Published online Oct 17, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2019.60.11.1005
Methionyl-tRNA Synthetase is a Useful Diagnostic Marker for Lymph Node Metastasis in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
,1,*
Taehee Kim,1,*
Eun Young Kim,1
Arum Kim,1
Dong Ki Lee,1
Nam Hoon Kwon,2
Sunghoon Kim,2
and Yoon Soo Chang1
Abstract
Purpose
Identification of lymph node (LN) metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is critical for disease staging and selection of therapeutic modalities. Sometimes it is not possible to obtain LN core tissue by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspirate (EBUS-TBNA), resulting in low diagnostic yield.
Materials and Methods
In this study, 138 specimens were collected from 108 patients who underwent EBUS-TBNA under the suspicion of LN metastasis of NSCLC. Diagnostic yields of anti-CD45 and anti-methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MRS), immunofluorescent (IF) staining on cytology specimens were compared with those of conventional cytology and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT).
Results
MRS was strongly expressed in NSCLC cells metastasized to LNs, but weakly expressed in cells at the periphery of the LN germinal center. The majority of cells were CD20 positive, although a few cells were either CD3 or CD14 positive, indicating that CD45 staining is required for discrimination of non-malignant LN constituent cells from NSCLC cells. When the diagnostic efficacy of MRS/CD45 IF staining was evaluated using 138 LN cellular aspirates from 108 patients through EBUS-TBNA, the sensitivity was 76.7% and specificity was 90.8%, whereas those of conventional cytology test were 71.8% and 100.0%, respectively. Combining the results of conventional cytology testing and those of PET-CT showed a sensitivity and specificity of 71.6% and 100%, and the addition of MRS/CD45 dual IF data to this combination increased sensitivity and specificity to 85.1% and 97.8%, respectively.
Conclusion
MRS/CD45 dual IF staining showed good diagnostic performance and may be a good tool complementing conventional cytology test for determining LN metastasis of NSCLC.
INTRODUCTION
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, with a relative survival rate of about 25% in the 5 years following the initial diagnosis.1 According to American Cancer Society estimates, there will be 222500 new cases of lung cancer in the United States in 2017 and 155870 deaths from lung cancer.2 Based on these data, various attempts have been made around the world to develop effective screening methods for the detection of lung cancer still in the treatable stages, with CT-based screening methods currently being widely applied.3, 4, 5 However, a high false positive rate due to nonspecific lesions using these methods requires the urgent development of new and efficient diagnostic methods.6
The staging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) described by the tumor-node-metastasis system is a key process in making prognoses and setting treatment modalities. Recently, endobronchial ultrasound-guided-transbronchial needle aspirate (EBUS-TBNA) assay has been widely applied worldwide, as the detection of cancer cells in the thoracic lymph node (LN) has become a major issue not only in the determination of the cancer stage and in the selection of treatment modalities, but also in the initial diagnosis and selection of drugs at the time of recurrence.7
The EBUS-TBNA procedure shows high diagnostic yields when a core biopsy specimen is secured, although diagnosis rates are lowered if only a cytology specimen is secured due to the location of the LN or upon other problems during the procedure. In cases where only cytologic specimens are obtained during the EBUS-TBNA procedure, problems arise in obtaining accurate diagnostic results due to the limited number of neoplastic cells obtained, background interference, etc. Therefore, repeated and consumable procedures are required for a long time in the procedure to obtain sufficient core biopsy specimens.8 The rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) methods that have been developed to overcome some of these problems. However, despite these advantages, ROSE is not widely used because of certain limitations, such as its limited ability to reach confirmatory results, the fact that it evaluates only the usefulness of the sample, and a lack of equipment or manpower.9
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are a group of enzymes responsible for protein synthesis and are essential for cell survival and growth. They also have non-canonical functions related to various life phenomena in various type of cells.10 Among the ARSs, leucyl-tRNA synthetase, methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MRS), and glutamyl-prolyl tRNA synthetase interact with the proteins in the mTORC1, GCN2, CDK4, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) signal pathways, which play critical roles in various cancers.11, 12, 13 Recently, overexpression of some ARSs have been connected to increased survival in certain cancer patients,14 and attempts to treat various cancers using ARS inhibitors have been ongoing.15 ARSs are canonically present in the cytoplasm, but are also secreted outside the cell under various signals. The multi-functionality and multi-localization of ARSs makes them useful biomarker candidates in various types of tissue specimens, as well as blood.
