Combined Inhibitory Effect of Canada Goldenrod Invasion and Soil Microplastics on Rice Growth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials Preparation
2.2. Pot Experiment Design and Plant Sampling
2.3. Plant Growth and Biomass Parameters
2.4. Chlorophyll Contents and Gaseous Exchange Parameters
2.5. Antioxidants Enzyme Activities
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Response of Rice Biomass and Phenological Indices to Treatments
3.2. The Response of Photosynthetic Parameters to Treatments
3.3. The Responses of Rice Antioxidants Enzymes Activities to Treatments
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of S. canadensis Invasion and Residual Soil MPs on Rice Biomass and Phenology
4.2. Effects of S. canadensis Invasion and Residual Soil MPs on Photosynthesis
4.3. Effects of S. canadensis Invasion and Residual Soil MPs on the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Belowground Biomass | Aboveground Biomass | Total Biomass | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(×10−1 g) | (×10−1 g) | (g) | ||
50 DAT | CK | 4.59 ± 0.10 a | 5.26 ± 0.20 a | 1.56 ± 0.02 a |
SI | 3.72 ± 0.61 b | 4.19 ± 0.06 b | 1.23 ± 0.00 b | |
MPs | 2.62 ± 0.08 c | 2.50 ± 0.12 c | 0.78 ± 0.02 c | |
SI × MPs | 1.60 ± 0.08 d | 1.40 ± 0.11 d | 0.48 ± 0.01 c | |
80 DAT | CK | 8.59 ± 0.07 a | 24.94 ± 1.32 a | 5.05 ± 0.08 a |
SI | 6.78 ± 0.05 b | 17.45 ± 0.95 b | 3.52 ± 0.08 b | |
MPs | 5.27 ± 0.04 c | 14.08 ± 0.51 c | 2.78 ± 0.08 bc | |
SI × MPs | 4.45 ± 0.07 d | 8.16 ± 0.23 d | 1.74 ± 0.04 c |
Treatments | Stem Height | Total Height | Diameter | No. of Leaves | No. of Tillers | No. of Nodes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(×10 cm) | (×10 cm) | (mm) | |||||
50 DAT | CK | 2.30 ± 0.10 a | 6.10 ± 0.23 a | 4.85 ± 0.34 a | 10.86 ± 0.40 | 2.70 ± 0.30 a | 8.40 ± 1.10 |
SI | 2.08 ± 0.08 ab | 5.82 ± 0.12 ab | 3.85 ± 0.24 b | 9.29 ± 0.42 | 2.10 ± 0.30 ab | 8.10 ± 0.40 | |
MPs | 1.92 ± 0.05 bc | 5.49 ± 0.19 b | 3.65 ± 0.13 b | 9.43 ± 0.48 | 1.70 ± 0.20 b | 7.60 ± 0.30 | |
SI × MPs | 1.70 ± 0.12 c | 4.66 ± 0.17 c | 3.36 ± 0.11 b | 9.86 ± 0.34 | 1.60 ± 0.20 b | 7.10 ± 0.30 | |
80 DAT | CK | 3.00 ± 0.06 a | 6.49 ± 0.25 a | 6.33 ± 0.26 a | 14.00 ± 2.00 | 4.00 ± 0.30 a | 10.70 ± 2.00 a |
SI | 2.54 ± 0.10 b | 5.99 ± 0.26 ab | 4.97 ± 0.13 b | 14.00 ± 1.00 | 3.00 ± 0.20 b | 6.60 ± 0.40 b | |
MPs | 2.40 ± 0.09 b | 5.57 ± 0.10 b | 4.41 ± 0.12 c | 12.00 ± 1.00 | 2.30 ± 0.30 bc | 5.90 ± 0.60 b | |
SI × MPs | 1.99 ± 0.05 c | 4.91 ± 0.17 c | 3.84 ± 0.21 d | 12.00 ± 1.00 | 1.90 ± 0.30 c | 4.40 ± 0.50 b |
Treatments | Pn | Tr | Gs | PAR | Ci | WUE | SPAD | Leaf N | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(×10 μmol m−2 s−1) | (μmol m−2 s−1) | (×10−1 μmol m−2 s−1) | (×103 μmol m−2 s−1) | (×102 ppm) | (%) | (×10) | |||
50 DAT | CK | 2.68 ± 0.11 a | 6.23 ± 0.08 a | 6.54 ± 0.16 a | 1.55 ± 0.02 a | 5.26 ± 0.06 a | 9.96 ± 0.35 a | 3.31 ± 0.08 a | 2.87 ± 0.06 a |
SI | 2.03 ± 0.05 b | 3.62 ± 0.14 b | 4.05 ± 0.16 b | 1.32 ± 0.02 b | 4.21 ± 0.02 b | 5.91 ± 0.66 b | 2.93 ± 0.03 b | 2.70 ± 0.06 b | |
MPs | 1.43 ± 0.07 c | 2.62 ± 0.07 c | 2.41 ± 0.17 c | 1.01 ± 0.02 c | 3.18 ± 0.04 c | 4.53 ± 0.06 c | 2.63 ± 0.03 c | 2.68 ± 0.07 c | |
SI × MPs | 1.10 ± 0.04 d | 1.44 ± 0.13 d | 1.62 ± 0.08 d | 0.80 ± 0.02 d | 2.13 ± 0.09 d | 2.63 ± 0.17 d | 1.89 ± 0.05 d | 2.57 ± 0.08 d | |
