Application of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria Reduces Genetic Impairment under Salt Stress in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Linda’)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Growth Conditions
2.2. Phenotypic Assay
2.3. Genotypic Assay
2.3.1. Isolation of Genomic DNA
2.3.2. Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA and Coupled Restriction Enzyme Digestion-Random Amplification assays
2.3.3. Electrophoresis
2.3.4. Statistical Analysis
Phonotypic Analysis
Genetic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phenotypic Analysis
3.2. Genetic Analysis
3.2.1. RAPD Analysis
3.2.2. CRED-RA Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Primer Name | Primer Sequence (5′→3′) |
---|---|
OPA-13 | CAGCACCCAC |
OPB-8 | GTCCACACGG |
OPB-10 | CTGCTGGGAC) |
OPH-17 | CACTCTCCTC |
OPH-18 | GAATCGGCCA |
OPW-4 | CAGAAGCGGA |
OPW-5 | GGCGGATAAG |
OPY-8 | AGGCAGAGCA |
OPY-15 | AGTCGCCCTT |
OPY-16 | GGGCCAATGT |
Experimental Group | FLW (cm) 1 | PH (cm) | SD (mm) | LFW (g/plant) | LDW (g/plant) | RFW (g/plant) | RDW (g/plant) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 8.5 ± 1.2 e 2 | 17.25 ± 1.6 f | 2.19 ± 0.42 d | 5.72 ± 1.8 ef | 0.68 ± 0.24 ab | 0.64 ± 0.09 ed | 0.1 ± 0.08 e |
250 mM NaCl | 5 ± 0.5 e | 12 ± 2 f | 1.78 ± 0.4 e | 3.19 ± 0.8 f | 0.49 ± 0.9 f | 0.41 ± 0.15 d | 0.08 ± 0.02 e |
Salinity stress + Bacillus pumilus + 0 mg L−1 ZnO-NPs | 21 ± 1.5 abc | 24.3 ± 1.7 de | 4.45 ± 0.23 c | 15.46 ± 5.9 d | 1.68 ± 1.2 de | 1.57 ± 0.7 ef | 0.17 ± 0.12 cde |
Salinity stress + Bacillus pumilus + 20 mg L−1 ZnO-NPs | 20 ± 3 c | 28.45 ± 0.7 bcd | 4.95 ± 0.23 a | 18.43 ± 3.9 c | 2.78 ± 1.2 bc | 2.17 ± 0.8 be | 0.21 ± 0.81 bc |
Salinity stress + Bacillus pumilus + 40 mg L−1 ZnO-NPs | 22.1 ± 2.0 bc | 29.75 ± 1.5 cde | 5.37 ± 1.13 a | 20.43 ± 3.1 bc | 3.20 ± 1.7 b | 2.58 ± 1.4 bc | 0.25 ± 0.13 ab |
Salinity stress + Lactobacillus casei + 0 mg L−1 ZnO-NPs | 24.3 ± 1.2 bc | 33.0 ± 1.3 abc | 4.83 ± 0.93 bc | 21.38 ± 4.5 bc | 2.30 ± 0.6 cd | 3.01 ± 1.2 b | 0.27 ± 0.80 bc |
Salinity stress + Lactobacillus casei + 20 mg L−1 ZnO-NPs | 26 ± 0.7 b | 32.53 ± 0.76 ab | 5.90 ± 0.42 a | 22.34 ± 3.4 b | 3.25 ± 1.4 ab | 3.10 ± 1.7 ab | 0.29 ± 0.12 ab |
Salinity stress + Lactobacillus casei + 40 mg L−1 ZnO-NPs | 28 ± 0.9 a | 39.50 ± 0.45 a | 6.12 ± 0.76 a | 24.67 ± 2.7 a | 3.45 ± 0.9 a | 3.19 ± 1.7 a | 0.31 ± 0.7 a |
Salinity stress + Bacillus subtilis + 0 mg L−1 ZnO-NPs | 11 ± 1.5 d | 18.25 ± 1.8 ef | 3.11 ± 0.29 d | 10.05 ± 1.4 f | 1.34 ± 1.1 def | 1.09 ± 0.2 ed | 0.08 ± 0.05 e |
Salinity stress + Bacillus subtilis + 20 mg L−1 ZnO-NPs | 13 ± 5 dc | 18.6 ± 1.8 def | 3.6 ± 0.31 bc | 13.50 ± 3.3 de | 1.24 ± 0.14 ef | 1.26 ± 0.4 def | 0.15 ± 0.03 de |
Salinity stress + Bacillus subtilis + 40 mg L−1 ZnO-NPs | 18.5 ± 2.2 c | 26.5 ± 1.4 de | 4.41 ± 0.94 c | 14.95 ± 2.3 d | 1.45 ± 0.3 def | 1.28 ± 0.2 cf | 0.18 ± 0.1 de |
F value | 17.70 ** | 29.38 ** | 9.31 ** | 24.00 ** | 14.20 ** | 11.06 ** | 8.85 ** |
Primer | ± | Control | Experimental Group | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
250 mM NaCl | Salinity Stress + Bacillus pumilus | Salinity Stress + Lactobacillus Casei | Salinity Stress + Bacillus subtilis | |||||||||