MRS, one of the ARSs, is an important enzyme for the initiation of translation and plays an important role in tumor growth.16 MRS increases ribosomal RNA biogenesis in the nucleolus and interacts with a variety of signaling molecules, such as mTORC1, GCN2, CDK4, and VEGFR.11, 12, 17 In addition, MRS expression is increased in lung cancer tissues, compared with adjacent, normal-appearing lung tissues, and its overexpression is associated with poor clinical outcomes in lung cancer patients.14 Therefore, MRS is considered to be a candidate for biomarker diagnosis of lung cancer. Therefore, we investigated the usefulness of MRS as a biomarker for diagnosing LN metastasis in NSCLC by evaluating its expression in cytology specimens obtained from the EBUS-TBNA procedure.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Antibodies, cells, and other materials
Anti-MRS antibodies [EPR9873(B)] were obtained from Oncotag (HFTAG201, Suwon, Korea), while the anti-CD3 (2GV6) rabbit monoclonal primary antibody was obtained from Ventana Inc. (790-4341, Arizona, AZ, USA), the Novocastra™ Liquid Mouse monoclonal antibody CD20 from Leica (NCL-L-CD20-L26, Newcastle, UK), the CD14 (5A3B11B5) mouse antibody (sc-58951, Dallas, TX, USA) from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, the human CD45 mouse antibody (MAB1430, Minneapolis, MN, USA) from R&D systems, and the thyroid transcription factor-1 (SPT24) mouse antibody (PA0364, Newcastle, UK) from Leica Biosystems. The anti-Mouse-AF555 (4409), and anti-rabbit-AF (4412) antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Molt-4, Daudi, and H460 cells were obtained from the Korean Cell Line Bank (Seoul, Korea). ThinPrep PreservCyt® Solution was obtained from Hologic Inc. (#70097-002, Marlborough, MA, USA) and the Envision Kit and DAB from Dako (#K3468, Carpinteria, CA, USA).
Study subjects and sample collection
Study samples were prospectively obtained from patients who 1) visited Severance or Gangnam Severance Hospital, affiliated with Yonsei University, 2) were suspected to have lung cancer, 3) agreed to undergo EBUS-TBNA, 4) had significant LN enlargement (greater than 1.0 cm in short diameter) on enhanced CT, and 5) provided consent for the use of specimens. After completion of routine cytologic examination and evaluation of the cellular aspirates from EBUS-TBNA by the pathology department, residual cells were mounted on slides using the ThinPrep (Hologic Inc.) procedure and stained. This study was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of Gangnam Severance Hospital (IRB #4-2017-0387) and was carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Korean good clinical practice guidelines.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
Sections mounted on the slides were immersed three times for 5 minutes in xylene, two times for 2 minutes in 100% ethanol, for 2 minutes in 95%, 90%, and 70% ethanol and distilled water, and then for 5 minutes in 1X phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for deparaffinization and rehydration. After quenching the endogenous peroxidase activity by treatment with 0.3% hydrogen peroxide for 10 minutes, the antigen was retrieved through immersion in preheated 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 6.0) and then boiling for 5 minutes three times at 30-second intervals. The sections were then washed with 1X PBS-T (0.3% Tween-20) and blocked with blocking solution containing 2% goat serum and 2% bovine serum albumin in PBS for 30 minutes at 4℃. The primary antibody was diluted with the blocking solution and incubated with the sections at 4℃ overnight. The dilution factors of the primary antibodies were as follows: MRS, 1:250; CD3 antibody working solution and CD20, 1:100; thyroid transcription factor 1, CD14, and CD45, 1:200. The next day, sections were treated with an Envision+ System-HRP-labelled polymer anti-rabbit/mouse solution (K5007, Dako, Carpinteria, CA, USA) at 4℃ for 1 hour and visualized with DAB chromogen (Novocastra™). After immersion in Mayer's hematoxylin solution for 1 minute, the sections were washed, dehydrated, and mounted with coverslips.
