Biogenic Amines, Phenolic, and Aroma-Related Compounds of Unroasted and Roasted Cocoa Beans with Different Origin
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Samples Preparation for the Analysis of Polyphenols and Xanthines
2.4. Chromatographic Conditions Xanthine and Polyphenol Determination
2.5. Calibration
2.6. HS-SPME-GC-MS Analyses
2.7. Amine Standard Solutions and Calibration
2.8. BAs Extraction and Purification
2.9. Chromatographic Conditions for BAs Quantification
2.10. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Polyphenol Content in Cocoa Beans
3.2. VOCs in Cocoa Beans
3.3. BAs in Cocoa Beans
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID | Sample | Year | Variety | Country | Region |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1nr | CAMINO VERDE | 2015 | Nacional Forastero | Ecuador | Guayas |
2nr | MADAGASCAR | 2015 | Trinitario | Madagascar | Sambirano |
3nr | COVIRIALI | 2015 | Forastero | Peru | Junín |
4nr, 4r1, 4r2, 4r3 | COVIRIALI | 2016 | Forastero | Peru | Junín |
5 nr | CHENI | 2016 | Forastero | Peru | Satipo |
6nr, 6r1, 6r2 | O’PAYO | 2016 | Trinitario | Nicaragua | North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region |
7nr | CRIOLLO | 2016 | Criollo | Indonesia | Bali |
1nr | 2nr | 3nr | 5nr | 7nr | 4nr | 4r1 | 4r2 | 4r3 | 6nr | 6r1 | 6r2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Theobromine | 8.65 f | 1.95a | 7.81 de | 7.69 d | 7.61 d | 8.49 f | 8.52 f | 7.68 d | 7.14 c | 8.08 e | 10.08 g | 6.68 b |
Caffeine | 2.01 c | 0.27a | 1.89 c | 1.70 b | 0.96 b | 3.81 e | 2.81 d | 2.18 c | 1.60 b | 2.60 d | 2.04 c | 2.03 c |
Catechin | nd a | 0.01 b | nd a | 0.17 g | 0.06 c | 0.20 h | 0.15 f | 0.10 d | 0.14 f | 0.24 i | 0.12 e | 0.12 e |
Epicatechin | 2.84 i | 0.16 a | 0.84 e | 0.87 e | 0.32 b | 1.98 g | 1.08 f | 0.58 c | 0.73 d | 3.12 j | 2.22 h | 0.69 d |
Procyanidins | 7.58 h | 1.00 b | 9.39 j | 8.15 i | 0.62 a | 2.47 f | 1.29 d | 1.17 c | 1.01 b | 9.17 j | 5.17 g | 1.92 e |
Quercetin hexoside | 0.03 c | 0.02 b | 0.03 c | 0.05 d | 0.02 b | <LOQ a | 0.07 e | 0.05 d | 0.05 d | 0.03 c | 0.05 d | 0.02 b |
Quercetin arabinoside | 0.04 e | 0.03 d | 0.04 e | 0.05 f | 0.02 c | <LOQ a | 0.09 h | 0.06 g | 0.06 g | 0.05 f | 0.10 i | 0.01 b |
Caffeoyl aspartic acid | 0.12 b | 0.13 b | 0.24 c | <LOQ a | 0.24 c | 0.51 h | 0.43 g | 0.76 i | 0.38 f | 0.34 e | 0.29 d | 0.28 d |
Hydroxycinnamic der. | 0.06 b | 0.09 c | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a |
N-caffeoyl-L-DOPA | <LOQ a | <LOQ a | <LOQ a | <LOQ a | <LOQ a | <LOQ a | <LOQ a | <LOQ a | <LOQ a | <LOQ a | <LOQ a | <LOQ a |
Epicatechin:catechin ratio | 27.9 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 9.7 | 7.0 | 6.0 | 5.3 | 12.9 | 18.7 | 5.9 | ||
Toal xanthines | 10.66 d | 2.22 a | 9.71 c | 9.39 c | 8.58 b | 12.30 f | 11.33 e | 9.86 c | 8.74 b | 10.68 d | 12.12 f | 8.71 b |
