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pISSN 1011-8934   eISSN 1598-6357
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    J Korean Med Sci. 2016 May;31(5):795-800. English.
    Published online Mar 29, 2016.
    https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2016.31.5.795
    © 2016 The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences.
    Original Article

    The Effects of Adherence to Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Factors Influencing Drug Adherence in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis

    Kwan Kyu Park,1 Choong Hyeok Choi,2 Chul-Won Ha,3 and Myung Chul Lee4
      • 1Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
      • 2Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
      • 3Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
      • 4Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
    • Address for Correspondence: Myung Chul Lee, MD. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea. Email: leemc@snu.ac.kr
    Received September 15, 2015; Accepted February 17, 2016.

    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

    Abstract

    We aimed to compare the clinical outcomes of knee osteoarthritis patients according to drug adherence; and to find out the factors the affecting those outcomes. We analyzed the drug adherence and clinical outcomes in 1,334 primary knee osteoarthritis patients who took non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for 3 weeks. Clinical outcomes of Pain Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) and EQ-5D were compared at baseline and 3 weeks’ follow-up between the two groups of adherent group and non-adherent group (1,167 vs. 167 patients). Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the factors affecting the adherence, and the reasons for the non-adherence were asked. The follow-up clinical outcomes of NRS and KOOS symptom, pain and activity of daily life were significantly higher in the adherence group (P = 0.003, P = 0.048, P = 0.005, and P = 0.003, respectively). The adherence was better in the elderly and in the male group (P = 0.042 and P = 0.034, respectively) and the top reason for no strict adherence was “symptom improved” (21.5%) followed by side effects. In this study, the patients with better adherence to NSAIDs showed better outcomes compared to those with poor adherence. This study can contribute to the patient education for the pharmacological treatment in knee OA patients.

    Graphical Abstract

    Keywords
    Osteoarthritis, Knee; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Patient Adherence

    INTRODUCTION

    Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the major sources of morbidity, disability, and loss of function, especially in elderly people; it can also result in severely impaired quality of life with persisting disease (1). OA is predicted to become the fourth leading cause of disability globally by 2020 (2). Of particular concern is the worldwide economic burden of knee OA, which will likely increase in the future, as longer life expectancy would lead to a growing elderly population (3). Medication management seems to be symptomatic, mostly with simple analgesics such as acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (4, 5). However, there is neither known cure for OA nor effective interventions to slow disease progression (6). Although NSAIDs may not prevent the disease progression, it is well known as a proper medication that can relieve pain and help patients return to a normal life (7) with the pain thought blocking of the nociceptors (8).

    Similar to most other chronic conditions, adherence to arthritis medications is known to be low (6, 9, 10, 11, 12). Factors implicated in adherence to OA with other rheumatoid disease include dosing frequency (12), pain and self-efficacy levels (9), and physician trust (6, 13, 14). Recently, another study reported that side effect, out-of pocket costs, mode of action, and treatment schedule also had a significant effect on the choice to continue medication (15). However, there is still little information about OA patient's treatment adherence and differences resulting from it.

    Thus, in our prospective observational multicenter study, we targeted knee OA patients over 65 years old who were prescribed NSAIDs (including cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2] inhibitors) for 3 weeks, and we tried to investigate the drug adherence and patient reported outcomes. The purposes of this study were the following: 1) to assess the differences in patient reported outcomes according to the drug adherence; and 2) to evaluate the factors affecting them. We hypothesized that the follow up clinical outcomes would be better in the subjects of the adherent group. We also hypothesized that gender, age, educational status, and frequency of daily NSAIDs administration could be associated with the adherence to NSAIDs in treatment of knee OA.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Study design

    This was a nationwide, multicenter, prospective, observational study conducted in Korea involving 29 institutes. Considering 95% confidence level and 2.3% limits of prevalence error, we calculated the required sample size to be approximately 1,324 people. Considering 15% of dropout rate, we calculated the target sample size to be 1,500 people. The final total patients followed up in this study were 1,334 people.

