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Letter, Andrew J. Viterbi to H. Vincent Poor, January 1, 1991
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Letter, Andrew J. Viterbi to H. Vincent Poor, January 1, 1991
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Shannon Theory from a Communication Engineer's Perspective Andrew J. Viterbi Universal Digital Communication By early 21 st Century communication systems will be universally digital • Wireline/Fiber/Satellite Trunks • Wireless/Cellular/Personal Telephony • Broadcasting: Digital Audio/High Definition TV 2 Modern Digital Communication Origins in Landmark Year of 1948 with Two Dramatic Events: • Discovery of Transistor by Shockley et ai, opening the Solid-State Electronic era; • Shannon's formulation of Information Theory providing guidance for all future communication designs. 3 Shannon's Three Lessons 1. Channel Coding Theory 2. Source Coding Theory 3. Multi-User Communication 4 Channel Coding Lesson a. Include all available channel characterizing measurements in determining channel output ("quality metrics"). b. Utilize all such output characteristics in making a decision. c. Do not discard such data prematurely. Preserve appropriate function thereof until after all decisions depending on that data have been completed. 5 First Lesson Applications 1. Forward Error Correcting Convolutional Codes with Soft Decision Decoding for Space and Satellite Communication: • • • • Voyager, Galileo, etc. INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, INMARSAT and many others VSAT's Mobile SATCOM (since 70's) (since late 70's) (since 80's) (since late 80's) • • 2. Wireline Data Modems: "Trellis" Coding for High Speed Modems: 9,600 Baud • 19,200 Baud 3. Data Storage: Block Codes for ever wider applications, culminating in CD player 4. Magnetic Recording: • Partial Response Maximum Likelihood (PRML) Detection (since 80's) (since late 70's) (90's) 6 Source Coding Lesson a. Completely separate techniques for Source Compression from those for Channel Transmission even though the first removes redundancy while the second inserts it. b. Construct a practical model which can faithfully reproduce the source in response to a simply represented input; encode model parameters as well as the input, minimizing rate for a given tolerable distortion. 7 Second Lesson Applications 1. Data/Message/Fax Coding: Fixed Codebook (Huffman) gradually replaced by Universal (Source-Adaptive) Codes (Lempel-Ziv) 2. Voice: "Vocoders" employing model of Vocal Transducer driven by sequence from finite codebook (Code Excited Linear Predictive Coder) - encodes to below 1 bit/sample - choice of the Digital Cellular Industry 3. Video: Two-dimensional Transforms with Motion Compensation Prediction - appears to be choice of digital HDTV industry - also < 1 bit/pixel. Source Models have developed more slowly than for Channels (processing speed and memory requirements have been deterrents) 8 Third Lesson Multi-User Communication • Neither conventional information theoretic "Multi-User Rate Regions" nor network inspired "Protocols for Collision Resolution" • But rather inspired by Game between Communicator power-limited to Signal Power Sand Hostile Interferer, I, also power-limited to Power J, both sharing common bandwidth. The Communicator's Channel Capacity ~ log [2n e(S +J )] - H(I) > C > ~ log (1 + S/J) bits/channel symbol. Minimax Solution: Both Interferer and Communicator transmit Gaussian Noise Waveforms. (For Nyquist Signals of bandwidth W multiply throughout by 2W to obtain bits/sec) 9 Spread Spectrum Extension If communicator spreads his signal over bandwidth W » Rb (bit rate) using pseudorandom sequence reproducible at receiver, interferer is also spread over W. Then where Eb/NO is value required by communication system for desired error performance. In a wideband Gaussian channel Eb/NO > In 2 (follows from previous capacity formula as S/J ~ 0 and Rb/W ~ 0.) Corresponds to "Very Noisy Channel" model. 1 0 Spread Spectrum with Friendly Interferers (Code Division Multiple Access) What if interference is not from large hostile but from N other friendly users all spread to bandwidth Wand received with equal powers S, each employing a different independent pseudorandom spreading code? Then J =NS and total number of users supportable in bandwidth W is W/R b M =N + 1 =E /N + 1 b 0 Note total bit rate of all M users M R b 1 1 W #0>1 E /N < In 2 ~ 1.4 bits/sec/Hz b 0 without further cooperation among users. 1 1 Third Lesson In the "Words of the Teacher" Excerpt from "A Conversation with Claude Shannon" Edited by Robert Price, IEEE Communication Magazine (Centennial Issue) May, 1984 Editor: There is one particular area that I asked your colleagues about. You proposed using a noise carrier for what is now called COMA (Code Division Multiple Access). You seemed to start into this by observing that multiplexing is generally achieved by the use of orthogonal functions, and then you went on and said, "Why don't we use guasi-orthogonal functions?" Then it suggested itself to you to use noise waveforms. Shannon: Brilliant idea! Editor: Well, your colleagues thought so. Shannon: I appreciated it, too. I thought it was clever. 1 2 Third Lesson In the "Words of the Teacher" (Cont'd.) Editor: This is a very applications-oriented idea, very different from information theory. You're actually proposing to mechanize a noise carrier rather than sinewaves. This idea really stands out to me. Both Pierce and McMillan said that that idea occurred to you at about the same time that your Proceedings paper was published. Shannon: I think that's right. It would fit logically into my thinking at that time. That's the kind of idea I had at about that time. Editor: You want to be quasi-orthogonal to your other friends in the channel. You're sharing the frequency spectrum. Shannon: Yes, even more, it seemed like a very democratic way to use the coordinates that you have, and to distribute the "cost of living," the noise, evenly among everyone. The whole ting seemed to have a great deal of elegance in my mind, mathematically speaking, and even from the point of view of democratic living in the world of communications. 1 3 Third Lesson Applications Spread Spectrum For Military • Since 1940's, Anti-Jam, Secure, Low Probability-of-Intercept • SHF, UHF, EHF-Band Strategic Satellite (since 60's) Communication • UHF-band Tactical Ground Communication (since 70's) • L-Band Tactical Airborne Communication (since 80's) Spread Spectrum for Commercial COMA • Fixed Satellite: C-Band Equatorial (Contel ASC) • Mobile Satellite: Ku-Band QUALCOMM OmniTRACS (U.S.) and EutelTRACS (Europe) • Cellular and Personal Communications: COMA (early 80's) (late 80's) 14 But Why Not Assign Disjoint Frequency Bands (FDMA)or Time Slots (TDMA) to Avoid Interference? Interference Unavoidable From: a. Multiple base stations transmitting to mobile users in different cells. b. MuIt ipie returns by mob ileu s e r s to different base stations. c. Rapidly varying multipath and shadowing.. 1 5 FDMA and TDMA Solutions • Multiple Cells: • Multipath and Shadowing: Frequency non-reuse in neighboring cells. Reuse Factor = 1/7 or 1/4. Requirement for large S/J ratios. S/J ~ 18 dB also satisfied by low Reuse Factor. (Also Spatial diversity and Sectored Antennas at Base Stations) 1 6 COMA Solutions For Multillath: a. Wideband waveform provides opportunity to identify and track multiple path components and to combine constructively using a RAKE receiver. b. Diversity: Time (interleaving), Space (antenna at Base Station) and Path (RAKE). c. Power Control: Essential to overcome "Near-Far Problem", also mitigates fading and shadowing under low-speed conditions where interleaving is ineffective. 