Immunofluorescence (IF) staining
ThinPrep slides (Hologic Inc.) were immersed in 1X PBS for 5 minutes and then permeabilized with 0.2% PBS-T at room temperature for 30 minutes. After washing with 1X PBS, sections were blocked with 2% goat serum for 1 hour and then incubated with the primary antibody mixture, wherein MRS was diluted at a ratio of 1:250 and CD45 at a ratio of 1:100 in PBS, for 90 min. After washing, sections were incubated with a 1:1000 diluted secondary antibody mixture containing anti-Rabbit-AF488 and anti-Mouse-AF555 at room temperature for 1 hour and then reacted with 4′6-diamidino-2-phenylindole for 1 minute to counterstain the nucleus. Slides were mounted with coverslips using ProLong Gold Antifade Reagent® (P36930, Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and slides were shaded and stored frozen at −20℃. Stained slides were observed using a Carl-Zeiss Imager M2 fluorescence microscope (Imager M2, Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) and a Carl-Zeiss LSM 750 confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss), and images were analyzed using ZEN-lite software (Carl-Zeiss).
Interpretation criteria and statistical analysis
The following four criteria were applied for the classification of cells as NSCLC: 1) a nucleus diameter ≥10 µm, 2) no indentation in the nucleus, 3) prominent nucleoli, and 4) MRS positivity and CD45 negativity. The MRS and CD45 staining results of clinical specimens were interpreted by comparing the staining intensity of the reference sample, which comprised a 1:1:1 mixture of H460 NSCLC cells, Molt-4 T-cell lymphoblastic cells, and Daudi B lymphoblastic cells. MRS was expressed in all cells in the reference sample, and clinical specimens were deemed positive when stained with the same or higher intensity than the reference. CD45 was expressed in two thirds of the cells in the reference sample, except H460 cells, and clinical specimens were deemed positive when staining intensity was the same or higher than that of the reference sample. Two independent researchers (A Kim and JM Lee) who were blinded to the pathological reports read the slides, and in case of discrepancy between the results of these two investigators, a third researcher (YS Chang) also evaluated the slides. The sensitivity and specificity of MRS/CD45 IF staining, conventional cytology test, and PET-CT were compared with the those of EBUS-TBNA core biopsies, a gold standard.
RESULTS
MRS strongly expressed in NSCLC cells metastasized to the LNs
Previous studies have shown that MRS is overexpressed in about 77.4% of NSCLC tissues.14 To investigate whether these findings were also observable in NSCLC cells metastasized to the LNs, MRS IHC staining was performed in five LN surgical specimens that were confirmed to harbor NSCLC cell metastasis. In all five samples, MRS was clearly overexpressed in the cancer cell cytoplasm, compared to non-malignant cells comprising LN structures (Fig. 1). Meanwhile, however, weak MRS expression was detected in cells other than NSCLC cells in the LNs.
Fig. 1
Hematoxylin and eosin stain (A) and methionyl-tRNA synthetase immunohistochemistry (B and C) staining of three lymph node specimens of non-small cell lung cancer metastasis. Each column represents the same case (A and B: ×100, C: ×400). Representative cases are shown.
CD45 as a useful biomarker for differentiating other lymphoid structures expressing NSCLC and MRS
In order to develop a method for distinguishing MRS-expressing LN constructs from NSCLC cells in LNs, additional IHC staining was performed using biomarkers for the cells constituting the lymphoid system (Fig. 2). Because the periphery of germinal centers that showed weak MRS expression was matched with the region where mature B-cells are primarily found, IHC staining for CD20, a B-lymphocyte marker, was carried out. Interestingly, areas that were weakly positive for MRS well corresponded with CD20-positive areas. To clarify whether CD20-positive B lymphocytes were the only cells expressing MRS, further IHC studies were performed using thymic tissues, where T-cells are abundant, obtained during the operation of thymoma and B-cell enriched splenic tissues. In these tissues, the expression of MRS corresponded with that of CD20; however, a few cells weakly expressing MRS were also observed in the deep paracortical area and trabeculae where T-lymphocytes and macrophages/monocytes are present. Additional IHC staining for MRS, CD3, CD14, and CD20 was performed in tonsil tissue, which is structurally similar to lymphoid systems in the LN. Similar to the results seen in the LN, splenic, and thymic tissues, MRS expression and CD20 expression were most often co-localized, although co-localization with MRS was also more rarely observed in CD3- and CD14-expressing cells. This suggests that CD20 expression alone could not differentiate LN cells expressing MRS nor NSCLC cells. Therefore, IHC staining was performed using the leukocyte common antigen marker CD45, and the results showed that MRS expression in areas other than in NSCLC cells was well co-localized with CD45-positive areas.