    Patient recruitment (inclusion and exclusion criteria)

    Data were collected between November 2011 and October 2012. Among the knee OA patients who visited each institute, the patients who met all of the following conditions were selected under the doctor's judgment based on the radiographic findings and symptoms: first, patients diagnosed with knee OA under American College of Radiology (ACR) clinical criteria (16); second, patients older than 65 years; third, patients identified with having pain Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) 4 point or higher; fourth, patients diagnosed as the symptomatic knee OA by clinician; fifth, patients who need to take NSAIDs continuously for 3 weeks, where clinicians notated the reasons for required treatment period on the assessment form (Appendix 1). The following cases were excluded from participation in this study: first, patients with different types of acute or chronic pain other than OA pain who may influence differentially OA pain assessment or self-assessment; second, patients having known side effects against NSAIDs or cyclooxygenase inhibitor; third, patients who are determined by clinicians as not being capable of taking medications for 3 weeks due to severe renal dysfunction, hepatic dysfunction, or gastrointestinal disease; fourth, patients with a history of surgery or significant knee injury within the previous year; fifth, patients planning a surgical procedure during the study; sixth, patients currently participating in another clinical study; seventh, patients excluded by clinicians to participate in this research and data collection due to severe or unstable medical conditions.

    Data collection

    Patients filled out the questionnaires on the first visit (baseline) and the second visit (follow-up) after taking medication (non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor or selective cyclooygenage-2 inhibitor) for 3 weeks (Appendix 2). The demographics were collected on the first visit (baseline), and pain was measured using pain Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) (0 low, 10 high). Joint function was measured by the Korean version of Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS-K) (17), which was developed and modified from KOOS for Korean patients as an instrument to assess the patients' opinion about their knee and associated problems. KOOS-K consists of 5 subscales: Pain, other Symptoms, Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Function in sport and recreation (Sport/Rec), and knee related Quality of life (QOL). Standardized answer choices are given (5 Likert boxes) and each question gets a score from 0 to 4. A normalized score (100 indicating no symptoms and 0 indicating extreme symptoms) is calculated for each subscale. QOL was measured by EQ-5D (Euro Quality of Life-Five Dimensions) and EQ-VAS (Euro Quality of Life-Visual Analogue Scale).

    On the second visit (follow-up after 3 weeks), pain NRS, KOOS-K, EQ-5D, and EQ-VAS were measured like the first visit, and we investigated treatment adherence (Appendix 2). Patients responded to “Would you answer that you adhered to Doctor’s treatment plan?” as one of the followings: ① Adhered strictly, ② Considered adhered well, ③ Moderately adhered, ④ Did not adhere, or ⑤ Did not adhere at all. And we asked the patients who did not select ① Adhered strictly to choose the reason (multiple selection). In the question about treatment adherence, we designated the patients who chose ① Adhered strictly, ② Considered adhered well as ‘Adherent group’, and the patients who chose the others as ‘Non-adherent group’. Among the total of 1,334 patients, 1167 patients (87.5%; 95% CI, 85.6-89.2) selected ① Adhered strictly (870/1,334, 65.6%; 95% CI, 62.6–67.7) or ② considered adhered well(297/1,334, 20.1%; 95% CI, 20.1–24.6) and were classified as ‘adherent group’, while 167 (12.5%; 95% CI, 10.9–14.4) patients selected ③ moderately adhered (99/1,334, 6.13%; 95% CI, 6.1–9.0), ④ did not adhere (56/1,334, 4.2%; 95% CI, 3.3–5.4) or ⑤ did not adhere at all (12/1,334, 0.9%; 95% CI, 0.5–1.5), and were classified as ‘Non-adherent group’.