0 mgL−1 ZnO-NPs | 20 mgL−1 ZnO-NPs | 40 mgL−1 ZnO-NPs | 0 mgL−1 ZnO-NPs | 20 mgL−1 ZnO-NPs | 40 mgL−1 ZnO-NPs | 0 mgL−1 ZnO-NP | 20 mgL−1 ZnO-NPs | 40 mgL−1 ZnO-NPs | ||||
OPA-13 | + | 11 | 520; 140 | - | 518; 434 | - | 487; 175 | 500 | - | 175 | - | - |
− | 635; 396 | 665 | - | 665 | 665; 587 | 665 | 665; 587 | 665; 587; 539 | 665; 202; 110 | 665; 587 | ||
OPB-8 | + | 7 | 635 | 537; 274 | 534 | 547 | 366; 300 | 500 | - | 534 | 491 | - |
− | 390 | 173 | 377 | 306 | - | 377 | - | - | - | - | ||
OPB-10 | + | 5 | 375 | 348 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
− | 443; 325; 278 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 274 | - | - | ||
OPH-17 | + | 6 | - | 414 | 400 | 400 | 414 | 414 | 406 | 428 | 400 | 510; 410 |
− | 530; 340 | 147 | - | - | 147 | 147 | 147 | 340; 147 | 147 | 147 | ||
OPH-18 | + | 7 | 372 | - | - | - | 664 | 355 | - | - | - | - |
− | 420; 392; 125 | 328; 291 | 291 | - | - | - | - | 709; 451 | - | - | ||
OPW-4 | + | 5 | 337 | 317; 192 | 693; 400; 271; 163 | 427; 311 | 486; 200 | 422 | 490 | 486 | 427; 176 | 486; 264 |
− | 585; 395 | 585 | - | - | - | - | - | 633; 536 | 536 | 633 | ||
OPW-5 | + | 7 | 665; 428 | 464; 167 | 748; 152 | 484; 143 | 571; 109 | 484; 134 | - | 588; 148 | 420; 143 | 148 |
− | 120 | 258 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 258 | - | ||
OPY-8 | + | 5 | - | 269; 211; 145 | 426; 300; 206; 161 | 339; 291; 222; 100 | 434; 288; 195; 122 | 400; 291; 200 | 393; 278; 228; 167 | 300; 248; 195 | 282; 222; 183 | 274; 167 |
− | 445; 372 | - | - | 580 | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||
OPY-15 | + | 9 | 639 | - | 554 | 588; 193; 147 | - | 558; 152 | - | 660 | 617 | 617 |
− | 410; 322 | 400; 359 | 359; 119 | 359 | 446; 359 | 359 | 446; 359 | 400; 227; 119 | 537 | 169; 119 | ||
OPY-16 | + | 9 | 428 | 215; 149 | 164 | - | - | 215 | 416 | - | - | - |
− | 395; 252 | 525 | 368 | 292 | - | 368 | 586; 118 | 586; 525; 246 | 586 | 586; 525 | ||
Total band | 71 | 30 | 23 | 21 | 18 | 19 | 18 | 14 | 26 | 18 | 16 | |
Polymorphism (%) | 42.26 | 32.39 | 29.58 | 25.35 | 26.76 | 25.35 | 19.72 | 36.62 | 25.35 | 22.54 | ||
GTS | 57.74 | 67.61 | 70.42 | 74.65 | 73.24 | 74.65 | 80.28 | 63.38 | 74.65 | 77.46 |
Primer | M/H 1 | ± | Control 2 | Experimental Group | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
250 mM NaCl | Salinity Stress + Bacillus pumilus | Salinity Stress + Lactobacillus casei | Salinity Stress + Bacillus subtilis | ||||||||||
0 mgL−1 ZnO-NPs | 20 mgL−1 ZnO-NPs | 40 mgL−1 ZnO-NPs | 0 mgL−1 ZnO-NPs | 20 mgL−1 ZnO-NPs | 40 mgL−1 ZnO-NPs | 0 mgL−1 ZnO-NP | 20 mgL−1 ZnO-NPs | 40 mgL−1 ZnO-NPs | |||||
OPA-13 | M | + | 8 | 552; 356; 252 | - | - | - | 394; 238 | 574;414 | - | - | - | 100, 190 |
− | 325; 232 | 146 | 464; 115 | 464; 115 | 464 | - | 464; 432 | 464 | 473; 329 | 464 | |||
H | + | 9 | 225; 182 | 209; 146 | - | - | 190 | - | - | - | - | 120 | |
− | 585; 382 | 473; 439 | 473; 439 | 473; 329; 126 | 473 | 473; 429 | 473; 329 | 473; 386 | 464; 432 | 473; 429; 386 | |||
Class | Class II | Class I | Class I | Class I | Class II | Class II | Class I | Class I | Class I | Class II | |||
OPB-8 | M | + | 7 | 285; 220 | - | 211 | 194 | - | - | 138 | - | - | - |
− | 650 | 685 | - | - | - | 685; 592 | - | 685 | 669; 126 | 685; 150 | |||
