Öz
Sinizm kavramı, son yıllarda örgütsel değişim literatüründe de önemli bir değişken olarak incelenmeye başlanmış ve “değişim sinizmi” kavramı ortaya çıkmıştır. Değişim sinizmi, çalışanların geçmişteki başarısız değişim yaşantılarına dayalı olarak değişimi gerçekleştirecek olanlara inançlarını yitirmeleri, onları değişimi sağlama konusunda isteksiz ve yetersiz görmeleri, buna bağlı olarak gelecekte değişim girişimlerinin başarıyla sonuçlanacağına dair karamsar bir tutum takınmaları olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Özellikle örgütlerde değişime direnç ve başarısız değişim girişimlerini anlamada örgütsel değişim sinizminin önemli bir değişken olduğu belirtilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Wanous ve diğerlerinin (2000) “Örgütsel Değişim Sinizmi Ölçeği”nin Türkçeye uyarlanması ve eğitim çalışanlarında değişim sinizmini ölçmede geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin test edilmesidir. Araştırmaya, Türkiye’de çeşitli okullarda görev yapan toplam 595 öğretmen ve okul yöneticisi katılmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliğini tespit etmek amacıyla Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, ölçeğin “karamsarlık” ve “yöneticiyi suçlama eğilimi” olmak üzere iki boyutlu yapıda daha iyi uyuma sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Uyarlanan ölçeğin 8 maddeden oluşan iki faktörlü formu için Cronbach’s Alpha iç tutarlılık katsayısı .94 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, Türkçeye uyarlanmış ölçeğin eğitim çalışanlarının değişim sinizmini değerlendirmede kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek olduğunu göstermektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
değişim sinizmi ölçek eğitim örgütü öğretmen okul yöneticisi
Kaynakça
- Abraham, R. (2000). Organizational cynicism: Bases and consequences. Genetic, Social, and General. Psychology Monographs, 126(3), 269–292.
- Anghelache, V., & Benţea, C. C. (2012). Educational changes and teachers’ attitude towards change. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33, 593-597.
- Andersson, L. M. (1996). Employee cynicism: An examination using a contract violation framework. Human Relations, 49 (11), 1395-1418.
- Barton, L. C. & Ambrosini, V. (2013) The moderating effect of organizational change cynicism on middle manager strategy commitment, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(4), 721-746,
- Bernerth, J. B., Armenakis, A., Field, H. S., & Walker, H. J. (2007). Justice, cynicism, and commitment: A study of important organizational change variables. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43, 303-326.
- Brandes, P, Dharwadkar, R. and Dean, J. W. (1999). Does organizational cynicism matter? Employee and supervisor perspectives on work outcomes. Eastern Academy of Management Proceedings, 150-153.
- Brown, M., & Cregan, C. (2008). Organizational change cynicism: The role of employee involvement. Human Resource Management, 47(4), 667–686.
- Brown, M., Kulik, C. T., Cregan, C., & Metz, I. (2017). Understanding the change–cynicism cycle: the role of HR. Human Resource Management, 56(1), 5-24.
- Bordia, P., Restubog, S.L.D., Jimmieson, N., & Irmer, B.E. (2011). Haunted by the past: Effects of poor change management history on employee attitudes and turnover. Group and Organization Management, 36(2), 191– 222.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (7. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Choi, M. (2011). Employees' attitudes toward organizational change: A literature review. Human Resource Management, 50(4), 479-500.
- Cole, M. S., Bruch, H., & Vogel, B. (2006). Emotion as mediators of the relations between perceived supervisor support and psychological hardiness on employee cynicism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(4), 463–484.
- Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). The USA: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Connell, J., & Waring, P. (2002). The BOHICA syndrome: A symptom of cynicism towards change initiatives? The Journal of Strategic Change, 11, 347-356.
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2021). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (2. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Dean, J. W., Brandes, P., & Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organizational cynicism. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 341–352.
- Fauzan, R. (2020). Upgrading at work: employee disposition and cynicism about organizational changes. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 28(3), 677-697.
- Fettahlıoğlu, Ö.O. (2015). Günümüz işletmelerinin temel hastalığı: Örgütsel sinizme yönelik algılamaların, tükenmişlik boyutları üzerine etkisi. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 13, 178-191.
- Fleming, P. (2005). Metaphors of resistance. Management Communication Quarterly, 19(1), 45 – 66.
- Frymier, J. (1997). Cynics in high school. High School Journal, 81 (1), 37-45
- Guastello, S. J. & Rieke, M. L. (1992). A study of cynicism, personality, and work values. Journal of Psychology. 126 (1), 37.
