Effects of Supplementation of Branches and Leaves Trimmed from Tea Plant on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Meat Composition of Nanjiang Yellow Goats
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Diets
2.2. Proximate Analyses of Total Mixed Ration (TMR) and Branches and Leaves Trimmed from Tea Tree (BLTT)
2.3. Growth Performance
2.4. Blood Sampling and Parameters Analyses
2.5. Small Intestine Development
2.6. Rumen Fermentation Characteristics
2.7. Meat Composition Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance
3.2. Antioxidant Capacity
3.3. Small Intestine Development
3.4. Rumen Fermentation Characteristics
3.5. Muscle Composition
3.6. Amino Acids Profile
3.7. Fatty Acids Profile
4. Discussion
4.1. Growth Performance
4.2. Antioxidant Capacity
4.3. Intestinal Development
4.4. Rumen Fermentation Characteristics
4.5. Meat Composition
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | Control | T1 | T2 | T3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Corn | 45.5 | 45.5 | 45.5 | 45.5 |
Wheat bran | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 5.0 |
Soybean meal | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
Canola meal | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 |
Sodium bicarbonate | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 |
Salt | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
Vitamin and minerals premix 1 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Calcium hydrophosphate | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 |
Calcium carbonate | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Rice straw | 15.0 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 12.0 |
Corn silage | 15.0 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 12.0 |
DDGS | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 |
BLTT 2 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 4.0 | 6.0 |
Nutritive content 3 | ||||
DM | 76.86 | 76.31 | 75.76 | 75.21 |
DE (MJ/kg) 4 | 11.33 | 11.34 | 11.36 | 11.38 |
CP | 10.89 | 11.05 | 11.13 | 11.32 |
EE | 2.89 | 3.03 | 3.01 | 3.04 |
NDF | 31.17 | 30.18 | 29.79 | 29.14 |
ADF | 18.66 | 18.34 | 18.32 | 18.11 |
Ash | 6.31 | 6.26 | 6.21 | 6.16 |
Ca | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.84 | 0.88 |
P | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.43 |
Content | Quantity |
---|---|
Dry matter (%) | 36.62 |
CP (%) | 20.14 |
Ether Extract (%) | 03.10 |
NDF (%) | 35.26 |
ADF (%) | 28.43 |
ADL (%) | 03.53 |
Ca (%) | 0.24 |
P (%) | 0.11 |
Catechins | (%) |
Catechin | 0.34 |
Epicatechin | 1.74 |
Epigallocatechin | 5.27 |
Epicatechin gallate | 2.14 |
Epigallocatechin-3 gallate | 8.52 |
Total Phenolic acid | 1.79 |
Total Alkaloids | 6.89 |
Total Caffeine | 1.88 |
Total Tannins | 0.22 |
Essential Amino acid | mg/100 g |
Lysine (Lys) | 0.33 |
Methionine (Met) | 0.07 |
Threonine (Thr) | 0.48 |
Valine (Val) | 0.39 |
Isoleucine (Ile) | 0.03 |
Leucine (Leu) | 0.06 |
Phenylalanine (Phe) | 0.18 |
Vitamins | mg/100 g |
Vitamin A | 1.12 |
Vitamin E | 22.10 |
Vitamin B1 | 1.92 |
Vitamin B2 | 8.12 |
Vitamin C | 21.20 |
Vitamin K | 7.12 |
Treatments | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Control | T1 | T2 | T3 | SEM | Linear | Quadratic |
Initial BW (kg) | 32.4 | 32.7 | 32.4 | 32.3 | 0.550 | 0.638 | 0.748 |
Final BW (kg) | 41.5 b | 42.9 a,b | 43.7 a | 41.5 b | 0.454 | 0.014 | 0.039 |
