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Ekonomik Büyüme ve Enerji Tüketiminin Ekolojik Ayak İzi ve Karbon Emisyonları Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 667 - 681, 31.12.2020

Oğuz Öcal Buket Altınöz Alper Aslan

https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.773461
Cited By: 8

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 1968-2016 yılları arasında Türkiye’de ekonomik büyüme enerji tüketimi ve çevre kirliliği arasındaki ilişkiyi ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımını kullanarak incelemektir. Bulgular ekonomik büyüme ve dış ticaret açıklığındaki artışın tüm modellerde çevresel bozulmaya neden olduğunu göstermektedir. Enerji tüketim katsayısı tüm modellerde pozitif olmakla birlikte, sadece ekolojik ayak izi göstergesinin bağımlı değişken olduğu modelde istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Böylece Türkiye’de çevre kirliliği ve ekonomik büyüme arasında pozitif bir ilişki belirlenirken, enerji tüketiminin ekolojik ayak izini artırdığı söylenebilir. Bulgular yalnızca kirlilik emisyonlarını değil aynı zamanda çevresel bozulma için ekolojik ayak izini de dikkate almanın gerekli olduğunu gösterir. Bu sonuçlar Türkiye için birçok politika önerisini gündeme getiriyor. Çevresel bozulma ile ekonomik büyüme arasında ters U şeklinde bir ilişkinin varlığı, aslında Türkiye'deki başarılı uzun vadeli sürdürülebilir büyümeyi göstermektedir.

