Immobilization of Cr(VI) in Soil Using a Montmorillonite-Supported Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Stabilized Iron Sulfide Composite: Effectiveness and Biotoxicity Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Materials
2.2. Preparation and Characterization of CMC@MMT-FeS
2.3. Remediation of Cr(VI)-Contaminated Soil
2.4. Evaluation of Cr(VI) Stability in the Soil after Remediation
2.5. Biotoxicity Assessment of Cr(VI)-Contaminated Soils after Remediation
2.6. Analysis Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of Materials
3.2. Effect of Cr(VI) Immobilization in Soil by CMC@MMT-FeS
3.3. Cr(VI) Concentration in Soil Samples before and after Remediation
3.4. BCR Tests of Soil Samples before and after Remediation
3.5. The Mechanisms of Cr(VI) Immobilization by CMC@MMT-FeS
3.6. The Effect of Cr(VI) Remediation Evaluated Using the V. faba Micronucleus Method
3.7. The Effect of Cr(VI) Remediation Evaluated Using E. foetida
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Cr(VI) Concentration (mg/L) | RIR | PI |
---|---|---|---|
CK | 0 | - | - |
CS | 40.75 | 0.79 | - |
CS + 1% 0.5 CMC@MMT-FeS | 21.21 | 0.76 | 0.68 |
CS + 5% 0.5 CMC@MMT-FeS | 1.61 | 0.24 | 0.31 |
CS + 10% 0.5 CMC@MMT-FeS | 0.71 | 0.22 | 0.20 |
CS + 0.5 mmol FeSO4 | 22.82 | 0.72 | 0.75 |
CS + 2.5 mmol FeSO4 | 2.99 | 0.55 | 0.41 |
CS + 5.0 mmol FeSO4 | 0.98 | 0.60 | 0.54 |
Treatment | SOD Values (U/mg Protein) | POD Values (U/mg Protein) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 d | 3 d | 7 d | 14 d | 1 d | 3 d | 7 d | 14 d | |
CK | 1.93 | 4.89 | 8.91 | 9.40 | 6.81 | 9.40 | 8.03 | 7.08 |
CS + 1% 0.5 CMC@MMT-FeS | 6.86 | 7.28 | 3.83 | * | 7.75 | 10.82 | 8.19 | * |
CS + 5% 0.5 CMC@MMT-FeS | 11.67 | 13.27 | 8.32 | 5.9 | 6.16 | 8.24 | 8.23 | 7.02 |
CS + 10% 0.5 CMC@MMT-FeS | 9.82 | 12.42 | 7.45 | 3.65 | 6.04 | 8.46 | 8.11 | 7.04 |
CS + 0.5 mmol FeSO4 | 5.90 | 8.28 | * | * | 8.04 | 9.75 | * | * |
CS + 2.5 mmol FeSO4 | 8.96 | 7.96 | 7.6 | 6.30 | 6.37 | 9.24 | 8.11 | 7.15 |
CS + 5.0 mmol FeSO4 | 6.61 | 9.82 | 11.73 | 11.03 | 6.48 | 9.16 | 8.16 | 7.25 |
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Zhang, D.; Xu, Y.; Li, X.; Liu, Z.; Wang, L.; Lu, C.; He, X.; Ma, Y.; Zou, D. Immobilization of Cr(VI) in Soil Using a Montmorillonite-Supported Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Stabilized Iron Sulfide Composite: Effectiveness and Biotoxicity Assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6087. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176087
Zhang D, Xu Y, Li X, Liu Z, Wang L, Lu C, He X, Ma Y, Zou D. Immobilization of Cr(VI) in Soil Using a Montmorillonite-Supported Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Stabilized Iron Sulfide Composite: Effectiveness and Biotoxicity Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6087. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176087
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Dading, Yanqiu Xu, Xiaofei Li, Zhenhai Liu, Lina Wang, Chaojun Lu, Xuwen He, Yan Ma, and Dexun Zou. 2020. "Immobilization of Cr(VI) in Soil Using a Montmorillonite-Supported Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Stabilized Iron Sulfide Composite: Effectiveness and Biotoxicity Assessment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17: 6087. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176087