ADG (g) | 151.7 b | 169.7 a,b | 189.9 a | 150.7 b | 10.275 | 0.144 | 0.070 |
ADFI (g) | 1234 | 1316 | 1391 | 1218 | 44.5 | 0.111 | 0.108 |
FCR | 8.82 | 7.82 | 7.75 | 8.43 | 0.656 | 0.289 | 0.471 |
Treatments | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Control | T1 | T2 | T3 | SEM | Linear | Quadratic |
SOD (U/mL) | 76.77 b | 82.12 a,b | 86.24 a | 75.80 b | 1.700 | 0.001 | 0.472 |
GSH-Px (U/mL) | 157.55 b | 163.64 a,b | 169.73 a | 160.64 a,b | 3.453 | 0.002 | <0.001 |
MDA (nmol/mL) | 5.74 a | 4.41 b | 4.47 b | 5.81 a | 0.311 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Treatments | p-Value | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Control | T1 | T2 | T3 | SEM | Linear | Quadratic |
Jejunum | |||||||
Villus height (μm) | 591.3 b | 608.5 a,b | 637.9 a | 587.5 b | 10.73 | 0.153 | 0.029 |
Crypt depth (μm) | 261.1 a,b | 264.9 a | 242.6 c | 245.9 b,c | 4.700 | 0.172 | 0.001 |
Villus height/Crypt depth | 2.27 b | 2.30 b | 2.63 a | 2.39 a,b | 0.069 | 0.991 | 0.001 |
Ileum | |||||||
Villus height (μm) | 471.8 b | 500.1 a | 495.3 a,b | 483.1 a,b | 6.53 | 0.005 | 0.175 |
Crypt depth (μm) | 239.0 | 240.8 | 241.1 | 246.4 | 4.067 | 0.898 | 0.504 |
Villus height/Crypt depth | 1.98 | 2.08 | 2.06 | 1.97 | 0.044 | 0.053 | 0.682 |
Item | Treatments | SEM | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | T1 | T2 | T3 | Linear | Quadratic | ||
pH | 5.86 | 5.89 | 6.18 | 6.24 | 0.173 | 0.708 | 0.086 |
Acetate (%) | 63.44 a | 57.61 b | 58.07 b | 58.83 b | 1.534 | 0.025 | 0.002 |
Propionate (%) | 16.91 b | 16.75 b | 19.01 a | 17.54 a,b | 0.034 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Butyrate (%) | 5.82 | 5.98 | 6.24 | 5.63 | 0.450 | 0.680 | 0.687 |
TVFA (mmol/L) | 90.05 | 87.00 | 89.68 | 89.20 | 1.459 | 0.143 | 0.694 |
MCP (mg/dL) | 6.60 c | 7.21 b,c | 8.41 a | 7.78 a,b | 0.288 | 0.459 | <0.001 |
NH3-N (mg/dL) | 29.88 a | 27.01 a,b | 23.45 b | 24.95 a,b | 1.292 | 0.390 | 0.001 |
Acetate: Propionate | 3.76 a | 3.47 a,b | 3.06 b | 3.37 a,b | 0.115 | 0.214 | <0.001 |
Item | Treatments | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | T1 | T2 | T3 | SEM | Linear | Quadratic | |
Moisture | 71.04 a,b | 70.24 b,c | 69.34 c | 71.38 a | 0.375 | 0.008 | 0.006 |
Protein | 20.95 | 21.30 | 21.97 | 21.03 | 0.407 | 0.494 | 0.155 |
Fat | 6.69 a | 6.41 a | 6.08 b | 6.37 a | 0.156 | 0.336 | 0.019 |
Ash | 0.97 | 1.06 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.038 | 0.061 | 0.274 |
Item | Treatments | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | T1 | T2 | T3 | SEM | Linear | Quadratic | |
TEAA | 90.69 | 92.38 | 93.41 | 92.07 | 0.775 | 0.191 | 0.046 |
Lys | 15.59 | 16.43 | 16.19 | 15.74 | 0.386 | 0.110 | 0.689 |
Phe | 7.74 | 8.05 | 7.81 | 7.98 | 0.135 | 0.188 | 0.973 |
Met | 5.11 | 4.88 | 5.00 | 5.36 | 0.157 | 0.116 | 0.669 |
Thr | 8.05 | 7.97 | 8.40 | 8.18 | 0.140 | 0.525 | 0.044 |
Ile | 7.58 | 7.76 | 7.84 | 7.97 | 0.187 | 0.805 | 0.247 |
Leu | 14.59 b | 15.01 a,b | 15.51 a | 14.66 b | 0.178 | 0.067 | 0.009 |
Val | 7.09 | 7.34 | 7.29 | 7.07 | 0.129 | 0.111 | 0.720 |
Arg | 12.88 | 12.56 | 13.11 | 12.85 | 0.463 | 0.612 | 0.574 |
His | 6.06 | 6.22 | 6.08 | 6.06 | 0.145 | 0.387 | 0.774 |
Cys | 1.65 | 1.66 | 1.66 | 1.61 | 0.060 | 0.765 | 0.959 |
Tyr | 4.36 | 4.50 | 4.51 | 4.59 | 0.085 | 0.536 | 0.212 |