Keywords

ARDL Ekolojik Ayak İzi CO2 salınımı Büyüme Enerji Türkiye

References

  • Acar, S. and Aşıcı, A.A. (2017). Nature and economic growth in Turkey: what does ecological footprint imply?, Middle East Development Journal, 9(1), 101-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/17938120.2017.1288475
  • Al-Mulali, U. and Ozturk, I. (2015). The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. Energy, 84, 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.004
  • Al-Mulali, U., Choong, W.-W., Sheau-Ting, L. and Mohammed, A.H. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ecological Indicators, 48, 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.029
  • Apergis, N. and Ozturk, İ. (2015). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Asian countries. Ecological Indicators, 52, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.11.026
  • Aşıcı, A. A. and Acar, S. (2018). How does environmental regulation affect production location of noncarbon ecological footprint?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 178, 927-936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.030
  • Aslan, A., Destek, M. A. and Okumus, I. (2018). Sectoral carbon emissions and economic growth in the US: Further evidence from rolling window estimation method. Journal of Cleaner Production, 200(1), 402-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.237
  • Atici, C. (2009). Carbon emissions in Central and Eastern Europe: Environmental Kuznets curve and implications for sustainable development. Sustainable Development 17(3), 155-160. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.372
  • Aydin, C., Esen, Ö. and Aydin, R. (2019). Is the ecological footprint related to the Kuznets curve a real process or rationalizing the ecological consequences of the affluence? Evidence from PSTR approach. Ecological Indicators, 98, 543-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.11.034
  • Azam, M. and Khan, A.Q. (2016). Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: A comparative empirical study for low, lower middle, upper middle and high income countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 63, 556–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.052
  • Bagliani, M., Bravo, G. and Dalmazzone, S. (2008). A consumption-based approach to environmental Kuznets curves using the ecological footprint indicator. Ecological Economics, 65(3), 650- 661.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.01.010
  • Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Shahbaz, M., Roubaud, D. and Farhani, S. (2018). How economic growth, renewable electricity and natural resources contribute to CO2 emissions. Energy Policy, 113, 356- 367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.050
  • Bello, M.O., Solarin, S.A. and Yen, Y.Y. (2018). The impact of electricity consumption on CO2 emission, carbon footprint, water footprint and ecological footprint: The role of hydropower in an emerging economy. Journal of Environmental Management, 219, 218-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.101
  • Bulut, Ü. (2020). Environmental sustainability in Turkey: An environmental Kuznets curve estimation for ecological footprint. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2020.1793425
  • Charfeddine, L. (2017). The impact of energy consumption and economic development on ecological footprint and CO2 emissions: Evidence from a Markov switching equilibrium correction model. Energy Economics, 65, 355-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.05.009
  • Charfeddine, L. and Mrabet, Z. (2017). The impact of economic development and social-political factors on ecological footprint: A panel data analysis for 15 MENA countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76, 138-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.031
  • Destek, M. A. and Sarkodie, S.A. (2019). Investigation of environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint: The role of energy and financial development. Science of The Total Environment, 650(2), 2483-2489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.017
  • Destek, M.A., Ulucak R. and Dogan, E. (2018). Analyzing the environmental Kuznets curve for the EU countries: the role of ecological footprint. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(29), 29387–29396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2911-4
  • Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427–431. https://doi.org/10.2307/2286348
  • Dogan, E., Taspinar, N. and Gokmenoglu, K.K. (2019). Determinants of ecological footprint in MINT countries. Energy & Environment, 30(6), 1065-1086. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X19834279
  • Friedl, B. B. and Getzner, M. (2003). Determinants of CO2 emissions in a small open economy. Ecological Economics, 45, 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00008-9
  • Granger, C.W.J. (1988). Some recent developments in a concept of causality. Journal of Econometrics, 39, 199-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(88)90045-0
  • Grossman, G. and Krueger, A. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. (NBER Working Paper No. 3914). Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w3914
  • Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B. and Ozturk, I. (2016). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis; The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries. Ecological Indicators, 60, 824-831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031
  • Kais, S. and Sami, H. (2016). An econometric study of the impact of economic growth and energy use on carbon emissions: Panel data evidence from fifty eight countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59, 1101–1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.054
  • Mrabet, Z. and Alsamara, M. (2017). Testing the Kuznets curve hypothesis for Qatar: A comparison between carbon dioxide and ecological footprint. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 1366-1375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.039
  • Nasir, M. and Rehman, F.U. (2011). Environmental Kuznets curve for carbon emissions in Pakistan: An empirical investigation. Energy Policy, 39(3), 1857-1864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.01.025
  • Ozturk, I., Al-Mulali, U. and Saboori, B. (2016). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of tourism and ecological footprint. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 1916–1928. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5447-x
  • Pablo-Romero, M.P. and De Jesús, J. (2016). Economic growth and energy consumption: The energyenvironmental Kuznets curve for Latin America and the Caribbean. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1343–1350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.029
  • Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development (WEP Working Paper No. 238). Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/1993/93B09_31_engl.pdf
  • Pata, U. K. (2018). The influence of coal and noncarbohydrate energy consumption on CO2 emissions: Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for Turkey. Energy, 160(1), 1115-1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.07.095
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R. J. (1996). Testing for the ‘existence of a long-run relationship (DAE Working Paper No. 9622). Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/p/cam/camdae/9622.html
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Shahbaz, M., Mahalik, M.K., Shah, S. H. and Sote, J.R. (2016). Time-varying analysis of CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Statistical experience in next 11 countries. Energy Policy, 98, 33-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.08.011
  • Shahbaz, M., Solarin, S.A., Hammoudeh, S. and Shahzad, S.J. (2017). Bounds testing approach to analyzing the environment Kuznets curve hypothesis with structural beaks: The role of biomass energy consumption in the United States. Energy Economics, 68, 548–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.10.004
  • Sharif, A., Baris-Tuzemen, O., Uzuner, G., Ozturk, I. and Sinha, A. (2020). Revisiting the role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on Turkey’s ecological footprint: Evidence from Quantile ARDL approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 57, 102138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102138
  • Soytas, U., Sari, R. and Ewing, B.T. (2007). Energy consumption, income, and carbon emissions in the United States. Ecological Economics, 62(3–4), 482-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.07.009
  • Stern, N. (2007). The economics of climate change: The Stern review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Uddin, G.A., Salahuddin, M., Alam, K. and Gow, J. (2017). Ecological footprint and real income: Panel data evidence from the 27 highest emitting countries. Ecological Indicators, 77, 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.01.003
  • Ulucak, R. and Bilgili, F. (2018). A reinvestigation of EKC model by ecological footprint measurement for high, middle and low income countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 188, 144-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.191
  • Van den Bergh, J. C. and Verbruggen, H. (1999). Spatial sustainability, trade and indicators: An evaluation of the ‘ecological footprint’. Ecological economics, 29(1), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00032-4
  • Wackernagel, M. and Rees, W. (1996). Our ecological footprint, reducing human impact on the earth (The new Catalyst Bioregional Series 9). Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers.
  • Wang, Y., Kang, L., Wu, X. and Xiao, Y. (2013). Estimating the Environmental Kuznets Curve for ecological footprint at the global level; A spatial econometric approach. Ecological Indicators, 34, 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.03.021

The Effects of Economic Growth and Energy Consumption on Ecological Footprint And Carbon Emissions: Evidence From Turkey

