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DOI :10.26650/JECS431955   IUP :10.26650/JECS431955    Full Text (PDF)

Capital Battles: Labor Markets Benefits Access Channel of Youth and Social Networks in Turkey

Şenol Baştürk

The number of findings indicated that social networks positively affect employment conditions of young workers. This kind of comment reveals that the positive effect is limited to middle-class youth. However, in this study, I will claim that social capital is an independent resource and must be seen as specific to working-class strategies. I used Turkish household labor survey covering paid employment in youth employment and I will test two hypotheses on the influence of social networks. The first one asserts that social networks commonly used by working-class and middle-class youth tend to enhance cultural capital resources. The second hypothesis claims that social networks are useful for obtaining the benefits of labor markets via private large-scale industrial employment for working-class youth; on the contrary, middle-class youth try to reach these benefits through managerial career paths. After the analysis, findings confirm that both hypotheses are valid. 
Keywords: Social capital, social networks, young labor, labor market benefits, employment
DOI :10.26650/JECS431955   IUP :10.26650/JECS431955    Full Text (PDF)

Sermaye Savaşları: Türkiye’de Gençlerin İşgücü Piyasası Avantajlarına Erişme Kanalları ve Sosyal Ağlar

Şenol Baştürk

Sosyal ağların gençlerin istihdam koşullarını olumlu etkilediğine yönelik bulguların sayısı fazladır. Bu yorumlar olumlu etkilerin genellikle orta sınıflar ile sınırlı olacağı kanısındadır. Ancak bu çalışmada, sosyal sermayeyi, bağımsız bir kaynak olarak alt sınıf stratejilerinin bir parçası olarak kabul edilecektir. Türkiye’de ücretli olarak istihdam edilen gençleri kapsayan hane halkı işgücü verileri, sosyal ağların etkisine yönelik iki hipotezi test etmek için kullanılacaktır. Birincisi, Türkiye’de sosyal ağların işgücü piyasasında, alt sınıf gençler tarafından yoğun kullanıldığını; buna karşın orta sınıf gençlerin kültürel sermaye kaynaklarına odaklandığını ileri sürecektir. İkinci hipotezde ise ortaya atılacak iddia, sosyal ağlar üzerinden istihdam edilen gençlerin daha çok özel sektörde imalat endüstrisinde faaliyet gösteren büyük ölçekli firmalar yoluyla işgücü piyasası fırsatlarına erişim sağladığı; buna karşın orta sınıf gençlerin yönetici olarak istihdam edilmek üzerinden fırsatlara eriştiğidir. Araştırma sonucunda her iki hipotezi destekleyici bulgular ile karşılaşılmıştır. 
Keywords: Sosyal sermaye, sosyal ağlar, genç işgücü, işgücü piyasası fırsatları, istihdam

EXTENDED ABSTRACT


In the flexible and competitive labor market conditions of today, social networks can enable young people to find jobs more easily, raise wages, and find jobs more compatible with their skills. It is commonly accepted that social networks in Turkey have similar effects. However, the number of studies done on this subject is very small. In the present study, based on scarcity of relevant studies, the effect of social networks on employment advantages accessed by the young people in Turkey in waged-employment will be addressed.

In this analysis, Bourdieu’s social capital theory will be used. The Bourdieusian interpretation considers the use of social capital in relation to class relations, as it is the case in other resource types. Savage, Warde, and Devine (2005) who base their study on this theory, argue that classes differ from each other in terms of their original source, capital, and asset distribution [CAR’s (capital, resources, assets)]. This study, based on the abovementioned discussions, will be regarded as the theoretical basis on which each class possesses descriptive resources and strategies and aims to use them effectively in its field struggle. The common interpretation in the relevant literature is to describe the working-class (or lower class) with “absolute deprivation” where there is no opportunity to mobilize any source. However, the basic claim of this study is, on the contrary, that social capital is a resource specific to the working classes and constitutes a part of a conscious strategy that creates advantages beyond survival.

Labor market researches by led Granovetter (1973, 1983, 1995) suggest that the individuals supported by social networks can access labor market benefits more easily. Also the results obtained from labor market research are quite consistent with Bourdieu’s capital theory. However, despite this, interest in Bourdieu in the literature has been limited. The main reason, as far as I am concerned is that even though the previous studies demonstrate that the use of social networks in the job-finding process is between 30% and 60%, it is the Bourdieuian approach’s insistence to explicate the network relations with privileges. Instead, I will propose the review of the concept of social capital from two perspectives. According to the first one, Bourdieu considers the social capital a secondary form of resource allocation that constitutes power. Instead of this, social capital should be considered alternatively as an independent factor generating independent effects. According to the second one, Bourdieu emphasized the question of power in his analysis and ignored the lower class strategies. However, as far as I am concerned, social capital should be considered an original resource that belongs to the working-class.