Fig. 2
Immunohistochemistry for methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MRS), CD20 (B-lymphocytes), CD3 (T-lymphocytes), CD14 (macrophages and monocytes), and CD45 (leukocyte common antigen) markers in the lymph nodes with non-small cell lung cancer, splenic tissue, thymic tissue from the thymoma, and tonsils. Magnification: ×100.
Preparation of reference specimens using MRS- and CD45-expressing cells
We hypothesized that MRS and CD45 double staining would be appropriate for confirming the presence of LN metastasis of NSCLC. MRS and CD45 double stained cells are leukocyte lineage cells, and MRS positive and CD45 negative cells were judged to be NSCLC cells, which was established as one of the major criteria for judging NSCLC cells, in addition to nucleus size, shape, and nucleoli characteristics, as described in the materials and methods section. To apply these findings to the interpretation of cytologic samples obtained from EBUS-TBNA, a 1:1:1 mixture of H460, Daudi, and Molt-4 cells was processed as described previously, and ThinPrep® slides (Hologic Inc.) of this mixture were prepared and used as a reference sample for IHC and IF staining of clinical specimens (Fig. 3A). When the reference samples were stained for MRS and CD45, the ratio of MRS positive to MRS/CD45 double positive cells was 1:2. When studying the clinical specimens, reference samples were stained simultaneously and used for qualitative interpretation of cell staining in the cytological specimens (Fig. 3B and C).
Fig. 3
Immunoblotting of methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MRS)-positive H460 cells, CD45/CD3-positive Molt-4 cells, and CD45/CD20-positive Daudi cells (A). Fluorescent immunochemical staining for MRS and CD45 in the reference samples containing a fixed ratio of H460, Daudi, and Molt-4 cells (B and C) and endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspirate-derived samples (D and E). Images were taken using a fluorescent microscope (B and D) and confocal microscope (C and E). Blue represents nucleus (4′, 6-Diamidine-2′-phenylindole dihydrochloride: DAPI); green, MRS; and red, CD45. B and D confocal images show merged images only. TTF-1, thyroid transcription factor 1.
Application of MRS/CD45 dual IF staining to clinical specimens
EBUS-TBNA was performed for 138 LNs from 108 patients (Table 1). Among the 138 LNs biopsied, lung cancer metastasis was confirmed in 74 cases (53.6%), and no evidence of cancer was found in 64 cases (46.4%). Among the cases with cancer metastasis, adenocarcinoma was the most common (71.6%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (25.7%) and others (2.7%). The locations of the LNs where EBUS-TBNA was performed were the subcarinal LNs in 54 (39.1%) cases, paratracheal LNs in 52 (37.7%) cases, and hilar or interlobar LNs in 32 (23.2%) cases. Representative IF images of MRS and CD45 from EBUS-TBNA cytologic specimens are shown in Fig. 3D and E. Using EBUS-TBNA core tissue biopsy results as a reference, the results of MRS/CD45 IF staining were compared with those of conventional cytology test and PET-CT imaging. The sensitivity of MRS/CD45 IF staining was 76.7%, and the specificity was 90.8%. In contrast, those for conventional cytology were 71.8% and 100.0%, respectively. PET-CT imaging showed a sensitivity and specificity of 88.4% and 63.0%, respectively. Combining the results of MRS/CD45 IF staining with that of conventional cytology test increased sensitivity and specificity to 87.3% and 91.9%, respectively. When combining the results of cytology and PET-CT, which is commonly applied in medical practice, the sensitivity and specificity were 71.6% and 100%, respectively, and the addition of MRS/CD45 IF to these results resulted in a sensitivity and specificity of 85.1% and 97.8%, respectively (Tables 2 and 3, Fig. 4). Taken together, while MRS/CD45 IF staining was more sensitive than conventional cytology, the specificity was lower; meanwhile, in comparison with PET-CT imaging, the sensitivity of MRS/CD45 IF staining was lower, but its specificity was higher.