Total polyphenols | 10.67 i | 1.44 b | 10.55 i | 9.29 h | 1.28 a | 5.16 f | 3.11 e | 2.72 d | 2.37 c | 12.96 j | 7.95 g | 3.04 e |
Odor Descriptor | Compound Name | 1nr | 2nr | 4nr | 5nr | 6nr | 7nr | 4r1 | 4r2 | 4r3 | 6r1 | 6 r2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohols | ||||||||||||
Fruity, creamy, buttery | 2,3-Butanediol | 0.03 b | 0.36 c | 0.63 e | 1.31 f | 3.96 h | nd a | 0.44 d | 0.45 d | 0.37 c | 3.22 g | 7.76 i |
floral, rose | Phenylethyl alcohol | 34.98 e | 16.39 b | 72.20 i | 5.20 a | 42.72 f | 23.03 c | 77.84 j | 128.69 k | 48.64 h | 45.33 g | 27.08 d |
Aldehydes | ||||||||||||
Aldehydic, chocolate | 2-methyl-Butanal | nd a | nd a | nd a | 0.003 b | 0.01 c | 0.003 b | nd a | nd a | nd a | 0.01 c | 0.01 c |
aldehydic, chocolate | 3-methyl-Butanal | 0.02 b | 0.01a | 0.02 b | 0.01 a | 0.05 e | 0.03 c | 0.03 c | 0.04 d | 0.02 b | 0.13 f | 0.13 f |
sweet, bitter, almond, cherry | Benzaldehyde | 16.24 g | 4.30b | 12.25 d | 1.61 a | 46.55 k | 12.98 e | 15.28 f | 26.92 i | 10.23 c | 33.36 j | 22.69 h |
Esters | ||||||||||||
Sweet, fruity, banana | 3-Methylbutyl acetate | 3.46 a | 15.96 h | 7.61 e | 23.13 j | 6.54 c | 17.85 i | 9.63 g | 9.38 f | 4.53 b | 7.64 e | 6.96 d |
floral, rose, honey, tropical | Acetic acid, 2-phenylethyl ester | 3.38 b | 5.96 c | 22.19 i | 2.46 a | 10.54 d | 13.80 f | 17.02 g | 41.48 j | 18.03 h | 11.39 e | 10.69 d |
2,3-Butanediol diacetate | 0.04 b | 1.39 i | 0.44 f | 1.46 k | 0.26 c | nd a | 0.38 e | 0.42 f | 0.74 h | 0.32 d | 0.62 g | |
Acids | ||||||||||||
Acidic | 2-methyl-Propanoic acid | 0.17 e | 0.07 b | 0.16 e | 0.26 f | 0.38 i | 0.30 g | 0.09 c | 0.06 a | 0.15 d | 0.36 h | 0.32 g |
Cheese, pungent, fruity | 3-methyl-Butanoic acid | 0.31 f | 0.11 b | 0.22 d | 0.27 e | 0.50 i | 0.45 h | 0.13 c | 0.10 a | 0.22 d | 0.45 h | 0.40 g |
vinegar | Acetic acid | 4.39 a | 14.32 j | 12.01 i | 7.85 f | 7.32 e | 7.94 fg | 6.18 c | 5.23 b | 8.06 h | 6.50 d | 8.01 g |
fatty, sweat, cheese | Hexanoic acid | nd a | 0.36 e | 0.73 f | 0.09 b | 0.26 c | nd a | 0.36 e | 0.38 e | 0.09 b | 0.25 c | 0.30 d |
4-hydroxy-Butanoic acid | 0.04 c | 0.03 b | 0.06 d | 0.02 a | 0.02 a | 0.03 b | 0.02 a | 0.02 a | 0.03 ab | 0.02 a | 0.02 a | |
Ketones | ||||||||||||
Sweet, pungent, caramel | 2,3-Butanedione | 0.02 a | 0.53 h | 0.09 d | 0.08 c | 0.17 g | 0.04 b | 0.08 c | 0.04 b | 0.08 cd | 0.15 f | 0.13 e |
buttery, milky, fatty | 3-hydroxy-2-Butanone | 0.20 a | 1.76 g | 1.40 e | 1.52 f | 2.39 i | 0.45 b | 1.38 e | 0.92 c | 1.31 d | 3.22 k | 1.91 h |
Sweet, pungent, mimosa, almond | Acetophenone | 0.68 c | 0.58 b | 1.04 e | 0.08 a | 3.46 h | 0.61 b | 0.83 d | 1.01 e | 0.69 c | 2.69 g | 1.27 f |
musty, nutty, coumarin | 2-acetylpyrrole | 0.04 a | 0.40 d | 0.10 b | 0.09 b | 0.17 c | 0.53 e | 0.57 f | 1.10 h | 0.62 g | 1.58 h | 1.45 i |
Pyrazines | ||||||||||||