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 667 - 681, 31.12.2020

Oğuz Öcal Buket Altınöz Alper Aslan

https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.773461
Cited By: 8

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to explore the relationship between energy use, economic growth, and environmental pollution in Turkey for the period from 1968 to 2016 by using ARDL bounds test approach. Test findings show that an increase in economic growth and trade openness cause environmental degradation in all models. Although the energy consumption coefficient is positive in all models, it is statistically significant only in the model where the ecological footprint indicator is the dependent variable. Thus, while determining a positive relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth in Turkey, also it can be said that the energy consumption increases ecological footprint. The findings indicate that there is a need to consider not only pollution emissions but also the ecological footprint for environmental degradation. These results raise a number of policy recommendations for Turkey. The existence of an inverted-U shaped relationship between environmental degradation and economic growth actually demonstrate the successful long run sustainable growth in Turkey.

Keywords

Ecological Footprint CO2 Emissions Growth Energy ARDL Turkey

References

  • Acar, S. and Aşıcı, A.A. (2017). Nature and economic growth in Turkey: what does ecological footprint imply?, Middle East Development Journal, 9(1), 101-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/17938120.2017.1288475
  • Al-Mulali, U. and Ozturk, I. (2015). The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. Energy, 84, 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.004
  • Al-Mulali, U., Choong, W.-W., Sheau-Ting, L. and Mohammed, A.H. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ecological Indicators, 48, 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.029
  • Apergis, N. and Ozturk, İ. (2015). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Asian countries. Ecological Indicators, 52, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.11.026
  • Aşıcı, A. A. and Acar, S. (2018). How does environmental regulation affect production location of noncarbon ecological footprint?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 178, 927-936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.030
  • Aslan, A., Destek, M. A. and Okumus, I. (2018). Sectoral carbon emissions and economic growth in the US: Further evidence from rolling window estimation method. Journal of Cleaner Production, 200(1), 402-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.237
  • Atici, C. (2009). Carbon emissions in Central and Eastern Europe: Environmental Kuznets curve and implications for sustainable development. Sustainable Development 17(3), 155-160. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.372
  • Aydin, C., Esen, Ö. and Aydin, R. (2019). Is the ecological footprint related to the Kuznets curve a real process or rationalizing the ecological consequences of the affluence? Evidence from PSTR approach. Ecological Indicators, 98, 543-555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.11.034
  • Azam, M. and Khan, A.Q. (2016). Testing the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: A comparative empirical study for low, lower middle, upper middle and high income countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 63, 556–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.052
  • Bagliani, M., Bravo, G. and Dalmazzone, S. (2008). A consumption-based approach to environmental Kuznets curves using the ecological footprint indicator. Ecological Economics, 65(3), 650- 661.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.01.010
  • Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Shahbaz, M., Roubaud, D. and Farhani, S. (2018). How economic growth, renewable electricity and natural resources contribute to CO2 emissions. Energy Policy, 113, 356- 367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.10.050
  • Bello, M.O., Solarin, S.A. and Yen, Y.Y. (2018). The impact of electricity consumption on CO2 emission, carbon footprint, water footprint and ecological footprint: The role of hydropower in an emerging economy. Journal of Environmental Management, 219, 218-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.101
  • Bulut, Ü. (2020). Environmental sustainability in Turkey: An environmental Kuznets curve estimation for ecological footprint. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2020.1793425
  • Charfeddine, L. (2017). The impact of energy consumption and economic development on ecological footprint and CO2 emissions: Evidence from a Markov switching equilibrium correction model. Energy Economics, 65, 355-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.05.009
  • Charfeddine, L. and Mrabet, Z. (2017). The impact of economic development and social-political factors on ecological footprint: A panel data analysis for 15 MENA countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 76, 138-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.031
  • Destek, M. A. and Sarkodie, S.A. (2019). Investigation of environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint: The role of energy and financial development. Science of The Total Environment, 650(2), 2483-2489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.017
  • Destek, M.A., Ulucak R. and Dogan, E. (2018). Analyzing the environmental Kuznets curve for the EU countries: the role of ecological footprint. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(29), 29387–29396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2911-4
  • Dickey, D. A. and Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427–431. https://doi.org/10.2307/2286348
  • Dogan, E., Taspinar, N. and Gokmenoglu, K.K. (2019). Determinants of ecological footprint in MINT countries. Energy & Environment, 30(6), 1065-1086. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X19834279