Fig. 4
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of predictors of lung cancer lymph node metastasis. ROC curves of (A) cytology, (B) methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MRS)/CD45 immunofluorescence (IF), and (C) the combination of cytology, positron emission tomography (PET), and MRS/CD45 IF were created using core biopsy results as a reference value. lr.eta, linear predictor eta; PV(+), positive predictive value; PV(−), negative predictive value; s.e., standard error; est., estimates.
Table 1
Demographic Characteristics of the Study Cases
Table 2
Comparison of Results
Table 3
Comparison of Diagnostic Yields
DISCUSSION
Accurate mediastinal LN staging is important for disease staging and the selection of appropriate treatment modalities in lung cancer patients.18 In the EBUS-TBNA procedure, the diagnostic yield increases when a core tissue specimen is secured, whereas when only cytology specimens are obtained, the diagnosis rate decreases. Approximately 15 to 20% of LN aspirates result in non-diagnostic quality specimens.19, 20 In addition, a lot of time and labor are required to obtain a core tissue biopsy specimen, and the rate of complications increases accordingly. Since EBUS-TBNA is an invasive and costly test, it is necessary to develop an accurate diagnostic method using cytologic specimens. Here, surplus cytologic specimens were prospectively collected from patients who underwent EBUS-TBNA under the suspicion of LN metastasis of lung cancer and were used to explore the possibility of MRS as a biomarker of LN metastasis in lung cancer.
ARSs are housekeeping enzymes that catalyze the ligation of amino acids to their cognate tRNAs with high fidelity.11 Based on the roles of ARSs, their overexpression is expected to affect the growth and progression of cancer, which has an increased metabolic activity. Among them, MRS is a major enzyme in the initiation of ARS protein synthesis, transferring a Met to the initiator tRNA (tRNAiMet). Dysfunctions of MRS have been observed in interstitial lung disease, Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.21, 22
Previously, our group observed overexpression of MRS in mouse lung cancer models and human tissue obtained through surgery, and confirmed that this overexpression was associated with a poor prognosis in NSCLC patients.14 In this study, we confirmed the possibility of MRS as a biomarker for lung cancer by confirming its expression in aspirated cell specimens, which can be secured safely from EBUS-TBNA. To date, the relationship between MRS and LN metastasis is, as of yet, unknown, although we suspect that it may affect cancer progression by increasing cell turnover. Based on the expression patterns of MRS in these needle aspirate cytology specimens, its usage as a biomarker might be able to be extended to other cytology specimens, such as pleural effusion and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens, to aid in the diagnosis of lung cancer.
MRS overexpression was mainly observed in lung cancer cells, although weak expression was observed in other cells comprising the LN, suggesting that there is a limit to the use of MRS alone as a diagnostic biomarker. Additional markers were developed to complement this, and we confirmed that double staining with CD45 can complement false positive results of MRS in non-cancer cells. Using various lymphoid tissues, such as those from the spleen, thymoma, and tonsils, we found that the majority of cells that express MRS were CD20-positive B-cells. Considering the role of CD20-positive B-cell synthesizing immunoglobulins, MRS positivity in that subset of lymphoid cells is predictable. T-cells and other immune system cells also showed intermittent expression of MRS, which would be expected in a metabolically active state.
