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A point to evaluate in the COVID-19 pandemic process: Frailty

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 210 - 215, 30.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.30565/medalanya.891622

Abstract

Globally, as of September 16, 2020, COVID-19 had infected approximately 29 million people and caused the death of 930 thousand people around the world. While the whole world is at risk of COVID-19 infection, the elderly in particular represent the highest risk group. Those who are very old and frail and have cognitive impairment and multi-comorbidity, are the most vulnerable to the severe consequences of this infection. Frailty is a less well-known and often overlooked issue compared to other factors. In the world, the prevalence of frailty is seen to rise with the increase of the aging population, and the prevalence of frailty among the elderly people living in society is thought to be 4 to 59%. The COVID-19 pandemic, which has affected the entire world, leads to the necessity of taking care of elderly patients in nursing homes and care centers. The fact that most persons in such facilities are advanced in age, frail and have multi-comorbidity, makes the management of the disease even more difficult. It is thought that there may be a potential relationship between frailty and the course of COVID-19 and deaths resulting from the infection. The need for a holistic assessment of not only the age of the patient but also the state of frailty, is emphasized to ensure the triage of elderly persons and resource allocation during COVID-19 pandemic process. This review was performed to raise awareness of the healthcare professionals on the importance of frailty among the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic process and to provide general information about the instruments that can be used to measure the frailty status of the elderly, when managing the COVID-19 pandemic process.