1 7 COMA Solutions For Multiple Cell Interference: a. Frequency Reuse: Universal. Penalty for interference from aggregate of all adjacent and outer cells ~ 2/3 of interference from other users in same cell. Effective Reuse Factor "" 1+(1/3) = 0.6. Compared with current cellular practice, .25 (GSM) or .14 (NA-TDMA). b. Soft Handoff: In overlap region, transmit and receive via 2 Base Stations and combine signals in receivers, just as for multipath. c. Channel Coding: With wideband Spread Spectrum (very noisy channel) use low rate codes which reduce Eb/NO required even in fading (Spread Spectrum promotes "Ensemble Averaging" over large population of users, each employing large number of dimensions). 1 8 Other COMA Improvement Techniques .Qslpacity Multiplying Factor • Variable Rate Decoder o ~ 2 to 2.5 Reduced transmission rate => reduced interference when voice activity low. • Cell-Site Sectorization ~ 2.5 to 5 Represents Antenna gain against interference. 1 9 Capacity: Bits/Sec/Hz/Cell and Bandwidth Occupancy per User Bits/Sec/Hz/Cell AMPS: 1/21 GSM • TOMA: 1/1 0 N.A. • TOMA: 1/7 COMA: approaching 1 Bandwidth/User (10 Kb/Sec Voice} 210 KHz 100 KHz 70 KHz ? • 20 Further Major Considerations in Selecting Multiple Access Techniques a. Transmitter power requirements of mobile units; b. Costs, which are dominated by RF and analog circuitry; c. Transition plan for gradual and profitable conversion from analog cellular and coexistence with existing systems; d. Security and privacy. 21 Complexity Comparisons • Algorithmic Complexity is in Microchips (Microprocessor and ASIC's) (Difficulty of Concept -:t Implementation Complexity; e.g. CD-Player) • "Smart" and "Difficult" Algorithms reside in solid state circuitry where levels of integration and speed double every 2 years. • Multiple Users!Analog Channel Front End; Separation of users in Microchips. • Lower average power in mobile unit through power control. 22 Vision for Early 215t Century • Solid-State Integration • Information Theoretical System Approach Source Coding Channel Coding Multi-User (Spread Spectrum) Communication Pocket-Sized Wireless Personal Communicator Enabling Technologjn: • Untethered • Ubiquitious • Universal 23 Shannon Theory from a Communication Engineer's Perspective Andrew J. Viterbi Vision for Early 21 st Century Pocket-Sized Wireless Personal Communicator Enabling Technologiu: • Untethered • Ubiquitious • Universal • Solid-State Integration • Information Theoretical System Approach Source Coding Channel Coding Multi-User (Spread Spectrum) Communication ., \ Complexity Comparisons • Algorithmic Complexity is in Microchips (Microprocessor and ASIC's) (Difficulty of Concept :t Implementation Complexity; e.g. CD-Player) • "Smart" and "Difficult" Algorithms reside in solid state circuitry where levels of integration and speed double every 2 years. • Multiple Users/Analog Channel Front End; Separation of users in Microchips. • Lower average power in mobile unit through power control. Further Major Considerations in Selecting Multiple Access Techniques a. Transmitter power requirements of mobile units; b. Costs, which are dominated by RF and analog circuitry; c. Transition plan for gradual· and profitable conversion from analog cellular and coexistence with existing systems; d. Security and privacy. Capacity: Bits/Sec/Hz/Cell and Bandwidth Occupancy per User Bits/Sec/Hz/Cell AMPS: 1/21 GSM - TOMA: 1/10 N.A. - TOMA: 1/7 COMA: approaching 1 Bandwidth/User (10 Kb/Sec Voice} 210 KHz 100 KHz 70 KHz ? • I ' Spread Spectrum with Friendly Interferers (Code Division Multiple Access) What if interference is not from large hostile but from N other friendly users all spread to bandwidth Wand received with equal powers S, each employing a different independent pseudorandom spreading code? Then J =NS and total number of users supportable in bandwidth W is Note total bit rate of all M users M R b 1 1 W '"-I E /N < In 2 ::= 1.4 bits/sec/Hz b 0 without further cooperation among users. Other COMA Improvement Techniques ~acity Multiplying Factor • Variable Rate gecoder ~ 2 to 2.5 Reduced transmission rate ~ reduced interference when voice activity low. • Cell-Site Sectorization ~ 2.5 to 5 Represents Antenna gain against interference. . ' Spread Spectrum Extension If communicator spreads his signal over bandwidth W » Rb (bit rate) using pseudorandom sequence reproducible at receiver, interferer is also spread over W. Then where Eb/NO is value required by communication system for desired error performance. In a wideband Gaussian channel Eb/NO > In 2 (follows from previous capacity formula as S/J ~ 0 and Rb/W ~ 0.) Corresponds to "Very Noisy Channel" model. Third Lesson Multi-User Communication • Neither conventional information theoretic "Multi-User Rate Regions" nor network inspired "Protocols for Collision Resolution" • But rather inspired by Game between Communicator power-limited to Signal Power Sand Hostile Interferer, I, also power-limited to Power J, both sharing common bandwidth. The Communicator's Channel Capacity ~ log [2TIe(S+J)] - H(I) > C > ~ log (1 + S/J) bits/channel symbol. Minimax Solution: Both Interferer and Communicator transmit Gaussian Noise Waveforms. (For Nyquist Signals of bandwidth W multiply throughout by 2W to obtain bits/sec) Second Lesson Applications 1. Data/Message/Fax Coding: Fixed Codebook (Huffman) gradually replaced by Universal (Source-Adaptive) Codes (Lempel-Ziv) 2. Voice: "Vocoders" employing model of Vocal Transducer driven by sequence from finite codebook (Code Excited Linear Predictive Coder) - encodes to below 1 bit/sample - choice of the Digital Cellular Industry 3. Video: Two-dimensional Transforms with Motion Compensation Prediction - appears to be choice of digital HDTV industry - also < 1 bit/pixel. Source Models have developed more slowly than for Channels (processing speed and memory requirements have been deterrents) Source Coding Lesson a. Completely separate techniques for Source Compression from those for Channel Transmission even though the first removes redundancy while the second inserts it. b. Construct a practical model which can faithfully reproduce the source in response to a simply represented input; encode model parameters as well as the input, minimizing rate for a given tolerable distortion. First Lesson Applications 1. Forward Error Correcting Convolutional Codes mth Soft' Decision Decoding for Space and Satellite Communication: • • • • Voyager, Galileo, etc. INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, INMARSAT and many others VSAT's Mobile SATCOM (since 70's) (since late 70's) (since 80's) (since late 80's) • • 2. Wireline Data Modems: "Trellis" Coding for High Speed Modems: 9,600 Baud • 19,200 Baud 3. Data Storage: Block Codes for ever wider applications, culminating in CD player 4. Magnetic Recording: (since 80's) (since late 70's) • Partial Response Maximum Likelihood (PRML) Detection (90's) CDMA Solutions For Multiple Cell Interference: a. Frequency Reuse: Universal. Penalty for interference from aggregate of all adjacent and outer cells ~ 2/3 of interference from other users in same cell. Effective Reuse Factor <= 1+(1/3) = 0.6. Compared with current cellular practice, .25 (GSM) or .14 (NA-TDMA). b. Soft Handoff: In overlap region, transmit and receive via 2 Base Stations and combine signals in receivers, just as for multipath. c. Channel Coding: With wideband Spread Spectrum (very noisy channel) use low rate codes which reduce Eb/NO required even in fading (Spread Spectrum promotes "Ensemble Averaging" over large population of users, each employing large number of dimensions). o COMA Solutions For Multipath: a. Wideband waveform provides opportunity to identify and track multiple path components and to combine constructively using a RAKE receiver. b. Diversity: Time (interleaving), Space (antenna at Base Station) and Path (RAKE). c. Power Control: Essential to overcome "Near-Far Problem", also mitigates fading and