MRS and CD45 double IF staining showed specificity for lung cancer cells on thin-prep specimens from EBUS-TBNA procedures, and the results showed higher sensitivity than those of conventional cytological examination, suggesting that MRS/CD45 staining could be a good candidate as a complementary diagnostic tool for the detection of LN metastasis in lung cancer. Occasionally, the EBUS-TBNA method does not procure the appropriate core tissue specimen and acquires only the cell specimen. In this case, this method could be applied as an assistant method for diagnosis. In medical practice, it is not uncommon for cases in which an initial routine examination reports a non-malignancy that is confirmed as lung cancer later. For example, in this study, a case with a negative result of EBUS-TBNA cytology test and core biopsy showed mild to moderately increased uptake at right lower paratracheal LN in PET-CT. However, this patient had positive MRS/CD45 IF staining, and the final histopathologic diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma (Supplementary Fig. 1, only online). In addition, this method could be applied as a basis for the development of ROSE to determine the suitability of EBUS-derived cytological specimens.23
Considering that these results were obtained from residual specimens that were used and left after for routine cytopathology studies, better diagnostic yield might be expected if appropriate samples are used in the future. Along with CD45/MRS dual staining positivity, a nuclear diameter of more than 10 µm and the presence of nucleoli were included in our diagnostic criteria. This suggests that a small proportion of small cell lung cancer cells, the nuclear diameter of which is 9.2±2.1 µm, might be of use, along with CD45/MRS dual staining.24 In addition, CD45-negativity has been observed in Reed-Sternberg cells and their variants, as well as some anaplastic large cell lymphomas.25 This indicates the need for careful inspection of the nucleus, including the presence of nucleoli, as well as complementary studies, such as radiologic findings and clinical manifestations, in cases where a homogenous population of MRS-positive and CD45-negative cells is observed.
In order to detect metastasis of NSCLC to LNs, a pathologist's experience is critical. To improve diagnostic yield when only a small number of cells is available, MRS/CD45 dual IF staining may be a good complementary test.
In conclusion, double IF staining for MRS and CD45 showed promising diagnostic performance and may be of use as a complementary test to conventional cytological tests in order to determine metastasis of lung cancer to the LNs when only limited cytologic specimen is available.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
A non-small cell lung cancer case showing negative results on conventional cytologic examination and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT), but positive methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MRS)/CD45 immunofluorescence (IF) staining. (A) IF staining for MRS/CD45 in endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspirate-derived samples at right lower paratracheal lymph node. (B) Image of PET-CT. Right lower paratracheal LN (arrows). Blue represents nucleus (4′, 6-Diamidine-2′-phenylindole dihydrochloride: DAPI); green, MRS; and red, CD45.Supplementary Fig. 1
The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS:
Conceptualization: Nam Hoon Kwon and Sunghoon Kim.
Data curation: Jung Mo Lee and Eun Young Kim.
Formal analysis: Jung Mo Lee.
Funding acquisition: Sunghoon Kim.
Investigation: Jung Mo Lee and Taehee Kim.
Methodology: Arum Kim.
Project administration: Nam Hoon Kwon and Dong Ki Lee.
Resources: Yoon Soo Chang.
Supervision: Dong Ki Lee.
Validation: Yoon Soo Chang.
Visualization: Jung Mo Lee and Taehee Kim.
Writing—original draft: Jung Mo Lee.
Writing—review & editing: Taehee Kim and Yoon Soo Chang.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. NRF-2014M3A6A4074817, NRF-M3A6A4-2010-0029785, NRF-2015M3A6A4065724, and NRF-2017M3A9F7079378).
References
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Alsharif M, Andrade RS, Groth SS, Stelow EB, Pambuccian SE. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial fine-needle aspiration: the University of Minnesota experience, with emphasis on usefulness, adequacy assessment, and diagnostic difficulties. Am J Clin Pathol 2008;130:434–443.
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Lee TK, Esinhart JD, Blackburn LD, Silverman JF. The size of small cell lung carcinoma cells. Ratio to lymphocytes and correlation with specimen size and crush artifact. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 1992;14:32–34.
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Schmid C, Pan L, Diss T, Isaacson PG. Expression of B-cell antigens by Hodgkin’s and Reed-Sternberg cells. Am J Pathol 1991;139:701–707.
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Funding Information
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National Research Foundation of Korea
NRF-2014M3A6A4074817NRF-M3A6A4-2010-0029785NRF-2015M3A6A4065724NRF-2017M3A9F7079378