- Helvacı, M. A., & Çavdar, E. (2017). Change cynicism scale: Development, validity and reliability. European Journal of Education Studies, 3(6), 185-197.
- Johnson, J. L., & O’Leary-Kelly, A. M. (2003). The effects of psychological contract breach and organizational cynicism: Not all social exchange violations are created equal. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(5), 627–647.
- Kalağan, G., & Güzeller, C. O. (2010). Öğretmenlerin örgütsel sinizm düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(27), 83-97.
- Nguyen, D. T., Teo, S. T., Pick, D., & Jemai, M. (2018). Cynicism about change, work engagement, and job satisfaction of public sector nurses. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 77(2), 172-186.
- Piderit, S. K. (2000). Rethinking resistance and recognizing ambivalence: a multidimensional view of attitudes toward an organizational transformation. The Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 783-794.
- Qian, Y., & Daniels, T. D. (2008). A communication model of employee cynicism toward organizational change. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 13(3), 319–332.
- Reichers, A. E., Wanous, J. P., & Austin, J. T. (1997). Understanding and managing cynicism about organizational change. Academy of Management Executive, 11(1), 48-59
- Rho, E., Jung, J. & Nam, T. (2021). A Closer Look at What Goes Wrong: Public Employee Cynicism and Resistance to Administrative Reform. International Journal of Public Administration, 44(8), 636-647.
- Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. (1978). A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23, 224–253.
- Stanley, D. J., Meyer, J. P., & Topolnytsky, L. (2005). Employee cynicism and resistance to organizational change. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19, 429–459
- Tolay, E., Sürgevil Dalkılıç, O., & Boran Sezgin, O. (2017). Örgütsel değişim sinizmi: Ölçek geliştirme, güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalişmasi. Ataturk University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 31(1), 101-117.
- Turner, J. H. & Valentine, S. R. (2001). Cynicism as a fundamental dimension of moral decision-making: A scale development. Journal of Business Ethics, 34 (2), 123-136.
- Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Austin, J. T. (2000). Cynicism about organizational change: Measurement, antecedents, and correlates. Group & Organization Management, 25(2), 132-153.
- Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Austin, J. T. (2004). Cynicism about organizational change: An attribution process perspective. Psychological Reports, 94, 1421-1434.
- Watt, J. D., ve Piotrowski, C. (2008). Organizational change cynicism: A review of the literature and intervention strategies. Organization Development Journal, 26(3), 23-31.
Öz
Cynicism has attracted attention in the organizational change literature in recent years, and the concept of 'change cynicism' has emerged. Change cynicism is defined as the employees' loss of belief in the ones who will make the change due to their unsuccessful change experiences in the past, seeing them as unwilling and inadequate to provide change, and accordingly adopting a pessimistic attitude about the success of the future change initiatives. Change cynicism is significant in understanding resistance to change and unsuccessful change attempts in organizations. This study aimed to adapt ‘Cynicism about Organisational Change Scale' originally developed by Wanous et al. (2000) into Turkish and test its validity and reliability in measuring change cynicism in educational organisations. A total of 595 teachers and school administrators working in various state schools in Turkey participated in the research. In order to determine the construct validity of the scale, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed. The results confirmed two-dimensional structure of the scale had better model fit. The Cronbach's Alpha value was calculated as .94. The results of the research showed that the adapted scale was valid and reliable to evaluate the change cynicism of teachers and school principals.
Anahtar Kelimeler
change cynicism scale educational organisations teacher school manager
Kaynakça
- Abraham, R. (2000). Organizational cynicism: Bases and consequences. Genetic, Social, and General. Psychology Monographs, 126(3), 269–292.
- Anghelache, V., & Benţea, C. C. (2012). Educational changes and teachers’ attitude towards change. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33, 593-597.
- Andersson, L. M. (1996). Employee cynicism: An examination using a contract violation framework. Human Relations, 49 (11), 1395-1418.
- Barton, L. C. & Ambrosini, V. (2013) The moderating effect of organizational change cynicism on middle manager strategy commitment, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(4), 721-746,
- Bernerth, J. B., Armenakis, A., Field, H. S., & Walker, H. J. (2007). Justice, cynicism, and commitment: A study of important organizational change variables. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 43, 303-326.
- Brandes, P, Dharwadkar, R. and Dean, J. W. (1999). Does organizational cynicism matter? Employee and supervisor perspectives on work outcomes. Eastern Academy of Management Proceedings, 150-153.
