Abstract
Enhancing mechanical properties and suppressing vibration are important requisites in developing composite materials for dynamic structural applications such as automotive and aircraft. In this work, mechanical and vibrational properties of twill woven CFRP composites fabricated by compression molding, are studied by varying tow sizes (3k and 6k). Density, void, tensile, bending, impact strength, hardness, and free vibration tests were conducted as per ASTM standards to study their properties and investigate the impact of tow sizes on composites. In experimental modal analysis, Frequency Response Function (FRF) plots were also recorded. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to analyse the fracture behavior of the composites. A comparison between the observed results of 3k and 6k twills are made and discussed in detail. From the experimental investigation, it is found that higher tow size decreases the tensile, flexural and hardness strength but increases the natural frequency and damping coefficient. Interfacial bonding between fiber and matrix was affected by the presence of voids in the composites as evident from SEM micrographs.
References
1 Baucom, J. N., Zikry, M. A. and Qiu, Y., “Dynamic and Quasi-Static Failure Evolution of 3D Woven Cellular Composite Systems”, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 23, 471–481 (2004) 10.1177/0731684404032076Search in Google Scholar
2 Bennet, C., Rajini, N., Jappes, J. W., Siva, I., Sreenivasan, V. and Amico, S., “Effect of the Stacking Sequence on Vibrational Behavior of Sansevieria Cylindrica/Coconut Sheath Polyester Hybrid Composites”, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 34, 293–306 (2015) 10.1177/0731684415570683Search in Google Scholar
3 Bledzki, A., “Composites Reinforced with Cellulose Based Fibres”, Prog. Polym. Sci., 24, 221–274 (1999) 10.1016/S0079-6700(98)00018-5Search in Google Scholar
4 Bulut, M., Alsaadi, M., Erkliğ, A. and Alrawi, H., “The Effects of S-Glass Fiber Hybridization on Vibration-Damping Behavior of Intraply Woven Carbon/Aramid Hybrid Composites for Different Lay-Up Configurations”, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C J. Mech. Eng. Sci., 233, 3220–3231 (2019) 10.1177/0954406218813188Search in Google Scholar
5 Chandradass, J., Kumar, M. R. and Velmurugan, R., “Effect of Nanoclay Addition on Vibration Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Vinyl Ester Composites”, Mater. Lett., 61, 4385–4388 (2007) 10.1016/j.matlet.2007.02.009Search in Google Scholar
6 Dixit, A., Mali, H. S. and Misra, R. K., “A Micromechanical Unit Cell Model of 2 × 2 Twill Woven Fabric Textile Composite for Multi Scale Analysis”, J. Inst. Eng. Ser. E., 95, 1–9 (2014) 10.1007/S40034-014-0028-ySearch in Google Scholar
7 Erklig, A., Bulut, M. and Yeter, E., “The Effect of Hybridization and Boundary Conditions on Damping and Free Vibration of Composite Plates”, Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater., 22, 565–571 (2015) 10.1515/secm-2014-0070Search in Google Scholar
8 Feraboli, P., Masini, A., “Development of Carbon/Epoxy Structural Components for a High Performance Vehicle”, Composites Part B, 35, 323–330 (2004) 10.1016/j.compositesb.2003.11.010Search in Google Scholar
9 Gallardo-López, A., Poyato, R., Morales-Rodríguez, A., Fernández-Serrano, A., Muñoz, A. and Domínguez-Rodríguez, A., “Hardness and Flexural Strength of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Alumina Composites”, J. Mater. Sci., 49, 7116–7123 (2014) 10.1007/s10853-014-8419-5Search in Google Scholar
10 Jacob, G. C., Starbuck, J. M., Fellers, J. F. and Simunovic, S., “Effect of Fiber Volume Fraction, Fiber Length and Fiber Tow Size on the Energy Absorption of Chopped Carbon Fiber-Polymer Composites”, Polym. Compos., 26, 293–305 (2005) 10.1002/pc.20100Search in Google Scholar
11 Khan, S. M., Gull, N., Munawar, M. A., Zia, S., Anjum, F., Iqbal, M. S., Shafiq, M., Islam, A., Awais, S. M., Butt, M. A., Butt, M. T. Z. and Jamil, T., “Polyphenylene Sulphide/Carbon Fiber Composites: Study on Their Thermal, Mechanical and Microscopic Properties”, Iran. Polym. J., 25, 475–485 (2016) 10.1007/s13726-016-0439-3Search in Google Scholar
12 Kumar, K. S., Siva, I., Rajini, N., Jeyaraj, P. and Jappes, J. W., “Tensile, Impact, and Vibration Properties of Coconut Sheath/Sisal Hybrid Composites: Effect of Stacking Sequence”, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 33, 1802–1812 (2014) 10.1177/0731684414546782Search in Google Scholar
