 (60%) | 14 (70%) | |||
Eyelash extension | 3 (30%) | 4 (40%) | 7 (35%) |
Class | Chemicals | LOD a | New Jersey | New York | Total | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N > LOD | Mean ± SD | Median | N > LOD | Mean ± SD | Median | N > LOD | Mean ± SD | Median | |||
VOCs | Butadiene | 0.12 | 1 | N/A | <0.12 | 0 | N/A | <0.12 | 1 | N/A | <0.12 |
Pentane | 0.11 | 10 | 1.86 ± 1.50 | 1.55 | 10 | 2.36 ± 3.60 | 1.22 | 20 | 2.11 ± 2.70 | 1.36 | |
Isoprene | 0.09 | 4 | N/A | <0.09 | 4 | N/A | <0.09 | 8 | N/A | <0.09 | |
Methylene Chloride | 0.01 | 10 | 0.63 ± 0.43 | 0.70 | 10 | 1.65 ± 1.74 | 1.14 | 20 | 1.14 ± 1.34 | 1.03 | |
n-Hexane | 0.11 | 10 | 0.21 ± 0.09 | 0.18 | 8 | 0.89 ± 1.60 | 0.19 | 18 | 0.55 ± 1.16 | 0.18 | |
Methyl Cyclopentane | 0.03 | 3 | N/A | <0.03 | 3 | N/A | <0.03 | 6 | N/A | <0.03 | |
Methyl Ethyl Ketone | 0.13 | 1 | N/A | <0.37 | 0 | N/A | <0.37 | 1 | N/A | <0.37 | |
Chloroform | 0.07 | 8 | 0.45 ± 0.32 | 0.50 | 5 | 1.31 ± 3.33 | 0.11 | 13 | 0.88 ± 2.34 | 0.37 | |
2,3-Dimethyl Pentane | 0.07 | 2 | N/A | <0.07 | 5 | 1.70 ± 3.27 | 0.08 | 7 | N/A | <0.07 | |
Trichloroethylene | 0.07 | 0 | N/A | <0.07 | 3 | N/A | <0.07 | 3 | N/A | <0.07 | |
Carbon Tetrachloride | 0.03 | 5 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.03 | 2 | N/A | <0.03 | 7 | N/A | <0.03 | |
Benzene | 0.21 | 10 | 0.58 ± 0.26 | 0.54 | 10 | 1.06 ± 1.55 | 0.43 | 20 | 0.82 ± 1.11 | 0.51 | |
Methyl Methacrylate | 0.09 | 7 | 21.74 ± 62.27 | 1.77 | 3 | N/A | <0.09 | 10 | 14.44 ± 46.13 | 0.12 | |
Toluene | 0.03 | 10 | 12.74 ± 9.96 | 9.85 | 10 | 8.39 ± 9.30 | 5.17 | 20 | 10.57 ± 9.64 | 7.03 | |
Ethyl Methacrylate | 0.08 | 7 | 9.85 ± 30.46 | 0.12 | 6 | 3.08 ± 7.77 | 0.55 | 13 | 0.25 ± 0.22 | 0.21 | |
Tetrachloroethylene | 0.06 | 10 | 0.35 ± 0.71 | 0.13 | 10 | 2.35 ± 4.67 | 0.14 | 20 | 1.35 ± 3.41 | 0.13 | |
Ethyl Benzene | 0.03 | 10 | 0.28 ± 0.12 | 0.23 | 10 | 0.22 ± 0.30 | 0.11 | 20 | 0.25 ± 0.22 | 0.21 | |
Nonane | 0.05 | 2 | N/A | <0.05 | 5 | 0.10 ± 0.14 | 0.04 | 7 | N/A | <0.05 | |
m,p-Xylenes | 0.10 | 10 | 0.73 ± 0.34 | 0.77 | 10 | 0.70 ± 0.85 | 0.36 | 20 | 0.71 ± 0.63 | 0.62 | |
o-Xylene | 0.10 | 10 | 0.25 ± 0.13 | 0.26 | 10 | 0.23 ± 0.27 | 0.11 | 20 | 0.24 ± 0.21 | 0.19 | |
Styrene | 0.02 | 8 | 0.10 ± 0.08 | 0.09 | 6 | 0.10 ± 0.22 | 0.03 | 14 | 0.10 ± 0.16 | 0.04 | |
α-Pinene | 0.09 | 10 | 0.81 ± 0.87 | 0.47 | 10 | 0.54 ± 0.88 | 0.22 | 20 | 0.67 ± 0.86 | 0.33 | |
n-Decane | 0.04 | 3 | N/A | <0.04 | 4 | N/A | <0.04 | 7 | N/A | <0.04 | |
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene | 0.03 | 2 | N/A | <0.03 | 3 | N/A | <0.03 | 5 | N/A | <0.03 | |