    Statistical analysis

    To determine the differences between the adherent group and non-adherent group in the demography, we applied Student t-test and χ2 test. To evaluate the changes between clinical outcome at the baseline and the follow up, paired t-test was performed. Student t-test was conducted to compare the clinical outcomes between the adherent group and non-adherent group. To identify the factors affecting adherence, we calculated the degree of impact by univariate analysis of predictors, and then model was designed using logistic regression analysis. The collected data was/were (either singular or plural is ok; just make sure to be consistent) analyzed using SAS (version 9.2. The statistical significance level was on the basis of 0.05).

    Ethics statement

    Institutional review board approval was obtained at Seoul National University Hospital (H-1110-031-381) and all the participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

    RESULTS

    Demographics of the total patients and of the adherent and non-adherent groups are shown in Table 1. Female patients were 79.8% (95% Confidence interval [CI], 77.6%-81.9%) of the total patients and the average age was 74.3 ± 5.4 years (Table 1). More than 1/3 of the patients were 70-74 years old and more than a half were elementary school graduates (52.4%; 95% CI, 49.7%-55.1%), which made up the majority (Table 1). For the frequency of daily NSAIDs administration, 778 patients were prescribed as taking medication once a day (58.3%; 95% CI, 55.7%-60.9%), 509 twice a day (38.2%; 95% CI, 35.6%-40.8%), and 47 three times a day (3.5%; 95% CI, 2.7%-4.7%). In comparisons between the ‘adherent group’ and ‘non-adherent group’, there was a difference in the distribution of the age group (P = 0.027) whereas the other factors did not show significant differences in their distribution (Table 1).

    Table 1
    Demographics of the patients

    For the reasons for no strict adherence, 464 patients answered the question (355 patients chose one answer, 93 chose 2 answers, 14 chose 3 answers, and 2 chose 4 answers) (Table 2). The top three reasons were: “My symptom has gone better” (21.5%); “Osteoarthritis medication is thought to be only a pain relief” (16.4%); and “It causes indigestion, discomfort, heart burn, and other GI events” (13.0%) (Table 2).

    Table 2
    Reasons for not adhering strictly*

    Table 3 shows the clinical outcomes of the baseline and the follow-up in the total patients group, adherent group, and non-adherent group. All clinical outcomes including pain NRS, KOOS-K, and EQ-5D were significantly improved at the follow-up compared to the baseline in the total patients group, adherent group, and non-adherent group (Table 3). Comparison of the clinical outcomes between the adherent group and non-adherent group showed no significant differences in any of the baseline variables except for pain NRS (6.1 ± 1.5 vs. 6.4 ± 1.6, P = 0.027), while, at follow-up, pain NRS (4.3 ± 1.9 vs. 4.9 ± 2.2, P = 0.003), KOOS-K symptom (74.3 ± 16.7 vs. 71.6 ± 17.0, P = 0.048), KOOS-K pain (68.6 ± 16.4 vs. 64.9 ± 16.6, P = 0.005), and KOOS-K ADLs score (68.9 ± 16.4 vs. 64.8 ± 17.3, P = 0.003) were significantly higher in the adherent group than non-adherent group (Table 3).

    Table 3
    Clinical outcomes of the total patients and adherent and non-adherent groups (baseline and 3 weeks’ follow-up)

    In the logistic regression analysis identifying the factors that affect adherence, elderly patients (70-74 years old and 75-79 years old) and male patients were found to be more adherent, while educational status, frequency of daily NSAIDs administration, duration of knee OA, and other factors did not affect adherence (Table 4).

    Table 4
    Risk factors associated with the adherence of knee OA patients using logistic regression analysis

    DISCUSSION

    We studied the patient’s adherence by targeting knee OA patients who took NSAIDs (including COX-2 inhibitors) for 3 weeks, and identified the patient-reported outcomes as well as the factors affecting adherence. We hypothesized that the clinical outcomes would be better in the subjects of the adherent group, and gender, age, educational status, and frequency of daily NSAIDs administration could be associated with adherence to NSAIDs in treatment of knee OA. In this study, both the adherent group and non-adherent group showed significantly improved outcomes after 3 weeks of medication treatment, but most of the follow-up outcomes were significantly better in the adherent group as we hypothesized. Of those factors affecting the adherence to NSAIDs, older patients and male patients showed better adherence, while educational status, frequency of daily NSAIDs administration did not show difference in adherence.