  • Friedl, B. B. and Getzner, M. (2003). Determinants of CO2 emissions in a small open economy. Ecological Economics, 45, 133-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00008-9
  • Granger, C.W.J. (1988). Some recent developments in a concept of causality. Journal of Econometrics, 39, 199-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(88)90045-0
  • Grossman, G. and Krueger, A. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. (NBER Working Paper No. 3914). Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/papers/w3914
  • Jebli, M. B., Youssef, S. B. and Ozturk, I. (2016). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis; The role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and trade in OECD countries. Ecological Indicators, 60, 824-831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.08.031
  • Kais, S. and Sami, H. (2016). An econometric study of the impact of economic growth and energy use on carbon emissions: Panel data evidence from fifty eight countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59, 1101–1110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.054
  • Mrabet, Z. and Alsamara, M. (2017). Testing the Kuznets curve hypothesis for Qatar: A comparison between carbon dioxide and ecological footprint. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 1366-1375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.039
  • Nasir, M. and Rehman, F.U. (2011). Environmental Kuznets curve for carbon emissions in Pakistan: An empirical investigation. Energy Policy, 39(3), 1857-1864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.01.025
  • Ozturk, I., Al-Mulali, U. and Saboori, B. (2016). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of tourism and ecological footprint. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 1916–1928. doi:10.1007/s11356-015-5447-x
  • Pablo-Romero, M.P. and De Jesús, J. (2016). Economic growth and energy consumption: The energyenvironmental Kuznets curve for Latin America and the Caribbean. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60, 1343–1350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.029
  • Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development (WEP Working Paper No. 238). Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/1993/93B09_31_engl.pdf
  • Pata, U. K. (2018). The influence of coal and noncarbohydrate energy consumption on CO2 emissions: Revisiting the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for Turkey. Energy, 160(1), 1115-1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.07.095
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R. J. (1996). Testing for the ‘existence of a long-run relationship (DAE Working Paper No. 9622). Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/p/cam/camdae/9622.html
  • Pesaran, M.H., Shin, Y. and Smith, R.J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
  • Shahbaz, M., Mahalik, M.K., Shah, S. H. and Sote, J.R. (2016). Time-varying analysis of CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth nexus: Statistical experience in next 11 countries. Energy Policy, 98, 33-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.08.011
  • Shahbaz, M., Solarin, S.A., Hammoudeh, S. and Shahzad, S.J. (2017). Bounds testing approach to analyzing the environment Kuznets curve hypothesis with structural beaks: The role of biomass energy consumption in the United States. Energy Economics, 68, 548–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.10.004
  • Sharif, A., Baris-Tuzemen, O., Uzuner, G., Ozturk, I. and Sinha, A. (2020). Revisiting the role of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on Turkey’s ecological footprint: Evidence from Quantile ARDL approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 57, 102138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102138
  • Soytas, U., Sari, R. and Ewing, B.T. (2007). Energy consumption, income, and carbon emissions in the United States. Ecological Economics, 62(3–4), 482-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.07.009
  • Stern, N. (2007). The economics of climate change: The Stern review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Uddin, G.A., Salahuddin, M., Alam, K. and Gow, J. (2017). Ecological footprint and real income: Panel data evidence from the 27 highest emitting countries. Ecological Indicators, 77, 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.01.003
  • Ulucak, R. and Bilgili, F. (2018). A reinvestigation of EKC model by ecological footprint measurement for high, middle and low income countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 188, 144-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.191
  • Van den Bergh, J. C. and Verbruggen, H. (1999). Spatial sustainability, trade and indicators: An evaluation of the ‘ecological footprint’. Ecological economics, 29(1), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00032-4
  • Wackernagel, M. and Rees, W. (1996). Our ecological footprint, reducing human impact on the earth (The new Catalyst Bioregional Series 9). Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers.
  • Wang, Y., Kang, L., Wu, X. and Xiao, Y. (2013). Estimating the Environmental Kuznets Curve for ecological footprint at the global level; A spatial econometric approach. Ecological Indicators, 34, 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.03.021
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Oğuz Öcal 0000-0002-5729-7218

Buket Altınöz 0000-0002-4276-4821

Alper Aslan 0000-0003-1408-0921

Publication Date December 31, 2020
Acceptance Date November 24, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 5 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Öcal, O., Altınöz, B., & Aslan, A. (2020). The Effects of Economic Growth and Energy Consumption on Ecological Footprint And Carbon Emissions: Evidence From Turkey. Ekonomi Politika Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 667-681. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.773461

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