1-Ethyl-2-methylbenzene | 0.02 | 3 | N/A | <0.02 | 4 | N/A | <0.02 | 7 | N/A | <0.02 | |
β-Pinene | 0.09 | 10 | 0.81 ± 1.51 | 0.32 | 9 | 0.84 ± 1.59 | 0.31 | 19 | 0.82 ± 1.51 | 0.32 | |
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene | 0.02 | 2 | N/A | <0.02 | 6 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.02 | 8 | N/A | <0.02 | |
d-Limonene | 0.10 | 10 | 7.77 ± 8.14 | 6.14 | 10 | 6.50 ± 7.58 | 2.52 | 20 | 7.14 ± 7.68 | 4.21 | |
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene | 0.03 | 9 | 0.10 ± 0.06 | 0.11 | 10 | 0.13 ± 0.12 | 0.09 | 19 | 0.11 ± 0.10 | 0.10 | |
1,4-Dichlorobenzene | 0.05 | 2 | N/A | < 0.05 | 1 | N/A | <0.05 | 3 | N/A | <0.05 | |
Phthalates | Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) | 2 | 3 | 445.7 ± 137.2 | 469.72 | 7 | 394.3 ± 72.63 | 390.92 | 10 | 409.7 ± 91.20 | 391.80 |
Di-n-octyl Phthalate (DnOP) | 2 | 3 | 10.83 ± 4.11 | 8.46 | 7 | 25.96 ± 5.75 | 25.82 | 10 | 21.42 ± 8.90 | 23.49 | |
Diisobutyl Phthalate (DiBP) | 2 | 3 | 106.4 ± 11.53 | 102.1 | 7 | 120.2 ± 44.87 | 97.15 | 10 | 115.5 ± 37.80 | 99.61 | |
Diethyl Phthalate (DEP) | 2 | 3 | 200.8 ± 137.7 | 142.0 | 7 | 226.0 ± 225.7 | 166.9 | 10 | 218.4 ± 195.8 | 154.4 | |
Di-n-butyl Phthalate (DnBP) | 2 | 3 | 61.95 ± 37.31 | 53.86 | 7 | 67.13 ± 25.71 | 67.07 | 10 | 65.58 ± 27.50 | 61.28 | |
Benzylbutyl Phthalate (BzBP) | 2 | 3 | 7.72 ± 0.68 | 7.50 | 7 | 25.26 ± 25.96 | 17.58 | 10 | 20.00 ± 22.83 | 12.04 | |
Dimethy Phthalate (DMP) | 10 | 0 | N/A | <10 | 0 | N/A | <10 | 0 | N/A | <10 |
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Han, I.; Seo, J.Y.; Barr, D.B.; Panuwet, P.; Yakimavets, V.; D’Souza, P.E.; An-Han, H.; Afshar, M.; Chao, Y.-Y. Evaluating Indoor Air Phthalates and Volatile Organic Compounds in Nail Salons in the Greater New York City Area: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12411. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912411
Han I, Seo JY, Barr DB, Panuwet P, Yakimavets V, D’Souza PE, An-Han H, Afshar M, Chao Y-Y. Evaluating Indoor Air Phthalates and Volatile Organic Compounds in Nail Salons in the Greater New York City Area: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12411. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912411
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Inkyu, Jin Young Seo, Dana Boyd Barr, Parinya Panuwet, Volha Yakimavets, Priya Esilda D’Souza, Heyreoun An-Han, Masoud Afshar, and Ying-Yu Chao. 2022. "Evaluating Indoor Air Phthalates and Volatile Organic Compounds in Nail Salons in the Greater New York City Area: A Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12411. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912411