shadowing under low-speed conditions where interleaving is ineffective. FDMA and TDMA Solutions • Multiple Cells: • Multipath and Shadowing: Frequency non-reuse in neighboring cells. Reuse Factor = 1/7 or 1/4. Requirement for large S/J ratios. S/J ~ 18 dB also satisfied by low Reuse Factor. (Also Spatial diversity and Sectored Antennas at Base Stations) But Why Not Assign Disjoint Frequency Bands (FDMA)or Time Slots (TDMA) to Avoid Interference? Interference Unavoidable From: a. Multiple base stations transmitting to mobile users in different cells. b. Multiple returns by mobile users to different base stations. c. Rapidly varying multipath and shadowing.. Third Lesson Applications Spread Spectrum For Military • Since 1940's, Anti-Jam, Secure, Low Probability-of-Intercept • SHF, UHF, EHF-Band Strategic Satellite (since 60's) Communication • UHF-band Tactical Ground Communication • L-Band Tactical Airborne Communication Spread Spectrum for Commercial COMA • Fixed Satellite: C-Band Equatorial (Contel ASC) • Mobile Satellite: Ku-Band QUALCOMM OmniTRACS (U.S.) and EutelTRACS (Europe) • Cellular and Personal Communications: COMA (since 70's) (since 80's) (early 80's) (late 80's) Third Lesson In the "Words of the Teacher" (Cont'd.) Editor: This is a very applications-oriented idea, very different from information theory. You're actually proposing to mechanize a noise carrier rather than sinewaves. This idea really stands out to me. Both Pierce and McMillan said that that idea occurred to you at about the same time that your Proceedings paper was published. Shannon: I think that's right. It would fit logically into my thinking at that time. That's the kind of idea I had at about that time. Editor: You want to be quasi-orthogonal to your other friends in the channel. You're sharing the frequency spectrum. Shannon: Yes, even more, it seemed like a very democratic way to use the coordinates that you have, and to distribute the "cost of living," the noise, evenly among everyone. The whole ting seemed to have a great deal of elegance in my mind, mathematically speaking, and even from the point of view of democratic living in the world of communications. Third Lesson In the "Words of the Teacher" Excerpt from "A Conversation with Claude Shannon" Edited by Robert Price, IEEE Communication Magazine (Centennial Issue) May, 1984 Editor: There is one particular area that I asked your colleagues about. You proposed using a noise carrier for what is now called COMA (Code Division Multiple Access). You seemed to start into this by observing that multiplexing is generally achieved by the use of orthogonal functions, and then you went on and said, "Why don't we use guasi-orthogonal functions?" Then it suggested itself to you to use noise waveforms. Shannon: Brilliant idea! Editor: Well, your colleagues thought so. Shannon: I appreciated it, too. I thought it was clever. Channel Coding Lesson a. Include all available channel characterizing measurements in determining channel output ("quality metrics"). . b. Utilize all such output characteristics in making a decision. c. Do not discard such data prematurely. Preserve appropriate function thereof until after all decisions depending on that data have been completed. Shannon's Three Lessons 1. Channel Coding Theory 2. Source Coding Theory 3. Multi-User Communication Modern Digital Communication Origins in Landmark Year of 1948 with Two Dramatic Events: • Discovery of Transistor by Shockley et ai, opening the Solid-State Electronic era; • Shannon's formulation of Information Theory providing guidance for all future communication designs. , , Universal Digital Communication By early 21 st Century communication systems will be universally digital • Wireline/Fiber/Satellite ·Trunks • Wireless/Cellular/Personal Telephony • Broadcasting: Digital Audio/High Definition TV I ,J ~""OEc4D t-- er e--J.YrV fLI'I y '11l-L--&NI 1/ Ij J)1G-ttiK- W j) §f ITS G-- D \ --:----- ' ) --- . tJi:4.~ C;:d I IIIif ) ev., W rl6f-F Ii- ']) HolJ 7J/.b /TinA., £ G/Ai (?9-. fH~fiC<J1-1 '('tUrf!-.. f"o~ wof-I.D .... f3 ., {(M1tt{(t::./T6LC J)f:)WN or~ fez CoNh £-.. f....A-8 S ~ 615t7d- ~ erL-. 6Uy-' I Nvot--UI Af(,- lIGR.i Pif'r6UIJ/ lJ(Sc l fUll/£. ~ IN In/fJ,1-Y et1'{j:;;tp (JJ"{lflf' t1/f..,J) ~IJ(L ~c:- f~6iCJ~p~ - <"""------ ff2/ffJ'ii(5{7~ P!H.I(I{® S Ol-ID S11f1l3-. £l.u710r11tc.s "nm- G-R. fH)iJ/ti.(.,'f £-Vue MoP.-£- S~/tJtr B-vo£..U1lC> 7tJD~ 6r- /~fbr1i'Nd/~~pJ Ai!Y-V -III rr"", T c..;..-I v (/~t-l-, CPIV ffjl./~t--L Gff-IT> lJril o ppc.8JfJJI1 tr C06TS 1JJ(17f U/lfyf<£1H7£p or £CO#ot1tc. «'W1H4;.J - '81A G. p.u.MI ptJs C/11J~"2J p tJr-nr 17HS ft.f.W) J1/tilNcr fou< HU.o/!../ af /d-tl.- I tJlft, u.J<O) ___ 1-,Jr.,fJ(lt1ltJ~ Tf/&CP.-Y f,Ei'/{l-7J/e.JJ f{~I/6t1-' {j('JJvuU- 8fJPUN~ U/l/JWf/ftWL1, ( fJ/J;f<61\H rr<nr£.- fly ft{+JC-{Ly~ fJf3 (2..,'r c>r £JJJ, etJl'tff, G{IIff·P.f t:1f-~ 1/T aeJa- --- PI--11mIJ IT- rt6"'; JCi 6(/fit-Co'/t£ ';;;()1ftb, ffZ.&- B-/tt~ /: S'('fk£ at- ('os r -swrrJ/ K £RA- Y' t):. ''I' I $ r()~ fl<M'IJt.£lu!~ +-1'1 K I i3//Y orJ'e-<.JfJrf,L~ Re.. /#0 7'J/fJt:t5I To u-rrR..., P DD fw1PI!- J!JP!J~to \ fl )1hJ£, 41(,<,) sovl£rr J1fjf/t- ffdf!£ /tJro, T1r!U~(S7-±]1f-4N'vJL'0::< .p$~ 1:- IV WDPI;-' /0 'IfLJvJ It£. (-olA....y I IJ 11+1 s- ifJaJ - ,...- iJDf/€I{ IItH'1 -r::, J, Iltr!. He iJ rJ 'T71£. IA.1*Y V£f!- Mt>f!.b~ U6bY 1r6 'iJ/&t 11ft- +- SoL ID s17l7't:.- 17'>6 LS f)r£c./J-ff6- Ih/IH \-;¥:&~ ;;nJ'P 7!1J ~ffDfJJlJfG- tteJw to 'TfJ,./h~ft!fl- rJIh A- 'I- 1) I£Hi.,JS£-- re-elf,'--O C oHk eR-CiA-t. 1'1~ Universal Digital Communication By early 21 st Century communication systems will be universally digital • Wireline/Fiber/Satellite Trunks -~& 0 --- • Wireless/Cellular/Personal Telephony -::::;;d£ z:::;zs ry;::s== • Broadcasting: Digital Audio/High Definition TV ;:::::::::::= -_. ~ Modern Digital Communication Origins in Landmark Year of 1948 with Two Dramatic Events: • Discovery of Transistor by Shockley et ai, opening the Solid-State Electronic era; • Shannon's formulation of information Theory providing guidance for all future communication designs. Shannon's Three Lessons 1. Channel Coding Theory 2. Source Coding Theory 3. Multi-User Communication rtU 11 crJ HtS! ~~(iU ~ I ~MJ -~ b'1 I rJ -rrt!-o~ ~l j _ ----- f~A-Cli otVu / lUff /i!J{)bXf( rJ t l'H to~ .5 0 f-.. As~,'1ft 0 17 C f!.£SULTS Channel Coding Lesson a. Include all available channel characterizing measurements in determining channel output ("quality metrics"). b. Utilize all such output characteristics in making a decision. c. Do not discard such data prematurely. Preserve appropriate function thereof until after all decisions depending on that data have been completed. ~'Jft6IA 'If" L-ltV/I 1161-- f</'littltt<fffJU Pe.. 0 ffr(<::'C vr ~tss {)({l£crl,(' Pf.lkn c 4L J (,,1. R d TOD 1t~lio.s7 "2-- lJikMJ ~ I ~6fttl c-e-- (utJPf3f<mJ;1/D) ---- ;rtJ\) "j, hofl.-G--- '17) - G-~yW 0!1 G-/</H.Ii) sc/h£ l:2 17 U /tDE) Ulfil!f ., \\ £-'11tfJ (.,( s/-l wrD d First Lesson Applications 1. Forward Error Correcting Convolutional Codes with Soft Decision Decoding for Space and Satellite Communication: Voyager, Galileo, etc. (since 70's) INTELSAT, EUTELSAT, INMARSAT and many others L~!fIZr(pA{{(since late 70's) • • • • VSAT's Mobile SATCOM (since 80's) (since late 80's) /0 Ij/ ..,rl/)[/It- IJ 0 1 fY- /r)co~ tJOl / Old!~/'j)J'/) ;v • 2. Wireline Data Modems: "Trellis" Coding for High Speed Modems: 9,600 Baud - 19,200 Baud 3. Data Storage: (since 80's) • 4. Block Codes for ever wider applications, culminating in CD player Magnetic Recording: • Partial Response Maximum Likelihood (PRML) Detection (since late 70's) I (90's) ) C6U ~ Q.f)ve- 5 - }J J lt1 f:,Lb U~ /f<.4. 