TNEAA | 86.45 | 86.20 | 87.95 | 87.32 | 0.678 | 0.569 | 0.060 |
Asp | 15.33 | 16.37 | 16.29 | 16.31 | 0.382 | 0.138 | 0.164 |
Ser | 7.95 | 7.36 | 7.62 | 7.95 | 0.176 | 0.011 | 0.900 |
Glu | 29.54 a | 26.56 b | 27.22 a,b | 28.17 a,b | 0.760 | 0.012 | 0.247 |
Gly | 8.61 | 8.98 | 8.96 | 8.72 | 0.192 | 0.178 | 0.476 |
Ala | 9.88 | 9.77 | 9.88 | 10.11 | 0.182 | 0.419 | 0.577 |
Item | Treatment | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | T1 | T2 | T3 | SEM | Linear | Quadratic | |
Myristic acid C14:0 | 0.162 | 0.162 | 0.161 | 0.162 | 0.003 | 0.849 | 0.927 |
Pentadecylic acid C15:0 | 0.029 | 0.03 | 0.028 | 0.028 | 0.013 | 0.483 | 0.53 |
Palmitic acid C16:0 | 2.197 a | 2.163 a,b | 2.035 b | 2.115 a,b | 0.04 | 0.037 | 0.178 |
Palmitoleic acid C16:1 | 1.805 | 1.751 | 1.751 | 1.741 | 0.031 | 0.371 | 0.27 |
Margaric acid C17:0 | 0.164 | 0.163 | 0.164 | 0.167 | 0.003 | 0.499 | 0.758 |
Stearic acid C18:0 | 1.626 | 1.677 | 1.645 | 1.644 | 0.033 | 0.277 | 0.995 |
Octadecenoic acids C18:1 | 2.143 | 1.978 | 1.996 | 2.039 | 0.049 | 0.037 | 0.165 |
Linoleic acid C18:2 (n−6) | 3.62 b | 3.82 a | 3.66 b | 3.66 b | 0.066 | 0.427 | 0.341 |
α-Linolenic acid C18:3 (n−3) | 0.26 b | 0.27 b | 0.29 a | 0.29 a | 0.01 | 0.937 | 0.012 |
Arachidic acid C20:0 | 0.012 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.0004 | 0.915 | 0.136 |
Eicosatetraenoic acid C20:4 (n−3) | 0.011 | 0.01 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.0003 | 0.092 | 0.325 |
Eicosapentaenoic acid C20:5 (n−3) | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.0006 | 0.492 | 0.807 |
Behenic acid C22:0 | 0.016 | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.017 | 0.0003 | 0.199 | 0.129 |
Docosapentaenoic acid C22:5 (n−30) | 0.028 | 0.024 | 0.026 | 0.024 | 0.001 | 0.138 | 0.263 |
Lignoceric acid C24:0 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.0003 | 0.134 | 0.762 |
Rumenic acid c9, t11-CLA | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.0003 | 0.61 | 0.983 |
t10, c1-2CLA | 0.017 | 0.017 | 0.017 | 0.017 | 0.0003 | 0.882 | 0.783 |
∑SFA | 4.218 | 4.235 | 4.071 | 4.157 | 0.046 | 0.262 | 0.245 |
∑MUFA | 3.948 | 3.729 | 3.749 | 3.783 | 0.067 | 0.052 | 0.133 |
∑PUFA | 3.970 | 4.175 | 4.038 | 4.036 | 0.003 | 0.984 | 0.741 |
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Shah, A.M.; Cai, Y.; Zou, H.; Zhang, X.; Wang, L.; Xue, B.; Yu, P.; Wang, Z.; Peng, Q. Effects of Supplementation of Branches and Leaves Trimmed from Tea Plant on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Meat Composition of Nanjiang Yellow Goats. Animals 2019, 9, 590. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090590
Shah AM, Cai Y, Zou H, Zhang X, Wang L, Xue B, Yu P, Wang Z, Peng Q. Effects of Supplementation of Branches and Leaves Trimmed from Tea Plant on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Meat Composition of Nanjiang Yellow Goats. Animals. 2019; 9(9):590. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090590
Chicago/Turabian StyleShah, Ali Mujtaba, Yimin Cai, Huawei Zou, Xiangfei Zhang, Lizhi Wang, Bai Xue, Peiqiang Yu, Zhisheng Wang, and Quanhui Peng. 2019. "Effects of Supplementation of Branches and Leaves Trimmed from Tea Plant on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation and Meat Composition of Nanjiang Yellow Goats" Animals 9, no. 9: 590. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9090590