References

  • 1. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] Situation Report-94 [Accessed 10 September 2020]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331865
  • 2. WHO Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19: 11 March 2020. [Accessed 10 September 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
  • 3. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. [Accessed 16 September 2020]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/
  • 4. Age, Sex, Existing Conditions of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths [Accessed 10 September 2020]. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-age-sex-demographics/
  • 5. Keskek SO, Erdogan H. COVID-19: A Current Brief Review. Acta Med. Alanya. 2020;4(2):197-202. doi: 10.30565/medalanya.747238
  • 6. Gold MS, Sehayek D, Gabrielli S, Zhang X, McCusker C, Ben-Shoshan M. COVID-19 and comorbidities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Postgrad Med. 2020;132(8):749-55. doi: 10.1080/00325481.2020.1786964
  • 7. Fulop T, Larbi A, Witkowski JM, McElhaney J, Loeb M, Mitnitski A et al. Aging, frailty and age-related diseases. Biogerontology. 2010;11(5):547-63. doi: 10.1007/s10522-010-9287-2
  • 8. Maltese G, Corsonello A, Di Rosa M, Soraci L, Vitale C, Corica F et al. Frailty and COVID-19: A systematic scoping review. J Clin Med. 2020;9(7):1-12. doi: 10.3390/jcm9072106
  • 9. Khezrian M, Myint PK, McNeil C, Murray AD. A review of frailty syndrome and its physical, cognitive and emotional domains in the elderly. Geriatrics. 2017;2(4):1-10. doi:10.3390/geriatrics2040036
  • 10. Buckinx F, Rolland Y, Reginster JY, Ricour C, Petermans J, Bruyere O. Burden of frailty in the elderly population: Perspectives for a public health challenge. Arch Public Health. 2015;73(1):1-7. doi: 10.1186/s13690-015-0068-x. eCollection 2015.
  • 11. Xue QL. The frailty syndrome: Definition and natural history. Clin Geriatr Med. 2011;27(1):1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2010.08.009
  • 12. Chen X, Mao G, Leng SX. Frailty syndrome: An overview. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:433-41. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S45300. eCollection 2014
  • 13. Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381:752-62. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62167-9
  • 14. Sternberg SA, Schwartz AW, Karunananthan S, Bergman H, Clarfield AM. The identification of frailty: A systematic literature review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(11):2129-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03597.x
  • 15. Smart R, Carter B, McGovern J, Luckman S, Connelly A, Hewitt J et al. Frailty exists in younger adults admitted as surgical emergency leading to adverse outcomes. J Frailty Aging. 2017;6(4):219-23. doi: 10.14283/jfa.2017.28
  • 16. Alkan ŞB, Rakıcıoğlu N. Nutrition in Frail Elderly Patients. Sdü Sağlık Bilim Derg. 2019;10(2):184-9 doi: 10.22312/sdusbed.424345
  • 17. Collard RM, Boter H, Schoevers RA, Voshaar RCO. Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: A systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(8):1487-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x
  • 18. Akın S, Mazıcıoglu MM, Mucuk S, Gocer S, Şafak ED, Arguvanlı S et al. The prevalence of frailty and related factors in community- dwelling Turkish elderly according to modified Fried Frailty Index and FRAIL scales. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2015;27(5):703-9. doi: 10.1007/s40520-015-0337-0
  • 19. Özdemir S, Öztürk ZA, Türkbeyler İH, Şirin F, Göl M. Determination of Frailty Prevalence by Using Discrete Measures Geriatric Patients in Clinic. KSU Medical Journal. 2017;12(3):1-5. doi: 10.17517/ksutfd.338266
  • 20. McDougall GJ. Delville CL. Becoming frail. In: Foreman MD, Milisen K, Fulmer TT, editor. Critical Care Nursing of Older Adults: Best Practices. Springer Publishing Company; 2010. p. 177-189.
  • 21. Moccia F, Gerbino A, Lionetti V, Miragoli M, Munaron LM, Pagliaro P et al. COVID-19-associated cardiovascular morbidity in older adults: A position paper from the Italian Society of Cardiovascular Researches. GeroScience. 2020;42(4):1021-49. doi: 10.1007/s11357-020-00198-w
  • 22. Hewitt J, Carter B, Vilches-Moraga A, Quinn T, Braude P, Verduri A et al. The effect of frailty on survival in patients with COVID-19 (COPE): A multicentre, European, observational cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(8):e444-51. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30146-8
  • 23. Kojima G, Ilıffe S, Walters K. Frailty index as a predictor of mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2018;47(2):193-200. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afx162
  • 24. Cheng MH, Chang SF. Frailty as a risk factor for falls among community dwelling people: Evidence from a meta-analysis. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2017;49(5):529-36. doi: 10.1111/jnu.12322
  • 25. Persico I, Cesari M, Morandi A, Haas J, Mazzola P, Zambon A et al. Frailty and delirium in older adults : A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66(10):2022–30. doi:10.1111/jgs.15503
  • 26. Kojima G. Frailty as a predictor of disabilities among community-dwelling older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39(19):1897-908. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1212282
  • 27. Bandeen-Roche K, Seplaki CL, Huang J, Buta B, Kalyani RR, Varadhan R et al. Frailty in older adults: A nationally representative profile in the united states. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70(11):1427-34. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glv133