6;<1-r/~11S Po t<..t1 . S!lJ~f"'t,S'I 'if" tJIJP~((S'f)51-,Jj) ( lJtJp ;r.:r Colt t1 &tflc-Pi) is 7f!trJ #7/ft/I3c/F'BJ TtI-IYe. /ff,-;Jc(, 118fT t5 VL.;fi2 I/J !ftJ{JL..tc,Af/bpJS A-LStJ S/-}oR..T~ ~ LA-rbSr" :::Lt!V/'Pt-, Source Coding Lesson a. Completely separate techniques for Source Compression from those for Channel Transmission even though the first removes redundancy while the second inserts it. b. Construct a practical model which can faithfully reproduce the source in response to a simply represented input; encode model parameters as well as the input, minimizing rate for a given tolerable distortion. -, (p) Second Lesson Applications 1. Data/Message/Fax Coding: Fixed Codebook (Huffman) gradually replaced by Universal (Source-Adaptive) Codes (Lempel-Ziv) 2. Voice: "Vocoders" emp.~.oying model of Vocal Transducer driven by sequence from finite codebook (Code Excited Linear Predictive Coder) - encodes to below 1 bit/sample - choice of the Digital Cellular Industry 3. Video: Two-dimensional Transforms with Motion Compensation Prediction - appears to be choice of digital HDTV industry - also < 1 bit/pixel. () -+ ~t€-. 'p~~!J j]j-~~":' ~s Source Models have developed more slowly than for Channels (processing speed and memory requirements have been deterrents) • • Third Lesson Multi-User Communication Neither conventional information theoretic "Multi-Usei-Rate Regions" nor network inspired "~rotoco!sfor Collision Resolution" But rather inspired by Game between Communicator power-limited to Signal Power Sand Hostile Interferer, I, also power-limited to Power J, both sharing com-mon bandwidth. The Communicator's Channel Capacity -r (Ii£- V{s,-«6T~ 1 1 . 2 log [2TIe(S+J)] - H(I) > C > 2 log (1 + S/J) bits/channel symbol. oost. U 6 . .J'/lvc6- ..!'{/f1 621t()~ I'll\) .=7 f3e>-rhi- CO/'1Pe>fv'rft/rr G-I}vs~ IFf-A-! Minimax Solution: Both Interferer and Communicator transmit Gaussian Noise Waveforms. (For Nyquist Signals of bandwidth W multiply throughout by 2W to obtain bits/sec) Spread Spectrum Extension If communicator spreads his signal over bandwidth W » Rb (bit rate) using pseudorandom sequence reproducible at receiver, interferer is also spread over W. t~ Then where Eb/NO is value required by communication system for desired error performance. In a wideband Gaussian channel Eb/NO > In 2 (follows from previous capacity formula as S/J ~ 0 and Rb/W ~ 0.) Corresponds to "Very Noisy Channel" model. ----- Et/£R.'yTHIII/(j- JIM pt-e- G4u<'s;'lIrtJ (}-S'!,UrtPT;~1V tlr(tVE<2f.sr)9-t<../~ Cd .L. r. /'f i/. ttJ. z;;:> -0- <:cC( o..r W/ Rb .}..:> I Spread Spectrum with Friendly Interferers (Code Division Multiple Access) What if interference is not from large hostile but from N other friendly users all spread to bandwidth Wand received with equal powers S, each employing a different independent pseudorandom spreading code? If 1. ( 5wo ((.0 S' (t1T& PLOttsif-fJ' Then J =NS and total number of users supportable in bandwidth W is Note total bit rate of all M users M R b 1 1 W #v E /N < In 2 ::= 1.4 bits/sec/Hz b 0 without further cooperation among users. Third Lesson In the "Words of the Teacher" Excerpt from "A Conversation with Claude Shannon" Edited by Robert Price, IEEE Communication Magazine (Centennial Issue) May, 1984 Editor: There is one particular area that I asked your colleagues about. You proposed using a noise carrier for what is now called COMA (Code Division Multiple Access). You seemed to start into this by observing that multiplexing is generally achieved by the use of orthogonal functions, and then you went on and said, "Why don't we use guasi-orthogonal functions?" Then it suggested itself to you to use noise waveforms. Shannon: Brilliant idea! Editor: Well, your colleagues thought so. Shannon: I appreciated it, too. I thought it was clever. Third Lesson In the "Words of the Teacher" (Cont'd.) Editor: This is a very applications-oriented idea, very different from information theory. You're actually proposing to mechanize a noise carrier rather than sinewaves. This idea really stands out to me. Both Pierce and McMillan said that that idea occurred to you at about the same time that your Proceedings paper was published. Shannon: I think that's right. It would fit logically into my thinking at that time. That's the kind of idea I had at about that time. Editor: You want to be quasi-orthogonal to your other friends in the channel. You're sharing the frequency spectrum. Shannon: Yes, even more, it seemed like a very democratic way to use the coordinates that you have, and to distribute the "cost of living," the noise, evenly among everyone. The whole t1ing seemed to have a great deal of elegance in my mind, mathematically speaking, and even from the point of view of democratic living in the world of communications. ~ f!:&t.JPool1 {'oil/N~ --::r S"/o:::rt REin c- t1 (J PEt." HJ g u. IJ$" l;JI:- '- L- ;4-:f IlJ t1'Ij!::::: '- ... tf(A:;.J;)JJ1 Coj)/ AJif 51'6CK It69£i iJ f- l~ J PrJ.,.- fK ivJ~ I1-S !J()ISf;r Third Lesson Applications Spread Spectrum For Military • Since 1940's, Anti-Jam, Secure, Low Probability-of-Intercept • SHF, UHF, EHF-Band Strategic Satellite (since 60's) Communication • UHF-band Tactical Ground Communication • L-Band Tactical Airborne Communication (since 70's) (since 80's) Spread Spectrum for Commercial COMA ~ vd"b#!::O:l: I fiJTv <'fJbi;J~!diI=ea-.) uJ ooZ0$ /'rJiD P C-o () G ff~ftN.2 • Fixed Satellite: C-Band Equatorial (Contel ASC) • Mobile Satellite: Ku-Band QUALCOMM OmniTRACS (U.S.) and EutelTRACS (Europe) • Cellular and Personal Communications: COMA (early 80's) (late 80's) But Why Not Assign Disjoint Frequency Bands (FDMA)or Time Slots (TDMA) to Avoid Interference? Interference Unavoidable From: a. Multiple base stations transmitting to mobile users in different cells. b. Multiple returns by mobile users to different base stations. c _ Rapidly varying multigath and shadowing.- 1~ (C 6("M/w(;-,j ~~ U J+'- ( :=P A'T'1 tJ IV It (}et o S\ BflJr;--11J~/KlC· -f1"kIIC.£ v . J U § utJJ1Lltl2.- rJ- cJ i DPD ~ 1 '3 re D L-bSS~)1V FDMA and TDMA Solutions • Multiple Cells: • Multipath and Shadowing: Frequency non-reuse in neighboring cells. Reuse Factor = 1/7 or 1/4. Requirement for large S/J ratios. S/J ~ 18 dB also satisfied by low Reuse Factor. (Also Spatial diversity and Sectored Antennas at Base Stations) COMA Solutions For Multipath: a. Wideband waveform provides opportunity to identify and track multiple path components and to combine constructively using a RAKE receiver. b. Diversity: Time (interleaving), Space (antenna at Base Station) and Path (RAKE). c. Power Control: Essential to overcome "Near-Far Problem", also mitigates fading and shadowing under low-speed conditions where interleaving is ineffective. L COMA Solutions For Multiple Cell Interference: a.. Frequency Reuse: Universal. Penalty for interference from aggr~gate of all adjacent and outer cells ~ 2/3 of interference from other users in same cell. Effective Reuse Factor ::; 1+(1/3) = 0.6. Compared with current cellular practice, .25 (GSM) or .14 (NA-TDMA). b. Soft Handoff: In overlap region, transmit and receive via 2 Base Stations and combine signals in receivers, just as for multipath. c. Channel Coding: With wideband Spread Spectrum (very noisy channel) use low rate codes which reduce Eb/NO required even in fading (Spread Spectrum promotes "Ensemble Averaging" over large population of users, each employing large number of dimensions). VI AJ c~ o Capacity: Bits/Sec/Hz/Cell and Bandwidth Occupancy per User Bits/Sec/Hz/Cell AMPS: 1/21 GSM - TDMA: 1/10 N.A. - TOMA: 1/7 COMA: approaching 1 Bandwidth/User (10 Kb/Sec Voice} 210 KHz 100 KHz 70 KHz ? • Further Major Considerations in Selecting Multiple Access Techniques a. Transmitter power requirements of mobile units; b. Costs, which are dominated by RF and analog circuitry; c. Transition plan for gradual and profitable conversion from analog cellular and coexistence with existing systems; d. Security and privacy. Complexity Comparisons • Algorithmic Complexity is in Microchips (Microprocessor and ASIC's) (Difficulty of Concept -:;:. Implementation Complexity; e.g. CD-Player) • "Smart" and "Difficult" Algorithms reside in solid state circuitry where levels of integration and speed double every 2 years. • Multiple Users/Analog Channel Front End; Separation of users in Microchips. • Lower average power in mobile unit through power control. Vision for Early 21 st Century • Solid-State Integration • Information Theoretical System Approach Pocket-Sized Wireless Personal Communicator Enabling Technolo9..l.