80 DAT | CK | 2.22 ± 0.04 a | 7.22 ± 0.18 a | 6.52 ± 0.12 a | 1.40 ± 0.06 a | 5.61 ± 0.16 a | 7.80 ± 0.35 a | 3.57 ± 0.06 a | 3.35 ± 0.15 a |
SI | 1.84 ± 0.01 b | 5.48 ± 0.12 b | 5.47 ± 0.10 b | 1.08 ± 0.03 b | 4.55 ± 0.14 b | 5.77 ± 0.27 b | 3.05 ± 0.06 b | 2.80 ± 0.06 b | |
MPs | 1.21 ± 0.01 c | 3.93 ± 0.19 c | 3.52 ± 0.11 c | 0.80 ± 0.02 c | 3.33 ± 0.14 c | 4.29 ± 0.30 c | 2.48 ± 0.06 c | 2.45 ± 0.03 c | |
SI × MPs | 0.81 ± 0.02 d | 2.78 ± 0.05 d | 1.49 ± 0.10 d | 0.31 ± 0.05 d | 2.64 ± 0.11 d | 2.51 ± 0.23 d | 1.63 ± 0.10 d | 2.10 ± 0.05 d |
Parts | DAT | Treatments | APX | CAT | POD | SOD | ROS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(×102 U min−1 g−1 FW) | (×102 U min−1 g−1 FW) | (×103 U min−1 g−1 FW) | (×102 U g−1 FW) | (×10 U min−1 g−1 FW) | |||
Belowground | 50 | CK | 1.88± 0.19 a | 5.00 ± 0.41 a | 1.86 ± 0.14 b | 4.67 ± 0.11 a | 0.94 ± 0.04 a |
SI | 1.24 ± 0.27 b | 3.58 ± 0.12 b | 1.23 ± 0.07 c | 3.65 ± 0.10 b | 0.71 ± 0.07 b | ||
MPs | 1.11 ± 0.08 bc | 2.72 ± 0.17 c | 1.63 ± 0.21 bc | 2.74 ± 0.11 c | 0.65 ± 0.01 b | ||
SI × MPs | 0.64 ± 0.10 c | 2.16 ± 0.14 c | 2.67 ± 0.10 a | 1.61 ± 0.11 d | 0.51 ± 0.02 c | ||
80 | CK | 2.86 ± 0.25 a | 4.39 ± 0.95 a | 3.26 ± 0.05 c | 2.48 ± 0.20 a | 1.40 ± 0.08 c | |
SI | 2.27 ± 0.15 b | 3.26 ± 0.20 ab | 2.33 ± 0.33 d | 2.33 ± 0.04 a | 1.78 ± 0.04 b | ||
MPs | 1.49 ± 0.10 c | 2.51 ± 0.35 b | 4.30 ± 0.13 b | 1.97 ± 0.05 b | 2.08 ± 0.16 b | ||
SI × MPs | 1.10 ± 0.07 c | 1.83 ± 0.36 b | 5.21 ± 0.18 a | 1.48 ± 0.12 c | 2.70 ± 0.13 a | ||
Aboveground | 50 | CK | 2.28 ± 0.21 a | 9.05 ± 1.01 c | 1.89 ± 0.08 c | 8.14 ± 0.18 a | 1.25 ± 0.04 b |
SI | 1.03 ± 0.04 d | 13.70 ± 1.44 bc | 2.16 ± 0.13 c | 5.43 ± 0.26 b | 1.45 ± 0.08 b | ||
MPs | 1.40 ± 0.13 c | 19.97 ± 3.06 ab | 2.55 ± 0.10 b | 4.30 ± 0.21 c | 2.02 ± 0.10 a | ||
SI × MPs | 1.85 ± 0.10 b | 26.90 ± 4.44 a | 3.27 ± 0.74 a | 3.59 ± 0.14 d | 2.87 ± 0.16 a | ||
80 | CK | 3.95 ± 0.35 a | 2.50 ± 0.10 d | 4.36 ± 0.44 a | 4.29 ± 0.17 a | 1.40 ± 0.10 d | |
SI | 1.44 ± 0.46 c | 3.44 ± 0.14 c | 3.25 ± 0.23 b | 3.31 ± 0.13 b | 1.84 ± 0.60 c | ||
MPs | 1.83 ± 0.08 c | 5.32 ± 0.14 b | 2.55 ± 0.11 bc | 2.95 ± 0.27 b | 2.25 ± 0.23 b | ||
SI × MPs | 3.06 ± 0.17 b | 9.26 ± 0.34 a | 1.96 ± 0.08 c | 2.36 ± 0.07 c | 2.85 ± 0.08 a |
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Zhao, X.; Xie, H.; Zhao, X.; Zhang, J.; Li, Z.; Yin, W.; Yuan, A.; Zhou, H.; Manan, S.; Nazar, M.; et al. Combined Inhibitory Effect of Canada Goldenrod Invasion and Soil Microplastics on Rice Growth. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911947
Zhao X, Xie H, Zhao X, Zhang J, Li Z, Yin W, Yuan A, Zhou H, Manan S, Nazar M, et al. Combined Inhibitory Effect of Canada Goldenrod Invasion and Soil Microplastics on Rice Growth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):11947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911947
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Xiaoxun, Hongliang Xie, Xin Zhao, Jiaqi Zhang, Zhiliang Li, Weiqing Yin, Aiguo Yuan, Huan Zhou, Sehrish Manan, Mudasir Nazar, and et al. 2022. "Combined Inhibitory Effect of Canada Goldenrod Invasion and Soil Microplastics on Rice Growth" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 11947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911947