    Conservative treatment is very important for knee OA patients. Weight control and exercise are the top priority (7), but drug therapy is also considered to be highly important to avoid invasive treatment (7). While it is known that proper medication can relieve pain and help patients return to a normal life, patients tend to stop taking medicines or take them only when necessary (7, 8). However, several studies reported low drug adherence for patients (6, 9, 11, 12, 15). In this study, we had a relatively high drug adherence with our patients group, which is inconsistent with the previous studies (approximately 10% of low adherence rate). We assumed the reasons for the relatively higher adherence in our study to be the following: 1) we targeted relatively older patients; and that 2) we studied a relatively short period compared to long-term treatment of OA; or 3) that it was a self-survey study which could show a relatively higher adherence than monitoring study depending on the patients’ characteristics.

    In comparisons of the clinical outcomes between the adherent group and non-adherent group, adherent group showed significantly improved outcomes in the follow-up among several important variables such as pain NRS, KOOS-K symptom, pain and activity of daily life, which were consistent with the non-adherent group. Although there were no differences in KOOS-K sports/recreation and quality of life, and EQ-5D, we could confirm that significant effect was shown in our three-week-study treatment period. Because this study was conducted for a short period of three weeks, there may be differences in results observed for quality of life depending on the study period.

    Previous studies reported many factors affecting adherence to arthritis or anti-rheumatoid disease medication, such as dosing frequency (12), pain and self-efficacy levels (9), physician trust (6, 13, 14) and so on. When we directly asked patients for the top reasons for not adhering to drugs, the most frequent answer was that the symptom has gotten better (21.5%). Interestingly, the second most frequent answer from the patients was ‘a drug for OA is just a painkiller (16.4%)’ which was more frequent answer than stopping due to complications (13.0%) (Table 2). There are controversies about the effect of NSAIDs on knee OA. Even though NSAIDs may not change the disease entity, NSAIDs can help patients return to exercise which is essential for knee OA patients. We assumed that doctors need to explain more about the functions of the medication to these kinds of patient group. Logistic regression analysis, which was performed in our study to find out the factors associated with adherence, showed gender and age to be the factors affecting adherence. Educational status and frequency of daily NSAIDs administration did not affect adherence, which differs from the previous studies (9, 12). In particular, while we hypothesized high medication adherence in female patients, it turned out that male patients had shown better adherence; this may be because the proportion of male patients in our study was smaller (20%) compared to the studies from the western countries (18). It can be predicted that the proportion of female OA patients is especially high in Korea, but the exact reason is unknown (18).

    We should also note several limitations of our study. First, because it is a self-survey study, it is possible for the accuracy to be lower than monitoring research (13). We admit that there could be inappropriate to assess the adherence. It is also possible that the patients we classified as adherent or non-adherent group may not present the patients’ characteristics completely due to the absence of monitoring. However, we believe our study is meaningful because we conducted a study comparing the clinical outcomes of the adherent and non-adherent group with relatively large number of patients from multi-centers. Second, because we targeted 65-year-old patients, the result may differ with the inclusion of younger patients. Finally, the scope of study was limited to Korean patients, with predominantly female group representing unique gender distribution in the knee OA patients in Korea (18, 19), and a cultural difference of the patient's attitude towards the doctor. Not to make the results of our study too complicated, the various demographic characteristics that have been reported from various counties (1, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26) may not have been taken into account in this study. Therefore, we need to be cautious about generalizing our results to a population with different characteristics. Furthermore, we did not include the results of the data analyses using many variables such as all different types of NSAIDs, radiologic severity, symptom duration, pain intensity, or previous analgesic medication history, not to make the results of our study too complicated, but these kind of characteristics should be also considered when our results is applied to other group of patients. Further study comparing the treatment adherence among other variables including different types of NSAIDs may be useful to provide more information on the reasons for non-adherence or discontinuation of the specific NSAIDs.