§: • Untethered • Ubiquitious • Universal ifif( ftd vJ T u IH)o(D ]£IIJ6- BZJwu60 (3 ( V (J(TU ft-ikl( It;vr dfi/i. 1J cftf!::n+- A1 It~( Hoc) tL ~ I+JJrw b;: (tJ IV £Ttv'ol!.(. S' oFt---wft~ 4- U£'Pe- fl« etJDe.-'(' :I/ <;:25"' o VT~116s{ L-jf r61:. Source Coding Channel Coding Multi-User (Spread Spectrum) Communication I I ~""'--------- ~IIJfI (IJ /M~ ,47£ 1+3 J'/(L( z-t3- 1M fJv&rt- Pff, . tfr T7f/ J) ~tSJ Shannon Theory from a Communication Engineer's Perspective Andrew J. Viterbi I, t r-fJi Tl 11£ /1 rze- r/1-N/L- 1 Vf)6r F- 1'1 ( r 0 ~ f cIfPh-6f,.l of -- 1f;Re 'I-l-~ A- ) J}1JiI1~ MMJ I ~ tt-ont: 0' f-- tb Nt!::- 6r ~l- teoJ it<' of, ;S !rf<b MIt'I Vfrl JJ I ~ f'fllH)ln oN P«{,,;~ EftlltJlW<£ tJt- V..... ,.....,.I-'~ .t- q-Id1J<- -/1oS/ () r- Itt-L- -(b CfV IIf~ {(. () ./ /1 Y e-bu.,~ fIfE.- MfifJ () r:: Ii '( -rfr' £;-cLJtn n () A-\/0 ( 0/ G- ffr 17f£.- fJ1tV£-J7. -.i &J2? P t t:/r1IJ G'VtlJ6- tJ41? It> SlJPJet2- I I /If'I{j612- trfifli<-r Wl-r ()o -~A/ ~/A/ RleNreV tt~Be !+OvJ Jr£ w p" ~,vd- _ F /tAl£) 1'-1 Y 3 1/3 i Alo-. ,lJ-ll.e p(U v- PI;t/€:.. <J- /V,/1- elf uJoL, G-/clJiA/r II 0. IrLA-~) If £.6. 1ft- . £tWA- It< /'1u T t'M t L.-....- ,A-S hfl..... O~~ «, AI \t { -r (JL E!- m1lr~ .yu" PU'R-,f!.,r;,r-- eM €" ~ p, Ph G LTT' ft"S f1 Vc/t J) 'jD i c-!rl-tCfl 17'\ CJJ MOl) r( ~, tJ r t-P£ J~N 1tt-/t-,v,1 P1ZiJfv( O~ 'f ~ rOk.JtV Nt.,.r auf- y'~u -Ala [It7£- ,0 7"" c-- tJ e-- A-L L TeJ If-If- II&- 1) ~ t rr~/(L tfoft£ r:o ....-_ f1 0 r b f f:JV~) 8te/jVsl- tJ u u-fttL,v vJ~ fbNY I ~, J) fA -fa vii- 'fUll.- (' C 4-fU) t/y /fA tfli-tJ NetrJ V, ~y 'Mr~ ~ tJJ b1lf ~t () trYff: . '1 tCft6 t<.e, Dr/€-- ..,,- Cr!ft~ it UJy~ r:+- iL.-Lt ~N6 ~ t-~~ Vv) Y J 7i-~ 3_1------- 1~ f{f:( y'f/fT .-J 3,2- ~~ (Ql 10..£ P;/;/!f(j r'"' o.tdf5 I( r, ,., ('d-=J /1 U[T/ /" Travel Itinerary Dr. & Mrs. Andrew J. Viterbi JUNE 17, 1991 AIR LV San Diego AA # 44C ARV Paris (June 18th) 7:45 am 8:25 am CAR National Car Confirmation # 0618668131 HOTEL 9:00 pm Le Meridien Montparnasse Dinner with Mr. Grenier 43-20-15-51 43-20-61-03 Fax JUNE 19,1991 10:00 am 8:00 pm Meeting with Mr. Celebiler of Eutelsat Alcatel Dinner at Chateau de Versailles JUNE 20, 1991 10:00 am Meeting with Mr. Fernandez at France Telecom JUNE 21, 1991 12:00 noon Lunch at Le Bourget (Paris Air Show) JUNE 22, 1991 AIR Paris to Vienna HOTEL Intercontinental J ohannesgasse #28 Vienna, Austria 43-1-711-220 JUNE 23, 1991 AIR Vienna to Budapest IUNE 23 - 28, 1991 HOTEL EVENT Novotel 361-869-588 Alkotas u 63 67 Budapest, Hungary ISIT '91 Budapest, Hungary Budapest Convention Center 361-1869-588 361-1852-127 Fax JUNE 27, 1991 8-9:00 am Shannon Lecture IUNE 28, 1991 AIR Budapest to Milan Conference Center Main Auditorium CAR IULY 9, 1991 AIR National Car (Milan) Lv Milan Arv Chicago Lv Chicago Arv San Diego Confirmation #618636419 AA #95C AA #723F 12:45 pm 4:15 pm 6:30 pm 8:47pm Eutelsat 33-1-45-38-47-47 33-1-45-38-37-00 Fax France Telecom 33-1-44-44-09-26 33-1-40-92-02-17 Fax Sel Alcatel 0711-869-4669 0711-869-4004 Fax Telecom Paris 33-1-45-81-74-94 33-1-45-89-79-06 Fax ESA 33-1-42-73-72-46 33-1-42-73-75-60 Fax Henry Aujard 33-1-30-53-18-86 33-1-42-24-9990 Fax 33-1-45-27-19-25 Alcatel/QUALCOMM 33-1-30-73-72-27 33-1-30-73-72-62 Fax Alcatel 33-1-30-73-73-05 33-1-30-38-52-54 Fax ALCATEL QUALCOMM DATE: 14 JUNE 1991 REF : 1378/91: NO. OF PAGES INC. COVER: 1 10. avenue du Centaure • 95800 Cergy Sf-Christophe • FRANCE Tel: (33.1) 30.73.72.27 Fax: (33.1) 30.73.72.62 TO FROM FAX CC RE Candie, CANDIE KLEIN-GOT8AUM LOUISE MORRISSEY 19 16194529096 CS DR. VtTERBllN PARIS I asked Chris to relay this but am putting it in writing anyway!. Mr Grenier's diary is completely full next week except for the evening of Tuesday 18th. I have, therefore, requested that he keep this free for dinner wIth the Viterbi's as arranged. Details reo venue will follow on Monday once I have your confirmation that this is in order. I assume also, that you cancelled the booking for the Concorde hotel. :,El r and havEl a good weekend. Lo ise td r.t:9t vt-90-t66t L-...__~ -- Facsimile Transmittal 10555 Sorrento Valley Road San Diego, CA 92121-1617 DATE: TO: FROM: JUNE 12, 1991 Louise Morrissey Candie Klein-Gotbaum FAX Phone Number: 33-1-30-73-72-62 Number of Pages Sent: (including this transmittal cover sheet) Louise, 1 Pages Thank you for your fax. Dr. Viterbi will be available for the meeting with Mr. Celebiler of Eutelsat at 10:00 am on Wednesday, June 19th. Regarding the meeting with Mr. Grenier at 21:00 pm on Tuesday, June 18th, he asks if there is any possibility that this meeting can be rescheduled for earlier in the day, another day or evening. We feel that he will be quite tired by 21:00 pm, especially after such a long trip. Of course, if Mr. Grenier's schedule does not permit a change, Dr. Viterbi will be avaibale to meet with him as planned. Please keep me informed. Regards, ~' Candie THIS MESSAGE IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE INDIVIDUAL TO WHOM IT IS ADDRESSED AND CONTAINS INFORMATION THAT IS PRIVILEGED, CONFIDENTIAL AND EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE UNDER APPLICABLE LAW. If the reader of this message is not the intended recipient, or the employee or agent responsible for delivering the message to the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination, distribution or copying of this communication is strictly prohibited. If you have received this communication in error, please notify us immediately. Thank you! (619) 587-1121(Voice) (619) 452-9096 (Facsimile Building A) (619) 458-9304 (Facsimile Building B) (619) 455-0571 (Facsimile Building C) (619) 587-1121(Voice) (619) 458-9304 (Facsimile Building B) TRANSMITTED BY:, _ DATE:_--'I_-----'/~_ TIME: --=a=m.:....l/.....,I'Fm =:..._ (619) 452-9096 (Facsimile Building A) (619) 455-0571 (Facsimile Building C) G3 ST a3 1 30737262 ALCALTEL ALCATEL QUALCOMM 1991-06-11 09:48 DATE: 11 JUNE 1991 REF : 1363/91: NO. OF PAGES INC. COVER: 2 Pi 10. avenue du Centaure • 95800 Cergy St·Chrlstophe • FRANCE Tel: (33.1) 30.73.72.27 Fax: (33.1) 30.73.72.62 TO FROM FAX CC RE Candie, CANDIE KLEIN-GOTBAUM LOUISE MORRISSEY 1916194529096 DR. VITERBI'$ VISIT TO PARIS Thanks for your fax. The Meridien does not have a reservation number system so please find herewith a copy of the fax confirming Dr. Vite 7 f.bi's reservation. He should take this with him to the hotel just in case but there shouldn't be any problems and I have just re-confirmed the reservation this morning. Please note that ~ meeting has been scheduled with Mr Celebiler of Eutelsat at 10.00 a.m. on Wednesday 19th. Also, could you let me know jf the dinner after 21.00 p.m. on the 18th with Mr Grenier suits Dr. Vtterbi. . ..c-..e------ Re. Jean's fax - the dress code for the dinner at Versailles is (Tenue de soiree) evening wear. Regards. Louise Facsimile Transmittal 10555 Sorrento Valley Road San Diego, CA 92121-1617 FAX Phone Number: o 11 (_-J) __ or Country Code City Code Telephone Number Number of Pages Sent: (including this transmittal cover sheet) / Pages Special Instructions: ~uui/ {};~/1<f/R~~ ,::L ehL..