  • 28. Mulla E, Montgomery U. Frailty: An overview. InnovAit. 2020;13(2):71-79. doi: 10.1177/1755738019890891
  • 29. Kapucu S, Ünver G. Kırılgan Yaşlı ve Hemşirelik Bakımı. Osmangazi Journal of Medicine. 2017;39:122-9. doi: 10.20515/otd.288967
  • 30. Perrotta F, Corbi G, Mazzeo G, Boccia M, Aronne L, D'Agnano V et al. COVID-19 and the elderly: Insights into pathogenesis and clinical decision-making. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32:1599-608. doi: 10.1007/s40520-020-01631-y
  • 31. Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, Bergman H, Hogan DB, McDowell I et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005;173(5):489-95. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.050051
  • 32. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J et al. Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146-56. doi: 10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146
  • 33. Morley J, Malmstrom T, Miller DA. Simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle aged african americans. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16(7):601-8. doi: 10.1007/s12603-012-0084-2
  • 34. Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, Fink HA, Cawthon PM, Stone KL et al. Comparison of 2 frailty indexes for prediction of falls, disability, fractures, and death in older women. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(4):382–9. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2007.113
  • 35. Rolfson DB, Majumdar SR, Tsuyuki RT, Tahir A, Rockwood K. Validity and reliability of the Edmonton Frail Scale. Age Ageing. 2006;35(5):526-9. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afl041
  • 36. Kaeppeli T, Rueegg M, Dreher-Hummel T, Brabrand M, Kabell-Nissen, S, Carpenter CR et al. Validation of the clinical frailty scale for prediction of thirty-day mortality in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;76(3):291-300. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.03.028
  • 37. NICE guideline (NG159). COVID-19 rapid guideline: Critical care in adults. Published: 20 March 2020. 38. Gardiner PA, Mishra GD, Dobson AJ. Validity and responsiveness of the FRAIL scale in a longitudinal cohort study of older Australian women. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(9):781-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2015.05.005
  • 39. Díaz de León González E, Gutiérrez Hermosillo H, Martinez Beltran JA, Chavez JHM, Palacios Corona R, Salinas Garza DP et al. Validation of the FRAIL scale in Mexican elderly: Results from the Mexican Health and Aging Study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016;28(5):901-8. doi: 10.1007/s40520-015-0497-y
  • 40. Dong L, Qiao X, Tian X, Liu N, Jin Y, Si H et al. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the FRAIL scale in chinese community-dwelling older adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19(1):12-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2017.06.011
  • 41. Hubbard RE, Maier AB, Hilmer SN, Naganathan V, Etherton-Beer C, Rockwood K. Frailty in the face of COVID-19. Age Ageing. 2020;49(4):499-500. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afaa095
  • 42. Baker KF, Hanrath AT, van der Loeff IS, Tee SA, Capstick R, Marchitelli G et al. COVID-19 management in a UK NHS foundation trust with a high consequence infectious diseases centre: A detailed descriptive analysis. Med Sci. 2021;9(1):1-13. doi: 10.3390/medsci9010006
  • 43. Brill SE, Jarvis HC, Ozcan E, Burns TLP, Warraich RA, Amani LJ et al. COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study with focus on the over-80s and hospital-onset disease. BMC Med. 2020;18(194):1-9. doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01665-z
  • 44. Hoek RAS, Manintveld OC, Betjes MGH, Hellemons ME, Seghers L, Van Kampen JAA et al. COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients: A single-center experience. Transpl Int. 2020;33(9):1099-105. doi: 10.1111/tri.13662
  • 45. Bellelli G, Rebora P, Valsecchi MG, Bonfanti P, Citerio G, COVID-19 Monza Team members. Frailty index predicts poor outcome in COVID-19 patients. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(8):1634-6. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06087-2
  • 46. Turner J, Hodgson LE, Leckie T, Eade L, Ford-Dunn, S. A dual-center observational review of hospital-based palliative care in patients dying with COVID-19. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2020;60(2):e75-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.031
  • 47. Smet RD, Mellaerts B, Vandewinckele H, Lybeert P, Frans E, Ombelet S et al. Frailty and mortality in hospitalized older adults with COVID-19: Retrospective observational study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(7):928-932.e.1. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.06.008
  • 48. Nickel CH, Ruegg M, Pargger H, Bingisser R. Age, comorbidity, frailty status: effects on disposition and resource allocation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Swiss Med Wkly. 2020;150:w20269. doi: 10.4414/smw.2020.20269
  • 49. Woo J, Leung J, Zhang T. Successful aging and frailty: Opposite sides of the same coin? J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(9):797-801. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2016.04.015
  • 50. Boreskie KF, Hay JL, Duhamel TA. Preventing frailty progression during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Frailty Aging. 2020;9(3):130-1. doi: 10.14283/jfa.2020.29