    In conclusion, the patients with better adherence to NSAIDs showed better outcomes compared to those with poor adherence, and we hope this study can contribute to the patient education for the pharmacological treatment in knee OA patients.

    Supplementary Materials

    Appendix 1

    First assessment - Doctor

    Click here to view.(478K, pdf)

    Appendix 2

    First assessment - Patient

    Click here to view.(2M, pdf)

    Notes

    Funding:This research was sponsored by Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Korea Ltd. (A3191373, 2011)

    DISCLOSURE:This research was sponsored by Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Korea Ltd, but the support did not influence the research integrity. The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.

    AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION:Study concept and design: Lee MC. Data collection: Choi CH, Ha CW. Data interpretation: Lee MC. Statistical analysis: Park KK. Writing: Park KK. Review & revision: Lee MC. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.

    ACKNOWLEDGMENT

    Institutional review board approvals were obtained from all involved institutes (Kwan Kyu Park, Severance Hospital, 4-2011-0543; Choong Hyeok Choi, Hanyang University Hospital, 2011-877; Chul-Won Ha, Samsung Medical Center, SMC 2011-10-029; Myung Chul Lee, Seoul National University Hospital, H-1110-031-381), and of all the investigators listed below: Seung Beom Han, Korea University Hospital (Korea University Anam Hospital, AN11197-001); Jin Goo Kim, Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital (Inje University, Seoul Paik Hospital, SIT-2011-250); Hae-Seok Koh, St. Vincent's Hospital (The Catholic University of Korea St. Vincent's Hospital, VC11OSME0211); Jae Doo Yoo, Ehwa Womans University Mokdong Hospital (Ewha Womans University MokDong Hospital, ECT 11-58-28); Kyung Ho Yoon, KyungHee University Medical Center (Kyung Hee University Hospital, KMC IRB 1129-01); Kwang Joon Oh, Konkuk University Medical Center (KUH1060041); Seong Il Bin, Asan Medical Center (2011-0801); Seung Baik Kang, SNU Boramae Medical Center (Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, 06-2011-184); Kang-Il Kim, KyungHee University Hospital at Gangdong (KHNMC IRB 2011-063); Ye Yeon Won, Ajou University Hospital (AJIRB-MED-SUR-11-276); Jae Ang Sim, Gachon University Gil Medical Center (GIRB-A-2607); Soo Jae Yim, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital (2011-102); Ju Hyung Yoo, National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital (National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital IRB, 2011-106); Kyung Wook Nah, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital (IB-3-1110-039); Kwang Won Lee, Eulji University Hospital (11-108); Jong Keun Seon, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital (2011-99); Young-Yool Chung, Gwangju Christian Hospital (KCH2011-020); Hee Gon Park, Dankook University Hospital (1110-108); Ju Hong Lee, Chonbuk National University Hospital (CUH2011-10-005); Jeung Tak Suh, Busan National University Hospital (2011162); Hee-Soo, Kyung, Kyungpook National University Hospital (2011-10-013); Chang-Min Park, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center (CR-11-140-PRO-001-R); Hyung Joon Cho, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital (02-2011-030); Chang Wan Kim, Inje University Pusan Paik Hospital (11-141); Lih Wang, Dong-A University Medical Center (11-151).

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    MeSH Terms
    Medication Adherence*
    Age Factors
    Aged
    Aged, 80 and over
    Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use*
    Female
    Humans
    Knee Joint/pathology
    Logistic Models
    Male
    Osteoarthritis, Knee/drug therapy*
    Pain Measurement
    Prospective Studies
    Sex Factors
    Metrics
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