-//~ ~ ~~ /;)r:V~!u- .. S ~;/~ a:/- fk- 11Uz-r;~ . ~r-~ THIS MESSAGE IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE INDIVIDUAL TO WHOM IT IS ADDRESSED AND CONTAINS INFORMATION THAT IS PRIVILEGED, CONFIDENTIAL AND EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE UNDER APPLICABLE LAW. If the reader of this message is not the intended recipient, or the employee or agent responsible for delivering the message to the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination, distribution or copying of this communication is strictly prohibited. If you have received this communication in error, please notify us immediately. Thank you! (619) 587-1121(Voice) (619) 452-9096 (Facsimile Building A) (619) 458-9304 (Facsimile Building B) (619) 455-0571 (Facsimile Building C) TRANSMITIED BY:__ DATE:_----L/_-----I/'--_ TIME:, ~am~/--""lp~m~ L- - I~--------------------'---------------------- ALCATEL QUALCOMM DATE 31 May 1991 t<EF : 1331/91: NO. OF PAGES INC, COVER: 1 10. avenue du Centaur. • 95800 Cergv Sf-ChrIstophe • FRANCE Tel: (33.1) 30.73.72.27 Fax: (33.1) 30.73.72.62 TO FROM FAX CC LOUISE MORRtSSEY 191 6194529096 CS RE DR. ViTERBl'S VISIT TO PARIS Candie, Thank you for your fax to Chris who is away from the office at present. I have, to date, the following itinerary for Dr. Viterbi: June 19th - Dinner at Versailles June 21 st .. La Bourget We are still working on other appointments. I have. as requested, reserved a room for Dr. & Mrs. Viterbi for the nights of 18th to 21 st June (inclusive) at the Meridian Montparnasse. Sincere1y ~d~t"i(r7 Louise Morrissey td ~s £n 33 1 30737262 ALCALTEL 1991-06-11 09:49 d E G3 ST P2 ALCATEL QUALCOMM DATE 30Mav 1991 REF : 1324/91: 'JO. orraACCCI~JC. coven! 1 10. avenue du Centaur. • 95800 Cergy Sf-Christophe • FRANCE Tel: (33.1) 30.73.72~27 Fax: (33.1) 30.73.72.62 TO : Le Merldlen • Reservations Alt. Micheline FROM Louise Morrissey FAX 43206103 CC • RE RESERVATIONS .. HANSEN a VITERBI I hereby reserve a single room for the night of Friday, June 7th in the name of Mr Knud Hansen. The bill will be settled by Alcatal. In addition, and further to our telephone conversation, I also confirm the reservation of a double room for the nights of June 18th to 21 st (inclusive) for Dr. and Mrs. A. Viterbi. Many thanks. (i/f~-';~~i Louise Morrissey d 10555 Sorrento Valley Road San Diego, CA 92121-1617 Facsimile Transmittal DATE: TO: FROM: May 30, 1991 Chris Simpson Candie Klein-Gotbaum FAX Phone Number: 10288-011-33-130-7372-62 Number of Pages Sent: (including this transmittal cover sheet) Special Instructions: Chris, __L Pages Still haven't heard from you regarding AJV itinerary while in Paris. I assume those arrangements are still in the making. He's anxious to know so please inform as information becomes available. He is currently staying at the Concord however he was wondering if your secretary could secure him a room at the Meredien (near Utelsat). As it turns out I don't think he will be catching the train on Friday night so best book his hotel room (if available) thru Saturday just in case. Thanks Candie THIS MESSAGE IS INTENDED ONLY FOR THE USE OF THE INDIVIDUAL TO WHOM IT IS ADDRESSED AND CONTAINS INFORMATION THAT IS PRIVILEGED, CONFIDENTIAL AND EXEMPT FROM DISCLOSURE UNDER APPLICABLE LAW. If the reader of this message is not the intended recipient, or the employee or agent responsible for delivering the message to the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination, distribution or copying of this communication is strictly prohibited. If you have received this communication in error, please notif us immediatel. Thank ou! BUDAPEST CONVENTION CENTRE H-1123 Budapest~ JagellO 6t 1-3. Tel: (361)1869-588 Tx.: 22-7717 Fax:(361) 1852-127 Banking account~ OKHB 214-95229 MR ANDREW VITERBI QUALCOMM, INC. 10~555 SORRENTO VALLEY RD. CA 92121 SAN DIEGO USA Dear MR VITERBI, Thank you for your registration for the 1811'91 In accordance with your request~ we have reserved accommodation for you at the pos.No.: 9105 ref.No.: 00058 29.05.91 Hotel Address Date Price NOVOTEL category **** BUDAPEST XII. ALKOTAS UT 63-67. 23.06.91 - 28.06.91 1 DOUBLE INCL.BREAKFAST & TAX 206 OEM/night and also the following programme(s): 1 CLOSING BANQUET We ~lave received payment of your registration form together with your total 250 DEM Looking forwdrd to meeting you on this occasion, we remain~ Yours sincerely, BUDAPEST CONVENTION CENTRE 10555 Sorrento Valley Road San Diego, CA 92121-1617 Facsimile Transmittal ;2£ DATE: May n, 1991 TO: CHRIS SIMPSON FROM: Candie Klein-Gotbaum FAX Phone Number: Chris, 10288-011-33-130-7372-62 Correction to AJV travel plans. He will be in Paris til Friday, June 21st (not the 29th or 30th as previously stated). To date he is planning on departing June 21st at 7:45 pm on the Orient Express. He is available for meetings on Wed, Thurs, and Fri June 19, 20 and 21. He would like to know what meetings you have arranged for him as soon as possible. Thanks Candie (619) 587-1121(Voice) (619) 452-9096 (Facsimile Building A) (619) 458-9304 (Facsimile Building B) (619) 455-0571 (Facsimile Building C) TRANSMITTED BY:__ DATE:,_----l.'_----I'__ TIME: .z=:am=-c..'.... p~m~ ISIT '91 ISIT '91 (Continued on next page) June 24-28. 1991. Budapest. Hungary HOTEL RESERVATION FORM o US $275.00 0 US$ 330.00 o US $80.00 (10 copy or letter ofverification required) Before After June 7. 1991 June 7. 1991 o US $250.00 0 US $300.00 Nonmember Student Professor Tom FUJa Department of Electrical Engineering University of Maryland College Park. MD 20742. USA arpanet: fUJa@eng.umd.edu All payments must be in US $ in the form of personal check or bank check. payable to: 1991 IEEE ISIT. and must be sent to Banquet (f~guest) ~S $45.00 Are you a member of the Information Theory Sodety? }9Yes 0 No Membership # Valid untll: _ CONFERENCE REGISTRATION FORM June 24-28. 1991. Budapest. Hungary City: I State: _clf---:..-+--- Postal Code: ?2.037 Country: US'4 Phone: (6(7) 5'9k 52' 3 e-mail: / FAX;('11}45'Z-7 0 ?6 vlAlv£,o: ~-III1'}.1NON L£crvl.6-< Address: Last Name: v'(rCf<./bI First Name: _+-lIf:-.LA~J.L..V.L.:lr<W~ _ Middle Initial:__....::U::.....-.__ MUiation: 'Q UiLc~" f1 1AIC . :) I fJ ~~~ SCR&6NW VIlLUf reD , . £ftIJ J) tCt:; 0 QM3200 OM 206 0 DM2050 DM 1200 DM4SD Double/Night OM206;a OM ISO 0 OM 1100 DM300 5. Szamalk(··) 6. Dormitory 4. Flamenco(····) Prices include breakfast 2. Atrium Hyatt(·····) OM 250 0 3. Buda Penta(····) OM 1600 Single/Night 1. Novotel (adjacent OM 1600 to Conference Centre)(••••) Indicate your preference below: City: s~ .P (f3::rro State:~ Postal Code: 92..1 2-1 Countxy: .U sit Affiliation: QuALe aliM tAlc . 7 Telephone: ((r?) .J1 7 - S-"2. l 3 FAX:(~lV4S-.2-?D9'~ Telex: _ Arrival Date: 2."3 \J"tJA!e Departure Date: 2.r ~(JA!e (If you fail to arrive by the indicated date you~ reseIVation may be cancelled and your deposit for feited) IMPORfANT: This fonn with your deposit must be received by May 15. 1991 ifyou wish to ensure hotel space for your accommodations. Family Name (Mr./Ms.): _vr rer<d ( Ifl..~ I1~J. Given Name(s): ktVOR6/J Mailing Address: Q.V~f1ff. I He. ;; /0, S'5~ ooRR£MTO I/fttA_&Y ((.P. Deposit required: ~M.250 for any hotel. OM 50 for dormitory. In case of double room. indicate sharing with 11 B.S VIruS ( • Every effort to satisfyyour preference will be made: however. owing to shortage of hotel space. we cannot guaranteeyour first preference. Ifthts fonn and your deposit are not received by May 15. 1991. we cannot guarantee accommodation. Mail this reservation fonn to [ Budapest Convention Centre H-1444 Budapest P.O.B.233 Hungary Tel:36-1-1-869-588. FAX 36-1-1852-127. Telex: 22-7717 (Attn: Ms. Ildiko Buday or Ms. Andrea Viszlai) IMPORTANf: Your deposit must be in the fonn of either '. - certified bank check or travellers checks (to accom pany the maIIIIigof this fonn) payable to Budapest Convention Centre/IEEE. or - bank transfer to Account No.: NOVOlEL-BKK 214 95229/IEEE to be sent separately to f' Commerical and Credit Bank Ltd.• 1052 Budapest. Tanacs krt. 20. Hungary (please be sure to enclose a copy ofyourbank transfer and to indicate your name on the bank transfer as it will be impossible otherwise to identify your remit tance. In implementing the bank transfer it may be helpful to know that the corresponding bank in the U.S. is Bankers Trust Company. New York.) - N01E: Other fonns of payment cannot be accepted (no personal checks or Eurocheques or credit cards. etc.). If you wish to pursue making your reservations pri vately. you may contact: Cooptourist. 1111 Budapest. Bartok B. u. 4. Hungary (telex: 22-4734 8.IEEE March 1991 Andrew Viterbi 1991 Shannon Lecturer At each International Symposium on Information The ory there is a lecture designated the "Claude E. Shan non Lecture." The purpose of the Claude E. Shannon Lecture is to honor consistent and profound contribu tions to the field of Information Theory. Dr. Andrew Viterbi will be the Shannon Lecturer for the 1991 IEEE International SyiitpQ~iumon Information Theory. Dr. Viterbi has devoted approximately equal segments of his career to academic research, industrial develop~ ment, and entrepreneurial activities. He received the S.B. and S.M. degrees from MIT-in 1957 and the Ph.D. degree from University of Southern California in 1962. In his first employment after graduating from MIT, he was a member of the project team at C.I.T. Jet Propul-. sion Laboratory which designed and implemented the telemetry equipment on the first successful p.S. satel lite, Explorer I. In the early sixties, at the same la,bora tOry1 he was one of the first communieation engineers to recognize the' potential and propose digital tra~s mission techniques for space and satellite telecommu nication systems. As a professor in the UCLA School of Engineering and Applied Science from 1963 to 1973, he did fundamen tal work in digital communication theory and wrote two books on the subject, for which he received num erous professional society awards and international recognition. These include three paper awards, culmi nating in the 1968 IEEE Information Theory Group Outstanding Paper Award. He has also received three major i~ternationalawards: the 1975 Christopher Columbus International Award (from the Italian National Research Council sponsored by the City of Genoa); the 1984 Alexander Graham Bell Medal (from IEEE sponsored by AT&T) "for exceptional contribu tions to the advancement of telecommunications;" and the 1990 Marconi International Fellowship Award. Since 1975, Dr. Viterbi has been associated with the University of California, San Diego, since 1985 as Professor (quarter time) of Electrical and Computer Engineering. Information Theory Society Newsletter Editor: Nader Mehravari '. In 1968, Dr. Viterbi co-founded LINKABIT Corpora tion and served as its Executive Vice President from 1974 to 1982 and President from 1982 to 1984. On .July 1, 1985, Dr. Viterbi co-founded and became .' Vice Chairman and Chief Technical Officer of QUAL COMM, Inc., a company specializing in mobile satel lite and terrestrial communication and signal processing t~chnology. Dr. Viterbi is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering and a Fellow of the IEEE. He is past Chairman of the Visiting Committee for the Electrical Engineering Department of Technion, Israel Institute of Technology,'past Distinguished Lecturer at the Uni versity of Illinois and the University of British Columbia, and he is presently a member of the MIT Visiting Committee for Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. In 1986 he was recognized with the Annual Outstanding Engineering Graduate Award by the University of Southern California and in 1990 he received an honorary Doctor of Engineering Degree from the University of Waterloo (Ontario). He has served as Chairman of the U.s. Commission on Signal Processing of URSI, as a member of the Army Science Board and as a member of the NRC Board on Telecom munications and Computer Applications. In spite of his corporate administrative duties, he has managed to remain technically current, having recently proposed new spread spectruIJ! processing techniques for jam resistant communications and for digital cellular radio. I --_._------------------------- FEB 5 -1991 Department of Electrical Engineering University of Maryland ~DDDDD~~~-I~~_PM_k'M_D2_~~~~~~- Anthony Ephremides, Professor Telephone 301-405-3641 FAX 301-314-9281 January 30, 1991 Dr. A. Viterbi Chief Technical Officer Qualcomm, Inc. 10555 Sorrento Valley Road San Diego, CA 92121 Dear Andy: It is a pleasure for me to extend my congratulations to you for your selection as the Shannon Lecturer at the 1991 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory to be held in Budapest, Hungary, from June 24 to June 28 of this year. As indicated in the letter of the President of the Information theory Society to you, in which he announced the decision of the officers to invite you to deliver the Shannon Lecture, the Symposium will cover your travel expenses associated with your participation in it.1bus, economy round-trip airfare to Budapest, related local transportation costs, as well as hotel and meals expenses will be reimbursed to you after the Symposium. The Shannon Lecture is scheduled for Thursday, June 27,1991 from 8:00am to 9:00am. It will take place in the main auditorium of the Conference Center. I would like to ask you at this time to let me know of your travel plans and of the exact title of your talk. Please do so at your earliest convenience. Despite the disturbing developments in the world scene we are all counting on, and working for, a very successful Symposium. Hoping to hear from you soon, I remain Very truly yours, a4E~ A. Ephremides General Chairman AE:pk Dear Conference Participant, During the 1991 International Symposium on Information Theory. we will provide the following social programs: 1. WELCOME RECEPTION Included in the registration fee 2. HUNGARIAN FOLK EVENING Sunday, 23 June at the Budapest Convention Centre Honday, 24 June Departure: 7.15 p.m. By coach Dinner at a traditional Hungarian inn, gipsy music with dance. Price: DM 40/person 3. CITY TOUR IN BUDAPEST Duration: about 4 hours By coach with guide Tuesday, 25 June Departure: 2 p.m. Sightseeing tour of Budapest including visits to the most famous places and buildings in Buda and Pest, covering the GELLERT HILL, the HEROES' SQUARE, the CASTLE DISTRICT. "Rendezvous Between Buda & Pest": a short boat ride on the Danube, guided introduction of the sights along the Budapest part of the river, a glass of drink is served (included in the price). Price: DM 25/person 4. FULL DAY EXCURSION TO LAKE BALATON Duration: about 8.5 hours By coach with guide Wednesday, 26 June Departure: 9.30 a.m. Known as the "Hungarian Sea", Lake Balaton is the largest lake in Central Europe. On arrival, welcome breakfast at Club Tihany, a holiday center along the beach of Balaton. After a guided tour of Hungary's oldest church, the Abbey of Tihany, the program continues with a boat ride, followed by an organ concert in a minor church. Lunch at the "Horda Csarda" (country tavern). Price with lunch: DM 8S/person L- -- - 5. TRIP TO SZENTENDRE Duration: about 6.5 hours By coach with guide Thursday, 27 June Departure: 9 a.m. Szentendre: a small town with old picturesque streets and churches on the bank of Danube. Vi.sit to the open-air Village Museum~ presentation of 19th century Hungarian peasant life and craftsmanship and to the museum of the famous ceramist MARGIT KovAcs. Lunch at Szentendre. Price with lunch: OM 60/person 6: CLOSING BANQUET Included in the registration fee Price for spouses: usn 45/person Thursday. 