13 Lee, S.-K., Byun, J.-H. and Hong, S. H., “Effect of Fiber Geometry on the Elastic Constants of the Plain Woven Fabric Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A., 347, 346–358 (2003) 10.1016/S0921–5093(02)00614–7Search in Google Scholar
14 Lei, X., Rui, W., Liu, Y. and Jin, L., “The Effect of Woven Structures on the Vibration Characteristics of Glass Fabric/Epoxy Composite Plates”, Def. Sci. J., 61, 499–504 (2011) 10.14429/dsj.61.296Search in Google Scholar
15 Lewis, S. J., “The Use of Carbon Fibre Composites on Military Aircraft”, Compos. Manuf., 5, 95–103 (1994) 10.1016/0956-7143(94)90060-4Search in Google Scholar
16 Mehdikhani, M., Gorbatikh, L., Verpoest, I. and Lomov, S. V., “Voids in Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review on Their Formation, Characteristics, and Effects on Mechanical Performance”, J. Compos. Mater., 53, 1579–1669 (2019) 10.1177/0021998318772152Search in Google Scholar
17 Mouritz, A. P., Bannister, M. K., Falzon, P. J. and Leong, K. H., “Review of Applications for Advanced Three-Dimensional Fibre Textile Composites”, Composites Part A, 30, 1445–1461 (1999) 10.1016/S1359-835X(99)00034-2Search in Google Scholar
18 Rajesh, M., Pitchaimani, J., “Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Free Vibration Behavior of Intra-Ply Woven Natural Fiber Hybrid Polymer Composite”, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 35, 228–242 (2016) 10.1177/0731684415611973Search in Google Scholar
19 Rajesh, M., Pitchaimani, J. and Rajini, N., “Free Vibration Characteristics of Banana/Sisal Natural Fibers Reinforced Hybrid Polymer Composite Beam”, Procedia Eng., 144, 1055–1059 (2016) 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.05.056Search in Google Scholar
20 Rajeshkumar, G., Hariharan, V., “Free Vibration Characteristics of Phoenix Sp Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Beams”, Procedia Eng., 97, 687–693 (2014) 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.298Search in Google Scholar
21 Rajini, N., Jappes, J. W., Rajakarunakaran, S. and Jeyaraj, P., “Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Free Vibration Behavior in Chemical Modifications of Coconut Sheath/Nano-Clay Reinforced Hybrid Polyester Composite”, J. Compos. Mater., 47, 3105–3121 (2013) 10.1177/0021998312462618Search in Google Scholar
22 Rouf, K., Denton, N. L. and French, R. M., “Effect of Fabric Weaves on the Dynamic Response of Two-Dimensional Woven Fabric Composites”, J. Mater. Sci., 52, 10581–10591 (2017) 10.1007/s10853-017-1183-6Search in Google Scholar
23 Sakai, M., Matsuyama, R. and Miyajima, T., “The Pull-Out and Failure of a Fiber Bundle in a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Carbon Matrix Composite”, Carbon, 38, 2123–2131 (2000) 10.1016/S0008-6223(00)00067-1Search in Google Scholar
24 Sathishkumar, T., Satheeshkumar, S. and Naveen, J., “Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites – A Review”, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 33, 1258–1275 (2014) 10.1177/0731684414530790Search in Google Scholar
25 Senthamaraikannan, C., Ramesh, R., “Experimental Investigation on Vibration Characteristics of Woven Carbon Fabric-Reinforced Composite Beams of Various Cross-Sectional Shapes”, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part L J. Mater. Des. Appl., 230, 64–74 (2016) 10.1177/1464420714545368Search in Google Scholar
26 Senthil Kumar, K., Siva, I., Jeyaraj, P., Winowlin Jappes, J. T., Amico, S. C. and Rajini, N., “Synergy of Fiber Length and Content on Free Vibration and Damping Behavior of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composite Beams”, Mater. Des., 56, 379–386 (2014) 10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.039Search in Google Scholar
27 Srinivasa, V., Shivakumar, V., Nayaka, V., Jagadeeshaiaih, S., Seethram, M., Shenoy, R. and Nafidi, A., “Fracture Morphology of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composite Laminates”, Mater. Res., 13, 417–424 (2010) 10.1590/S1516-14392010000300022Search in Google Scholar
28 Vigneshwaran, S., Uthayakumar, M. and Arumugaprabu, V., “Development and Sustainability of Industrial Waste-Based Red Mud Hybrid Composites”, J. Clean. Prod., 230, 862–868 (2019) 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.131Search in Google Scholar
29 Williams, J. G., “Fracture Mechanics of Composites Failure”, Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C Mech. Eng. Sci., 204, 209–218 (1990) 10.1243/PIME_PROC_1990_204_099_02Search in Google Scholar
© 2020, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich
