A Comparative Study on Old Turkic and Yakut Vocabularies: Words Starting with Vowels
Hülya YıldızYakut is one of the few languages that best preserve Proto Turkic or Old Turkic features. Compared to other Turkic languages, Yakut displays some more archaic features in terms of semantics, vocabulary, word formation and phonology. Many Old Turkic words survive in Yakut with their archaic semantics in the present day. This article is written in order to compare the vocabulary of Old Turkic to Yakut. Old Turkic data is limited to words whose initial sounds are vowels and in total, 60 words are examined in the study. The results of the study show that the Old Turkic words adgırlan-, adın, anala-, argur-, aşag, aşla- II, atla-, aytur-, ädgülä-, ädgür-, ädgürt-, ädläş-, ärgür-, erpä-, erpäg, erpäglä-, erpäş-, erpät-, ıdış-, ıdtur-, ıragu, igidtür-, irklä-, irklät-, irtäş-, ogullan-, ortunkı, ögirt-, ögirtür-, öglän-, udık, usak, üplän- and üzäki survive only in the current vocabulary of Yakut out of all the Turkic languages. Moreover, it is proven that the Old Turkic words agruk, agtur-, alkan-, arıg II, artak, asurt-, atın-, äkäç, ämig, äŋ II, ärlän-, äş- I, ätlän-, ıdala-, içlä-, ilintür-, irtä-, öçäş-, özlä-, udın-, urugla-, usıt-, uzlan-, ükäk, üplä- and ütläş- also survive in Yakut together with a few select other languages.
Eski Türkçe ile Yakutçanın Karşılaştırmalı Söz Varlığı: Ünlüyle Başlayan Sözcükler
Hülya YıldızYakutça Ana Türkçe ya da Eski Türkçeye ait eskicil özellikleri en iyi koruyan Türk dillerinden biridir. Yakutça anlambilimi, söz varlığı, söz yapımı ve sesbilgisi açısından diğer Türk dillerine göre daha eskicil olan kimi özellikler barındırır. Diğer çağdaş Türk dillerinde kullanılmayan çok sayıda Eski Türkçe sözcük eskicil anlamlarını koruyarak Yakutçada varlığını sürdürmektedir. Bu makale VIII.-XIII. yüzyıllar arasını kapsayan Eski Türkçe döneminin Türkçe kökenli söz varlığı ile Yakutçanın söz varlığını karşılaştırmak amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Ele alınan Eski Türkçe veri, ünlüyle başlayan sözcüklerle sınırlandırılmış ve Yakutçada varlığını sürdüren 60 Eski Türkçe sözcük üzerinde durulmuştur. İncelemenin sonucunda Eski Türkçe adgırlan-, adın, anala-, argur-, aşag, aşla- II, atla-, aytur-, ädgülä-, ädgür-, ädgürt-, ädläş-, ärgür-, erpä-, erpäg, erpäglä-, erpäş-, erpät-, ıdış-, ıdtur-, ıragu, igidtür-, irklä-, irklät-, irtäş-, ogullan-, ortunkı, ögirt-, ögirtür-, öglän-, udık, usak, üplän-, üzäki sözcüklerinin günümüzde yalnızca Yakutçada; Eski Türkçe agruk, agtur-, alkan-, arıg II, artak, asurt-, atın-, äkäç, ämig, äŋ II, ärlän-, äş- I, ätlän-, ıdala-, içlä-, ilintür-, irtä-, öçäş-, özlä-, udın-, urugla-, usıt-, uzlan-, ükäk, üplä- ve ütläş- sözcüklerinin ise Yakutçayla birlikte birkaç dilde daha varlığını sürdürdüğü gösterilmiştir.