27 June at the Budapest Convention Centre Coaches depart for the programs from the parking lot in front of the Convention Centre. Tickets are available at the "Social Programs" desk in the Convention Centre~ nearby the registration desk until 24 June, 7 p.m. The Congress Team of the Budapest Convention Centre would appreciate your application in advance for programs Nos.2 and 4 (Hungarian Folk Evening and Lake Balaton Excursion) by phone, fax, or telex. Phone: (361) 1-669-625 Fax: (361) 1-852-127 Telex: 22-7717 Men u 0 f fer s for I un c h e S',. , s p ecia 1 I y for I SIT I 9 1 g uest s are a t you r disposal in the Brasserie of hotel Novotel (nearby the congress site) Price: DM II/person/day. Lunch-tickets are also available at "Social Programs" desk. LOOKING FORWARD TO MEETING YOU IN BUDAPEST L ~__~ 10555 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121-1617 0 (619) 587-1121 0 Fax: (619) 452-9096 January I, 1991 Professor H. Vincent Poor Department of Electrical Engineering Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544 Dear Vince: Thank you for your gracious confirming letter of December 18 and for the kind words. I also regard my selection as Shannon Lecturer at the next Symposium as the most important honor that I have yet received. Best wishes for the New Year. Sincerely, / Aniw J. iterbi Chief Technical Officer AJV/dc .. IEEE INFORMATION THEORY SOCIETY JE C2G1990 Prof. H. Vincent Poor President Dr. Andrew 1. Viterbi Chief Technical Officer Qualconun, Inc. 10555 Sorrento Valley Rd San Diego, CA 92121 Dear Andy: December 18,1990 PLEASE REPLY TO: Department of Electrical Engineering Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544' USA Tel: (609) 258-1816 'Fax: (609) 258-3745 email: poor@ivy.princeton ,edu It gives me great pleasure to confmn our recent telephone conversation, in which you have agreed to present the 1991 Shannon Lecture at the IEEE International Symposium on Infonnation Theory to be held in Budapest, Hungary, next June. The designation of the Shannon Lecturer is made in recognition of a career of sustained and distinguished contributions to the fields of interest of the Society, and this designation is the highest honor that the Infonnation Theory Society can bestow. Your career to date certainly epitomizes this ideal, and I feel that the Society is also honored by your willingness to present the Lecture. The exact date and time ofthe Shannon Lecture will be set by the Symposium organizers, Imre Csiszar, Anthony'Ephremides, andJack Wolf. It is traditional for the sitting IT Society President (Shu Lin in 1991) to co-chair the plenary session at which the Lecture is presented, and to introduce the Lecture and Lecturer. Shu Lin will be contacting you for biographical infonnation for this purpose in due time, and the Symposium organizers will be requesting a title and abstract of your Lecture soon. As you know, the Shannon Lecture is traditionally retrospective in nature, often unifying the contributions of the Shannon Lecturer in a way that reveals the underlying motivations that have driven these contributions. On behalf of the officers and Board of Governors of the Society, I would like to congratulate you on your selection as the 1991 Shannon Lecturer and to thank you for accepting this honor. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you wish to discuss any aspect of your Lecture. Best wishes, " H. Vincent Poor cc. I. Csiszar; A. Ephremides; G. D~ Forney, Jr.; S. Lin; J. K. Wolf THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS, INC. -~~~~-------------------~-~-~~-~~- - - - .. IEEE INFORMATION THEORY SOCIETY Prof. H. Vincent Poor President Dr. Andrew 1. Viterbi Chief Technical Officer Qualcomm, Inc. 10555 Sorrento Valley Rd San Diego, CA 92121 Dear Andy: December 18, 1990 PLEASE REPLY TO: Department of Electrical Engineering Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544 USA Tel: (609) 258-1816 'Fax: (609) 258-3745 email: poor@ivy.princeton.edu It gives me great pleasure to confirm our recent telephone conversation, in which you have agreed to present the 1991 Shannon Lecture at the IEEE International Symposium on Infonnation Theory to be held in BudaPeSt, Hungary, next June. The designation of the Shannon Lecturer is made in recognition of a career of sustained and distinguished contributions to the fields of interest of the Society, and this designation is the highest honor that the Information Theory Society can bestow. Your career to date certainly epitomizes this ideal, and I feel that the Society is also honored by your willingness to present the Lecture. The exact date and time ofthe Shannon Lecture will-be set by the Symposium organizers, Imre Csiszar, Anthony'Ephremides, andJack Wolf. It is traditional for the sitting IT Society President (Shu Lin in 1991) to co-ehair the plenary session at which the Lecture is presented, and to introduce the Lecture and Lecturer. Shu Lin will be contacting you for biographical infonnation for this purpose in due time, and the Symposium organizers will be requesting a title and abstract of your Lecture soon. As you know, the Shannon Lecture is traditionally retrospective in nature, often unifying the contributions of the Shannon Lecturer in a way that reveals the underlying motivations that have driven these contributio~. On behalf of the officers and Board of Governors of the Society, I would like to congratulate you on your selection as the 1991 Shannon Lecturer and to thank you for accepting this honor. Please do not hesitate to contact me if you wish to discuss any aspect of your Lecture. Best wishes, _H. Vincent Poor cc. I. Csiszar; A. Ephremides; G. D. Forney, Jr.; S. Lin; 1. K. Wolf THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS, INC.
Abstract (if available)
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Viterbi: Presentations
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Core Title
Letter, Andrew J. Viterbi to H. Vincent Poor, January 1, 1991
Publisher
University of Southern California. Libraries
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OAI-PMH Harvest
Permanent Link (DOI)
https://doi.org/10.25549/vit-m2704
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UC1957164
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VIT-001393 (filename),1991 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (folder),Box 24, Folder 431 (identifying number),vit-m1 (legacy collection record id),vit-m2704 (legacy record id),vit-c117-1630 (legacy record id)
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VIT-001393-12.pdf
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1630
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There are materials within the archives that are marked confidential or proprietary, or that contain information that is obviously confidential. Examples of the latter include letters of references and recommendations for employment, promotions, and awards; nominations for awards and honors; resumes of colleagues of Dr. Viterbi; and grade reports of students in Dr. Viterbi's classes at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the University of California, San Diego.; These restricted items were not scanned and, therefore, are not included in the USC Digital Archive.; Researchers wishing to see any of the restricted materials should consult with the USC Libraries Special Collections staff.
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Andrew J. and Erna Viterbi Family Archives
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University of Southern California
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Viterbi: Presentations
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There are materials within the archives that are marked confidential or proprietary, or that contain information that is obviously confidential. Examples of the latter include letters of referenc...
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USC Libraries Special Collections
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Doheny Memorial Library 206, 3550 Trousdale Parkway, Los Angeles, California,90089-0189, 213-740-4035, specol@usc.edu
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Title
Viterbi: Presentations