COVID-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Değerlendirilmesi Gereken Bir Nokta: Kırılganlık

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 210 - 215, 30.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.30565/medalanya.891622

Abstract

Küresel olarak, 16 Eylül 2020 tarihi itibariyle COVID-19 dünyada yaklaşık olarak 29 milyon insanı enfekte etmiş ve 930 bin insanın ise ölümüne neden olmuştur. Tüm dünya COVID-19 enfeksiyonu riski altındayken, özellikle yaşlılar en yüksek risk altında olan gruptur. Özellikle çok yaşlı, kırılgan, bilişsel bozukluk ve multikomorbiditeye sahip olanlar bu enfeksiyonun ciddi sonuçlarına karşı en savunmasız olanlardır. Diğer faktörlere kıyasla kırılganlık daha az bilinen ve göz ardı edilen bir konudur. Dünyada, yaşlanan nüfusun artmasıyla birlikte kırılganlık prevelansının da arttığı görülmekte ve toplumda yaşayan yaşlı bireylerdeki kırılganlık prevelansının %4-59 olduğu düşünülmektedir. Tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan COVID-19 pandemisi yaşlı hastalara huzurevlerinde ve bakım merkezlerinde bakmaya zorlamaktadır. Bu tür tesislerde çoğu kişinin ileri yaşta olması, genellikle kırılgan olması ve sıklıkla multikomorbiditeye sahip olması hastalığın yönetimini daha da zorlaştırmaktadır. Kırılganlık ile COVID-19 ’un seyri ve COVID-19 nedeniyle ölüm arasında potansiyel bir ilişki olabileceği düşünülmektedir. COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde yaşlı bireylerin triyajını sağlama ve kaynak tahsisi sağlama da hastanın sadece yaşının değil kırılganlık durumunun bütüncül bir şekilde değerlendirilmesi gerekliliğinin önemi vurgulanmaktadır. Bu derleme sağlık profesyonellerine COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde yaşlılarda kırılganlığın önemi konusunda farkındalık oluşturmak, COVID-19 pandemi sürecini yönetirken yaşlı bireylerin kırılganlık durumlarının ölçülmesi için yararlanılabilecek araçlar hakkında genel bilgi vermek amacıyla oluşturulmuştur.