Nutty, cocoa, roasted, peanut | Trimethyl-Pyrazine | 0.36 a | 4.63 i | 1.64 c | 1.83 d | 1.57 b | 2.29 e | 2.37 f | 2.62 g | 3.28 h | 7.67 k | 7.60 j |
Nutty, cocoa, peanut-like | Tetramethyl-Pyrazine | 0.78 a | 76.59 k | 31.99 g | 38.88 h | 22.90 d | 18.78 b | 28.25 f | 19.54 c | 40.39 i | 58.60 j | 28.08 e |
Terpenes | ||||||||||||
Citrus | Limonene | 0.16 e | nd a | 0.03 c | 0.02 b | Nd a | 0.05 d | 0.02 b | 0.02 b | 0.02 b | nd a | nd a |
BAs | 1nr | 2nr | 3nr | 4nr | 4r1 | 4r2 | 4r3 | 5nr | 6nr | 6r1 | 6r2 | 7nr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PHE | 1.1 ± 0.1 bc | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a | 1.3 ± 0.2 cd | 1.5 ± 0.1 d | 1.0 ± 0.1 b | 1.5 ± 0.1 d | 2.1 ± 0.1 e | nd a |
PUT | 3.4 ± 0.2 d | 1.5 ± 0.1 a | 2.5 ± 0.1 bc | 2.6 ± 0.1 c | 4.0 ± 0.1 e | 5.6 ± 0.2 g | 7.3 ± 0.2 h | 2.4 ± 0.1 b | 1.5 ± 0.1 a | 4.5 ± 0.2 f | 10.9 ± 0.3 i | 1.5 ± 0.1 a |
CAD | 1.8 ± 0.1 c | 1.1 ± 0.1 a | 1.3 ± 0.1 b | 1.3 ± 0.1 b | 1.8 ± 0.1 c | 2.0 ± 0.1 d | 2.1 ± 0.2 d | 1.2 ± 0.1 ab | 1.1 ± 0.1 a | 1.9 ± 0.1 cd | 2.6 ± 0.2 f | 2.1 ± 0.1 e |
HIS | 4.1 ± 0.1 c | 5.3 ± 0.2 d | 3.5 ± 0.1 b | 3.1 ± 0.1 a | 8.1 ± 0.2 f | 10.0 ± 0.3 g | 10.3 ± 0.2 g | 3.5 ± 0.1 b | 5.6 ± 0.2 de | 10.0 ± 0.2 g | 12.8 ± 0.3 h | 5.9 ± 0.2 e |
TYR | 4.9 ± 0.2 d | 1.8 ± 0.1 b | nd a | nd a | nd a | 6.7 ± 0.2 e | 7.3 ± 0.2 f | 4.9 ± 0.2 d | 4.3 ± 0.1 c | 10.8 ± 0.3 g | 11.1 ± 0.3 g | 4.8 ± 0.1 d |
SPD | 1.3 ± 0.1 b | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a | nd a | 1.9 ± 0.1 c | 6.7 ± 0.2 d | 9.1 ± 0.2 f | 9.7 ± 0.2 g | 7.3 ± 0.2 e |
SPM | 5.8 ± 0.2 c | 4.5 ± 0.1 b | 5.9 ± 0.2 c | 6.0 ± 0.1 c | 6.5 ± 0.2 d | 6.5 ± 0.2 d | 7.3 ± 0.2 e | 3.5 ± 0.1 a | 6.1 ± 0.2 cd | 8.8 ± 0.2 f | 9.1 ± 0.2 f | 7.2 ± 0.2 e |
Total | 22.4 ± 0.2 e | 14.2 ± 0.2 b | 13.2 ± 0.4 a | 12.9 ± 0.1 a | 20.5 ± 0.2 d | 30.9 ± 0.8 h | 35.6 ± 0.5 i | 18.9 ± 0. 1c | 26.3 ± 0.2 f | 46.6 ± 0.7 j | 58.3 ± 0.3 k | 28.8 ± 0.4 g |
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Spizzirri, U.G.; Ieri, F.; Campo, M.; Paolino, D.; Restuccia, D.; Romani, A. Biogenic Amines, Phenolic, and Aroma-Related Compounds of Unroasted and Roasted Cocoa Beans with Different Origin. Foods 2019, 8, 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8080306
Spizzirri UG, Ieri F, Campo M, Paolino D, Restuccia D, Romani A. Biogenic Amines, Phenolic, and Aroma-Related Compounds of Unroasted and Roasted Cocoa Beans with Different Origin. Foods. 2019; 8(8):306. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8080306
Chicago/Turabian StyleSpizzirri, Umile Gianfranco, Francesca Ieri, Margherita Campo, Donatella Paolino, Donatella Restuccia, and Annalisa Romani. 2019. "Biogenic Amines, Phenolic, and Aroma-Related Compounds of Unroasted and Roasted Cocoa Beans with Different Origin" Foods 8, no. 8: 306. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8080306