Yakut, or more generally the Siberian Turkic languages, preserve the very old features of the development process of the Common Turkic language. Yakut language is of particular importance for research in comparative historical Turkic linguistics. Accordingly, it is possible to find in the literature a large number of studies which compare the oldest written materials of the Turkic language and Yakut in different respects. This article is written in order to compare the vocabulary of Old Turkic, known a period lasting from the 8th to 13th centuries, to the vocabulary of the Yakut language. Old Turkic data is limited to those words whose initial sounds are vowels and in total, 60 words are examined in the study. The 60 Old Turkic words in question are as follows: adgırlan- ‘to perform the functions of a stallion; (of mares) acquire a stallion’, adın ‘other, another’, agruk ‘heavy baggage and household goods’, agtur- ‘to raise’, alkan- ‘to recite praise’, anala- ‘to call a woman his own mother’, argur- ‘to tire (someone) out’, arıg ‘copse, wood, forest, jungle’, artak ‘spoilt, decaying, putrid’, asurt- ‘to make someone sneeze’, aşag ‘eating, food’, aşla- II ‘to repair’, atın- ‘to pretend to shoot’, atla- ‘to ride a horse’, aytur- ‘to make someone responsible for making the statement with him’, ädgülä- ‘to find good, to respect highly’, ädgür- ‘to become healhty’, ädgürt- ‘to heal, to make healthy’, ädläş- ‘to esteem or to respect one another’, äkäç ‘a small girl who displays intelligence and makes herself, as it were, the (elder) sister of the clan’, ämig ‘nipple, teat; breast, udder’, äŋ ‘cheek’, ärgür- ‘to melt, dissolve (something); to macerate’, ärlän- ‘(of a woman) to marry’, erpä- ‘to saw; to spoil (a business etc.)’, erpäg ‘a saw’, erpäglä- ‘to saw’, erpäş- ‘to saw together’, erpät- ‘to give orders for something to be sawn with a saw’, äş- I ‘to amble’, ätlän- ‘to put on flesh’, ıdala- ‘to give up, renounce (something)’, ıdış- ‘to give something to one another’, ıdtur- ‘to have (something) sent’, ıragu ‘song’, içlä- ‘to line (a garment)’, igidtür- ‘to have a child nourished and reared’, ilintür- ‘to long (after sexual pleasure)’, irklä- ‘to trample on (something acc.)’, irklät- ‘to make (someone dat.) trample on (something acc.)’, irtä- ‘to seek, pursue (something acc.)’, irtäş- ‘to scrutinize (something acc.)’, ogullan- ‘to adopt someone as one’s son’, ortunkı ‘situated in the middle, intermediate’, öçäş- ‘to be hostile to one another’, ögirt- ‘to give joy’, ögirtür- ‘to give joy’, öglän- ‘to collect one’s thoughts; to gain or regain the power to think’, özlä- ‘to bake (the dough) in the embers’, udık ‘sleepy, asleep’, udın- (a fire, a lamp etc) to die down, to go out’, urugla- ‘to clean of the seeds’, usak ‘thirst’, usıt- ‘to make someone thirsty’, uzlan- ‘to create fine and skilful work in his craft’, ükäk ‘box; a wall tower on a city wall’, üplä- ‘to steal’, üplän- ‘to be plundered’, ütläş- ‘to be pierced; (of warriors) to smite one another and fight’ and üzäki ‘situated upon’. The results of the study show that the Old Turkic words adgırlan-, adın, anala-, argur-, aşag, aşla- II, atla-, aytur-, ädgülä-, ädgür-, ädgürt-, ädläş-, ärgür-, erpä-, erpäg, erpäglä-, erpäş-, erpät-, ıdış-, ıdtur-, ıragu, igidtür-, irklä-, irklät-, irtäş-, ogullan-, ortunkı, ögirt-, ögirtür-, öglän-, udık, usak, üplän- and üzäki survive only in the current vocabulary of Yakut with phonetic and/or semantic changes as atıırdan-, atın, ińelee-, ırıar-, asıı, astaa- I, astaa- II, attaa-, ıydar-, ütüölee-, ütüör-, ütüört-, ettes-, irier-, erbie- > erbee-, erbii, erbiilee-, erbes-, erbet-, ııtıs-, ııttar-, ırıa, iitter-, üktee ~ üktüö- ~ üttüö-, üktet-, irdes-, uollan-, ortoŋŋu, üört-, üörder-, öydön-, utuk, utax, üpten-, and üöseegi, üöseeği, üüseeği, üöseeŋi, üüseeği > üöheeŋi. These words are the ones which survive only in the current vocabulary of Yakut out of all the Turkic languages. The Old Turkic words agruk, agtur-, alkan-, arıg, artak, asurt-, atın-, äkäç, ämig, äŋ, ärlän-, äş- ätlän-, ıdala-, içlä-, ilintür-, irtä-, öçäş-, özlä-, udın-, urugla-, usıt-, uzlan-, ükäk, üplä- and ütläş- have been proven to survive in Yakut with phonetic and/or semantic changes as ıarık, ıatar-, alğan-, arıı, artax, ıtırt- ~ ıtıt-, ıtın-, ağas, emii ~ emiiy, iŋ ~ im, erden-, es-, etten-, ııtalaa-, istee-, ilinner-, irdee-, ösös- > öhös-, üöstee-, utun-, uruulaa-, utat-, uustan-, ügex, üptee- and üttes-. These words are those which also survive in a few select other Turkic languages with phonetic and/or semantic changes.