References

  • 1. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] Situation Report-94 [Accessed 10 September 2020]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331865
  • 2. WHO Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19: 11 March 2020. [Accessed 10 September 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
  • 3. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. [Accessed 16 September 2020]. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/
  • 4. Age, Sex, Existing Conditions of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths [Accessed 10 September 2020]. Available from: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-age-sex-demographics/
  • 5. Keskek SO, Erdogan H. COVID-19: A Current Brief Review. Acta Med. Alanya. 2020;4(2):197-202. doi: 10.30565/medalanya.747238
  • 6. Gold MS, Sehayek D, Gabrielli S, Zhang X, McCusker C, Ben-Shoshan M. COVID-19 and comorbidities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Postgrad Med. 2020;132(8):749-55. doi: 10.1080/00325481.2020.1786964
  • 7. Fulop T, Larbi A, Witkowski JM, McElhaney J, Loeb M, Mitnitski A et al. Aging, frailty and age-related diseases. Biogerontology. 2010;11(5):547-63. doi: 10.1007/s10522-010-9287-2
  • 8. Maltese G, Corsonello A, Di Rosa M, Soraci L, Vitale C, Corica F et al. Frailty and COVID-19: A systematic scoping review. J Clin Med. 2020;9(7):1-12. doi: 10.3390/jcm9072106
  • 9. Khezrian M, Myint PK, McNeil C, Murray AD. A review of frailty syndrome and its physical, cognitive and emotional domains in the elderly. Geriatrics. 2017;2(4):1-10. doi:10.3390/geriatrics2040036
  • 10. Buckinx F, Rolland Y, Reginster JY, Ricour C, Petermans J, Bruyere O. Burden of frailty in the elderly population: Perspectives for a public health challenge. Arch Public Health. 2015;73(1):1-7. doi: 10.1186/s13690-015-0068-x. eCollection 2015.
  • 11. Xue QL. The frailty syndrome: Definition and natural history. Clin Geriatr Med. 2011;27(1):1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2010.08.009
  • 12. Chen X, Mao G, Leng SX. Frailty syndrome: An overview. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:433-41. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S45300. eCollection 2014
  • 13. Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, Rikkert MO, Rockwood K. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381:752-62. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62167-9
  • 14. Sternberg SA, Schwartz AW, Karunananthan S, Bergman H, Clarfield AM. The identification of frailty: A systematic literature review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59(11):2129-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03597.x
  • 15. Smart R, Carter B, McGovern J, Luckman S, Connelly A, Hewitt J et al. Frailty exists in younger adults admitted as surgical emergency leading to adverse outcomes. J Frailty Aging. 2017;6(4):219-23. doi: 10.14283/jfa.2017.28
  • 16. Alkan ŞB, Rakıcıoğlu N. Nutrition in Frail Elderly Patients. Sdü Sağlık Bilim Derg. 2019;10(2):184-9 doi: 10.22312/sdusbed.424345
  • 17. Collard RM, Boter H, Schoevers RA, Voshaar RCO. Prevalence of frailty in community-dwelling older persons: A systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60(8):1487-92. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04054.x
  • 18. Akın S, Mazıcıoglu MM, Mucuk S, Gocer S, Şafak ED, Arguvanlı S et al. The prevalence of frailty and related factors in community- dwelling Turkish elderly according to modified Fried Frailty Index and FRAIL scales. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2015;27(5):703-9. doi: 10.1007/s40520-015-0337-0
  • 19. Özdemir S, Öztürk ZA, Türkbeyler İH, Şirin F, Göl M. Determination of Frailty Prevalence by Using Discrete Measures Geriatric Patients in Clinic. KSU Medical Journal. 2017;12(3):1-5. doi: 10.17517/ksutfd.338266
  • 20. McDougall GJ. Delville CL. Becoming frail. In: Foreman MD, Milisen K, Fulmer TT, editor. Critical Care Nursing of Older Adults: Best Practices. Springer Publishing Company; 2010. p. 177-189.
  • 21. Moccia F, Gerbino A, Lionetti V, Miragoli M, Munaron LM, Pagliaro P et al. COVID-19-associated cardiovascular morbidity in older adults: A position paper from the Italian Society of Cardiovascular Researches. GeroScience. 2020;42(4):1021-49. doi: 10.1007/s11357-020-00198-w
  • 22. Hewitt J, Carter B, Vilches-Moraga A, Quinn T, Braude P, Verduri A et al. The effect of frailty on survival in patients with COVID-19 (COPE): A multicentre, European, observational cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(8):e444-51. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30146-8
  • 23. Kojima G, Ilıffe S, Walters K. Frailty index as a predictor of mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2018;47(2):193-200. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afx162
  • 24. Cheng MH, Chang SF. Frailty as a risk factor for falls among community dwelling people: Evidence from a meta-analysis. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2017;49(5):529-36. doi: 10.1111/jnu.12322
  • 25. Persico I, Cesari M, Morandi A, Haas J, Mazzola P, Zambon A et al. Frailty and delirium in older adults : A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66(10):2022–30. doi:10.1111/jgs.15503