Hypothesis 1: Social capital is an access to a benefits channel specific to the working / lower class in the labor market in Turkey. Access to the specific benefits channel of the middle-class, on the other hand, is the cultural capital.

Furthermore, the differences between the classes are also reflected in the strategies used. The working/lower classes generally use social capital to access employment benefits in the manufacturing sector. Here especially, large-scale manufacturing businesses have priorities. Middle-class young people, on the other hand, search for jobs where they can be employed as managers, and in this respect, the appropriate resource is cultural capital.

Hypothesis 2: The working/lower classes access “good jobs” by being employed at a series large manufacturing firms. In accessing “good jobs, it is crucial for the middle classes to be employed as managers”.

The data used in the present study were derived from the TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute) Household Labor Force Survey -2016. The sample of young people in the 15-25 age group who were employed as waged employees included 4353 observations. The first phase of the analysis aims to demonstrate the effect of the different resource types available on the labor market conditions. In the analysis, those who replied the question “How did you find your present job?” as “By means of relatives, acquaintances and friends” represented those who used the social capital channel.

On the other hand, cultural capital, focusing on the household profile, was measured by the level of education of the parents, who represented intergenerational relations. In this way, considering the autonomy of the resources, four groups were formed. The first group included those who used the social capital channel, the second group the cultural capital channel, the third group those who used both channels simultaneously, and the last group included those who did not use any channels.

Subsequently, the strategies of different classes to use forms of capital and access benefits were analyzed by the structural equation model. Accordingly, in the labor market, young people in the working/lower classes used the social capital channel intensively. Alternatively, it was found that cultural capital was a powerful resource for middle-class young people. The most important result here is that there is a strong inverse relationship between cultural capital and social capital. Consequently, the class-specific definition of the sources specified in hypothesis 1 was confirmed by the analysis. Furthermore, young people in the working /lower class access the advantages of the labor market by being employed in the manufacturing industry. In contrast, the strategies of the middle-class young people to access advantages focused on accessing managerial positions. These results signify that hypothesis 2 was also confirmed.


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Citations

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APA

Baştürk, Ş. (2018). Capital Battles: Labor Markets Benefits Access Channel of Youth and Social Networks in Turkey. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 0(58), 17-44. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS431955


AMA

Baştürk Ş. Capital Battles: Labor Markets Benefits Access Channel of Youth and Social Networks in Turkey. Journal of Economy Culture and Society. 2018;0(58):17-44. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS431955


ABNT

Baştürk, Ş. Capital Battles: Labor Markets Benefits Access Channel of Youth and Social Networks in Turkey. Journal of Economy Culture and Society, [Publisher Location], v. 0, n. 58, p. 17-44, 2018.


Chicago: Author-Date Style

Baştürk, Şenol,. 2018. “Capital Battles: Labor Markets Benefits Access Channel of Youth and Social Networks in Turkey.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0, no. 58: 17-44. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS431955


Chicago: Humanities Style

Baştürk, Şenol,. “Capital Battles: Labor Markets Benefits Access Channel of Youth and Social Networks in Turkey.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0, no. 58 (May. 2024): 17-44. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS431955


Harvard: Australian Style

Baştürk, Ş 2018, 'Capital Battles: Labor Markets Benefits Access Channel of Youth and Social Networks in Turkey', Journal of Economy Culture and Society, vol. 0, no. 58, pp. 17-44, viewed 8 May. 2024, https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS431955


Harvard: Author-Date Style

Baştürk, Ş. (2018) ‘Capital Battles: Labor Markets Benefits Access Channel of Youth and Social Networks in Turkey’, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 0(58), pp. 17-44. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS431955 (8 May. 2024).


MLA

Baştürk, Şenol,. “Capital Battles: Labor Markets Benefits Access Channel of Youth and Social Networks in Turkey.” Journal of Economy Culture and Society, vol. 0, no. 58, 2018, pp. 17-44. [Database Container], https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS431955


Vancouver

Baştürk Ş. Capital Battles: Labor Markets Benefits Access Channel of Youth and Social Networks in Turkey. Journal of Economy Culture and Society [Internet]. 8 May. 2024 [cited 8 May. 2024];0(58):17-44. Available from: https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS431955 doi: 10.26650/JECS431955


ISNAD

Baştürk, Şenol. “Capital Battles: Labor Markets Benefits Access Channel of Youth and Social Networks in Turkey”. Journal of Economy Culture and Society 0/58 (May. 2024): 17-44. https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS431955



TIMELINE


Submitted07.06.2018
Accepted20.09.2018

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