- Brown, M., & Cregan, C. (2008). Organizational change cynicism: The role of employee involvement. Human Resource Management, 47(4), 667–686.
- Brown, M., Kulik, C. T., Cregan, C., & Metz, I. (2017). Understanding the change–cynicism cycle: the role of HR. Human Resource Management, 56(1), 5-24.
- Bordia, P., Restubog, S.L.D., Jimmieson, N., & Irmer, B.E. (2011). Haunted by the past: Effects of poor change management history on employee attitudes and turnover. Group and Organization Management, 36(2), 191– 222.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (7. baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Choi, M. (2011). Employees' attitudes toward organizational change: A literature review. Human Resource Management, 50(4), 479-500.
- Cole, M. S., Bruch, H., & Vogel, B. (2006). Emotion as mediators of the relations between perceived supervisor support and psychological hardiness on employee cynicism. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(4), 463–484.
- Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis (2nd ed.). The USA: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Connell, J., & Waring, P. (2002). The BOHICA syndrome: A symptom of cynicism towards change initiatives? The Journal of Strategic Change, 11, 347-356.
- Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2021). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (2. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Dean, J. W., Brandes, P., & Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organizational cynicism. Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 341–352.
- Fauzan, R. (2020). Upgrading at work: employee disposition and cynicism about organizational changes. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 28(3), 677-697.
- Fettahlıoğlu, Ö.O. (2015). Günümüz işletmelerinin temel hastalığı: Örgütsel sinizme yönelik algılamaların, tükenmişlik boyutları üzerine etkisi. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 13, 178-191.
- Fleming, P. (2005). Metaphors of resistance. Management Communication Quarterly, 19(1), 45 – 66.
- Frymier, J. (1997). Cynics in high school. High School Journal, 81 (1), 37-45
- Guastello, S. J. & Rieke, M. L. (1992). A study of cynicism, personality, and work values. Journal of Psychology. 126 (1), 37.
- Helvacı, M. A., & Çavdar, E. (2017). Change cynicism scale: Development, validity and reliability. European Journal of Education Studies, 3(6), 185-197.
- Johnson, J. L., & O’Leary-Kelly, A. M. (2003). The effects of psychological contract breach and organizational cynicism: Not all social exchange violations are created equal. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(5), 627–647.
- Kalağan, G., & Güzeller, C. O. (2010). Öğretmenlerin örgütsel sinizm düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(27), 83-97.
- Nguyen, D. T., Teo, S. T., Pick, D., & Jemai, M. (2018). Cynicism about change, work engagement, and job satisfaction of public sector nurses. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 77(2), 172-186.
- Piderit, S. K. (2000). Rethinking resistance and recognizing ambivalence: a multidimensional view of attitudes toward an organizational transformation. The Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 783-794.
- Qian, Y., & Daniels, T. D. (2008). A communication model of employee cynicism toward organizational change. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 13(3), 319–332.
- Reichers, A. E., Wanous, J. P., & Austin, J. T. (1997). Understanding and managing cynicism about organizational change. Academy of Management Executive, 11(1), 48-59
- Rho, E., Jung, J. & Nam, T. (2021). A Closer Look at What Goes Wrong: Public Employee Cynicism and Resistance to Administrative Reform. International Journal of Public Administration, 44(8), 636-647.
- Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. (1978). A social information processing approach to job attitudes and task design. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23, 224–253.
- Stanley, D. J., Meyer, J. P., & Topolnytsky, L. (2005). Employee cynicism and resistance to organizational change. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19, 429–459
- Tolay, E., Sürgevil Dalkılıç, O., & Boran Sezgin, O. (2017). Örgütsel değişim sinizmi: Ölçek geliştirme, güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalişmasi. Ataturk University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 31(1), 101-117.
- Turner, J. H. & Valentine, S. R. (2001). Cynicism as a fundamental dimension of moral decision-making: A scale development. Journal of Business Ethics, 34 (2), 123-136.
- Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Austin, J. T. (2000). Cynicism about organizational change: Measurement, antecedents, and correlates. Group & Organization Management, 25(2), 132-153.
- Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Austin, J. T. (2004). Cynicism about organizational change: An attribution process perspective. Psychological Reports, 94, 1421-1434.
- Watt, J. D., ve Piotrowski, C. (2008). Organizational change cynicism: A review of the literature and intervention strategies. Organization Development Journal, 26(3), 23-31.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Alan Eğitimleri |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Aralık 2021 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 27 Haziran 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3 |