H | + | 8 | 522 | 367 | - | 353 | 339 | - | 367 | - | - | - | |
− | 750; 652; 225 | 150; 126 | 669; 600; 150 | 200 | 150; 126 | 126 | 150 | 600; 126 | - | 669; 126 | |||
Class | Class II | Class I | Class II | Class II | Class I | Class I | Class III | Class I | Class I | Class I | |||
OPB-10 | M | + | 6 | 485; 335 | 481; 435 | 674; 600; 459 | 623; 476 | 817; 687; 527; 431 | 600; 445 | 487 | 762; 661; 578; 440 | 674; 454; 427 | 578; 435 |
− | 204 | 144 | 144 | 223; 144 | 223; 144 | 223; 144 | 144 | 223; 144 | - | 223; 144 | |||
H | + | 5 | 628; 324 | 427 | 762; 600; 427 | 611; 260 | 661; 500; 272 | 440 | 623; 389 | 674; 379 | 635; 431; 372 | 266 | |
− | - | - | - | - | - | 319 | - | - | 223; 144 | - | |||
Class | Class IV | Class IV | Class IV | Class III | Class IV | Class I | Class III | Class IV | Class IV | Class III | |||
OPH-17 | M | + | 6 | 424; 357; 189 | 431; 230 | 533; 167 | 230; 192 | 431; 300; 258 | 431 | 550; 400; 254 | 550; 330; 230 | - | 451; 220 |
− | 285 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 320 | - | |||
H | + | 8 | 580; 150 | 129 | - | - | 400; 300 | - | 407; 180 | 531; 415 | 170 | 150 | |
− | 545; 450; 354 | - | - | 320 | - | 320 | - | - | - | - | |||
Class | Class II | Class IV | Class II | Class II | Class IV | Class II | Class IV | Class IV | Class III | Class IV | |||
OPH-18 | M | + | 12 | 423; 378; 310 | 223 | 472; 294 | 328; 287: 223 | 142 | 217; 120 | 462; 229 | 558; 467 | 431; 316; 205 | 216; 116 |
− | 628; 487; 300 | - | - | 517 | - | - | - | - | 628 | - | |||
H | + | 12 | 776; 505; 319; 257; 157 | 379; 316; 216; 157; 122 | 311; 211 | 305; 242; 205 | 359; 120 | 728; 323; 130 | 350; 229 | 242; 194 | 536; 223 | 200; 130 | |
− | 309; 116 | - | 629 | 589; 528 | - | - | 589 | 589 | - | 528 | |||
Class | Class III | Class IV | Class IV | Class IV | Class IV | Class IV | Class IV | Class IV | Class IV | Class IV | |||
OPW-4 | M | + | 9 | 462; 476; 352 | - | 463; 304 | 454 | 561 | 459 | 250 | 504; 485 | - | - |
− | 525; 439 | 332 | 565 | - | 332 | 332 | - | 332 | 404; 284; 135 | 593; 227 | |||
H | + | 11 | 641; 521;402 | - | 528 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
− | 505; 450; 310 | 345; 284 | 284 | 284; 135 | 505; 284 | 474; 345; 284 | 345; 284; 135 | 345; 284 | - | 622; 505; 284 | |||
Class | Class II | Class I | Class II | Class II | Class I | Class I | Class II | Class II | Class I | Class I | |||
OPW-5 | M | + | 12 | 562; 424; 325; 282; 171 | - | 529; 171 | 656 | - | - | 680 | - | - | - |
− | - | 557; 368 | 395; 303 | 512; 253 | 614; 557; 395; 230 | 614; 368 | 303 | 557; 395; 230 | 614; 557; 475; 409 | 614; 557; 395; 368 | |||
H | + | 13 | 203 | - | 249 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
− | 585; 553; 475; 347; 255; 154 | 553; 347; 230 | 679; 553; 525; 409 | 679; 553 | 679; 614; 525; 492; 475; 409 | 492; 475; 409 | 679; 614; 475; 409; 347 | 679; 614; 492; 347 | 230 | 679; 614; 553; 525; 475 | |||
Class | Class II | Class I | Class I | Class I | Class I | Class I | Class I | Class I | Class I | Class I | |||
OPY-8 | M | + | 7 | 487; 215 | 706; 607 525; 281 | 613; 255 | 766; 281 | 693; 234; 100 | 712; 268; 214 | 600; 281 | 700; 274 | 500 | - |
− | 342 | - | 381; 164 | - | 323 | - | 164 | - | - | 657; 562; 492 | |||
H | + | 9 | 441; 414; 278;189 | 419; 281 | - | 687; 500 | 476; 143 | - | 300 | 508 | 693; 358; 281 | - | |
− | - | - | 164 | - | 606 | - | 719; 164 | - | - | 719; 651; 606 | |||
Class | Class IV | Class IV | Class I | Class IV | Class IV | Class I | Class III | Class IV | Class IV | Class I | |||
OPY-15 | M | + | 5 | 550 | 433; 315 | 480; 414; 323 | 386; 358 | 344 | 364; 321 | 413; 344; 233 | 354; 307; 270 | 433; 347; 239 | 331 |
− | 512; 386 | 542 | - | - | 491; 195 | 542 | - | - | - | 542 | |||
H | + | 4 | - | 420; 358; 262 | 240 | 350; 243 | 427 | 413; 336 | 413; 355; 232 | 463; 413; 315; 232 | 362; 307; 206 | 354; 307 | |
− | 579; 180 | 184 | 513 | - | 513; 184 | 184 | - | - | - | - | |||
Class | Class I | Class IV | Class II | Class IV | Class I | Class IV | Class I | Class IV | Class IV | Class II | |||
OPY-16 | M | + | 6 | - | 668; 400 | 280; 247 | 529; 405; 239 | 669 | 704 | 641; 474; 264 | 665; 509; 280; 247 | 509; 452; 224 | - |
− | 519; 422; 375; 227 | 569 | 449 | - | 449 | - | - | - | 375 | 569 | |||
H | + | 7 | 503; 454; 221 | 669; 517; 500 | 546; 506 | 557; 465; 351 | - | - | 466; 264 | 646; 448 | 641; 227 | 679 | |
− | 223 | 339 | 260 | - | 422; 339; 260 | 260 | 339 | 339 | - | 485; 422; 339 | |||
Class | Class III | Class IV | Class IV | Class IV | Class I | Class II | Class IV | Class IV | Class IV | Class I | |||
Polymorphism % | M | 53.88 | 39.03 | 38.98 | 32.73 | 36.79 | 35.42 | 30.46 | 40.70 | 36.12 | 33.78 | ||
H | 51.53 | 37.31 | 30.53 | 30.11 | 35.91 | 29.19 | 30.37 | 34.01 | 29.60 | 33.32 |
Type | Methylation Status | Digestibility by Enzymes | Average (%) Rate of Methylation Class | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Restriction Pattern | ||||
HpaII | MspI | |||
Class I | CCGG CCGG | Active | Active | 35.00% |
GGCC GGCC | ||||
Class II | CCGG | Active | Inactive | 20.00% |
GGCC | ||||
Class III | CCGG | Inactive | Active | 8.00% |
GGCC | ||||
Class IV | CCGG | Inactive | Inactive | 37.00% |
GGCC |
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Hosseinpour, A.; Haliloglu, K.; Tolga Cinisli, K.; Ozkan, G.; Ozturk, H.I.; Pour-Aboughadareh, A.; Poczai, P. Application of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria Reduces Genetic Impairment under Salt Stress in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Linda’). Agriculture 2020, 10, 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110521
Hosseinpour A, Haliloglu K, Tolga Cinisli K, Ozkan G, Ozturk HI, Pour-Aboughadareh A, Poczai P. Application of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria Reduces Genetic Impairment under Salt Stress in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Linda’). Agriculture. 2020; 10(11):521. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110521
Chicago/Turabian StyleHosseinpour, Arash, Kamil Haliloglu, Kagan Tolga Cinisli, Guller Ozkan, Halil Ibrahim Ozturk, Alireza Pour-Aboughadareh, and Peter Poczai. 2020. "Application of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria Reduces Genetic Impairment under Salt Stress in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ‘Linda’)" Agriculture 10, no. 11: 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110521