  • 26. Kojima G. Frailty as a predictor of disabilities among community-dwelling older people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39(19):1897-908. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1212282
  • 27. Bandeen-Roche K, Seplaki CL, Huang J, Buta B, Kalyani RR, Varadhan R et al. Frailty in older adults: A nationally representative profile in the united states. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015;70(11):1427-34. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glv133
  • 28. Mulla E, Montgomery U. Frailty: An overview. InnovAit. 2020;13(2):71-79. doi: 10.1177/1755738019890891
  • 29. Kapucu S, Ünver G. Kırılgan Yaşlı ve Hemşirelik Bakımı. Osmangazi Journal of Medicine. 2017;39:122-9. doi: 10.20515/otd.288967
  • 30. Perrotta F, Corbi G, Mazzeo G, Boccia M, Aronne L, D'Agnano V et al. COVID-19 and the elderly: Insights into pathogenesis and clinical decision-making. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32:1599-608. doi: 10.1007/s40520-020-01631-y
  • 31. Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, Bergman H, Hogan DB, McDowell I et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005;173(5):489-95. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.050051
  • 32. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J et al. Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146-56. doi: 10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146
  • 33. Morley J, Malmstrom T, Miller DA. Simple frailty questionnaire (FRAIL) predicts outcomes in middle aged african americans. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16(7):601-8. doi: 10.1007/s12603-012-0084-2
  • 34. Ensrud KE, Ewing SK, Taylor BC, Fink HA, Cawthon PM, Stone KL et al. Comparison of 2 frailty indexes for prediction of falls, disability, fractures, and death in older women. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(4):382–9. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2007.113
  • 35. Rolfson DB, Majumdar SR, Tsuyuki RT, Tahir A, Rockwood K. Validity and reliability of the Edmonton Frail Scale. Age Ageing. 2006;35(5):526-9. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afl041
  • 36. Kaeppeli T, Rueegg M, Dreher-Hummel T, Brabrand M, Kabell-Nissen, S, Carpenter CR et al. Validation of the clinical frailty scale for prediction of thirty-day mortality in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;76(3):291-300. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.03.028
  • 37. NICE guideline (NG159). COVID-19 rapid guideline: Critical care in adults. Published: 20 March 2020. 38. Gardiner PA, Mishra GD, Dobson AJ. Validity and responsiveness of the FRAIL scale in a longitudinal cohort study of older Australian women. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16(9):781-3. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2015.05.005
  • 39. Díaz de León González E, Gutiérrez Hermosillo H, Martinez Beltran JA, Chavez JHM, Palacios Corona R, Salinas Garza DP et al. Validation of the FRAIL scale in Mexican elderly: Results from the Mexican Health and Aging Study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016;28(5):901-8. doi: 10.1007/s40520-015-0497-y
  • 40. Dong L, Qiao X, Tian X, Liu N, Jin Y, Si H et al. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the FRAIL scale in chinese community-dwelling older adults. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2018;19(1):12-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2017.06.011
  • 41. Hubbard RE, Maier AB, Hilmer SN, Naganathan V, Etherton-Beer C, Rockwood K. Frailty in the face of COVID-19. Age Ageing. 2020;49(4):499-500. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afaa095
  • 42. Baker KF, Hanrath AT, van der Loeff IS, Tee SA, Capstick R, Marchitelli G et al. COVID-19 management in a UK NHS foundation trust with a high consequence infectious diseases centre: A detailed descriptive analysis. Med Sci. 2021;9(1):1-13. doi: 10.3390/medsci9010006
  • 43. Brill SE, Jarvis HC, Ozcan E, Burns TLP, Warraich RA, Amani LJ et al. COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study with focus on the over-80s and hospital-onset disease. BMC Med. 2020;18(194):1-9. doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01665-z
  • 44. Hoek RAS, Manintveld OC, Betjes MGH, Hellemons ME, Seghers L, Van Kampen JAA et al. COVID-19 in solid organ transplant recipients: A single-center experience. Transpl Int. 2020;33(9):1099-105. doi: 10.1111/tri.13662
  • 45. Bellelli G, Rebora P, Valsecchi MG, Bonfanti P, Citerio G, COVID-19 Monza Team members. Frailty index predicts poor outcome in COVID-19 patients. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(8):1634-6. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06087-2
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There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section Review
Authors

Hatice Yüceler Kaçmaz 0000-0003-4529-1991

Ayser Döner 0000-0002-3450-7219

Özlem Ceyhan 0000-0002-1869-8713

Publication Date August 30, 2021
Submission Date March 6, 2021
Acceptance Date April 17, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Yüceler Kaçmaz H, Döner A, Ceyhan Ö. A point to evaluate in the COVID-19 pandemic process: Frailty. Acta Med. Alanya. 2021;5(2):210-5.

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