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The role of environmental patents in environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Turkey: Evidence from the augmented ARDL

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 913 - 929, 25.10.2022

Abdullah Emre Çağlar

https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1100797
Cited By: 3

Öz

This study investigates the relationship between energy sector emissions and economic growth, population, energy consumption, and patents obtained from environmental technologies in Turkey within the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) framework and STIRPAT model. To do so, we use the Augmented ARDL approach proposed by McNown et al. (2018) and Sam et al. (2019). Considering the 2001 crisis in Turkey, we add a dummy variable to the cointegration equation. As a main result of the empirical analysis, we explored the EKC hypothesis is valid in Turkey, considering the energy sector emissions. Furthermore, our findings reveal that economic growth, population, and environmental patents increase emissions. With the help of dummy variable, we validate the impact of the critical year (2001) which reduces environmental degradation. As a result, policymakers should devote more budgets and develop incentives to green technologies. In addition to these, training should be given to increase the environmental awareness of individuals, and arrangements should be made to integrate the education system with sustainable environmental issues.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Environmental Kuznets Curve STIRPAT Energy Sector Emissions Augmented ARDL

Kaynakça

  • Abdallah, K. B., Belloumi, M., & De Wolf, D. (2013). Indicators for Sustainable Energy Development: A Multivariate Cointegration and Causality Analysis from Tunisian Road Transport Sector. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 34-43.
  • Alataş, S. (2021). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Sektörel Analizi: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği. Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 6(1), 124-136.
  • Alshehry, A. S., & Belloumi, M. (2017). Study of The Environmental Kuznets Curve for Transport Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Saudi Arabia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, 1339-1347.
  • Amin, A., Altinoz, B., & Dogan, E. (2020). Analyzing The Determinants of Carbon Emissions from Transportation in European Countries: The Role of Renewable Energy and Urbanization. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 22(8), 1725-1734.
  • Aslan, A., Destek, M. A., & Okumus, I. (2018). Sectoral Carbon Emissions and Economic Growth in The US: Further Evidence from Rolling Window Estimation Method. Journal of Cleaner Production, 200, 402-411.
  • Bai, C., Feng, C., Yan, H., Yi, X., Chen, Z., & Wei, W. (2020). Will Income Inequality Influence The Abatement Effect Of Renewable Energy Technological Innovation on Carbon Dioxide Emissions?. Journal of environmental management, 264, 110482.
  • Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Shahbaz, M., Roubaud, D., & Farhani, S. (2018). How Economic Growth, Renewable Electricity and Natural Resources Contribute to CO2 Emissions?. Energy Policy, 113, 356-367.
  • Bekun, F. V., Alola, A. A., Gyamfi, B. A., & Yaw, S. S. (2021). The Relevance of EKC Hypothesis in Energy Intensity Real-Output Trade-Off for Sustainable Environment in EU-27. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-12.
  • Bozkurt, C., & Okumuş, İ. (2015). Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi, Ticari Serbestleşme ve Nüfus Yoğunluğunun CO2 Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkileri: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(32), 23-35.
  • Bozma, G. (2020). Havacılık Sektöründe Çevre Yönetimi, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kentleşme İlişkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Turan-Sam, 12(48), 132-146.
  • Bölük, G., & Mert, M. (2014). Fossil & Renewable Energy Consumption, Ghgs (Greenhouse Gases) and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel of EU (European Union) countries. Energy, 74, 439-446.
  • BP. (2021). British Petroleum Statistical Review of World Energy. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/xlsx/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-all-data.xlsx [Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2021].
  • Caglar, A. E. (2020). The Importance of Renewable Energy Consumption and FDI Inflows in Reducing Environmental Degradation: Bootstrap ARDL Bound Test in Selected 9 Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121663.
  • Chishti, M. Z., & Sinha, A. (2022). Do The Shocks in Technological and Financial Innovation Influence the Environmental Quality? Evidence from BRICS Economies. Technology in Society, 68, 101828.
  • Congregado, E., Feria-Gallardo, J., Golpe, A. A., & Iglesias, J. (2016). The Environmental Kuznets Curve and CO2 Emissions in the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(18), 18407-18420.
  • Crippa, M., Oreggioni, G., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Lo Vullo, E., … Vignati, E. (2020). Fossil CO2 and GHG Emissions of All World Countries. Luxemburg: Publication Office of the European Union. Luxembourg.
  • Çağlar, A. E., & Mert M. (2017). Türkiye'de Çevresel Kuznets Hipotezi ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin Karbon Salımı Üzerine Etkisi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Yaklaşımı. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 21-38.
  • Dietz, T., & Rosa, E. A. (1997). Effects of Population and Affluence on CO2 Emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(1), 175-179.
  • Dogan, E., & Turkekul, B. (2016). CO2 Emissions, Real Output, Energy Consumption, Trade, Urbanization and Financial Development: Testing the EKC Hypothesis for the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(2), 1203-1213.
  • Dong, K., Hochman, G., Zhang, Y., Sun, R., Li, H., & Liao, H. (2018). CO2 Emissions, Economic and Population Growth, and Renewable Energy: Empirical Evidence Across Regions. Energy Economics, 75, 180-192.
  • Ehrlich, P. R., & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of Population Growth. Science, 171(3977), 1212-1217.
  • Erdoğan, S., Yıldırım, S., Yıldırım, D. Ç., & Gedikli, A. (2020). The Effects of Innovation on Sectoral Carbon Emissions: Evidence from G20 Countries. Journal of environmental management, 267, 110637.
  • Frodyma, K., Papież, M., & Śmiech, S. (2022). Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve in the European Union countries. Energy, 241, 122899.
  • Genç, M. C., Ekinci, A., & Sakarya, B. (2022). The Impact of Output Volatility on CO2 Emissions in Turkey: Testing EKC Hypothesis with Fourier Stationarity Test. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(2), 3008-3021.
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. NBER Working Paper 3914.
  • Halicioglu, F. (2009). An Econometric Study of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey. Energy policy, 37(3), 1156-1164.
  • Hannah R. & Max R. (2020). CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions [Erişim tarihi 10.01.2022].
  • Hussain, M., & Dogan, E. (2021). The Role of Institutional Quality and Environment-Related Technologies in Environmental Degradation for BRICS. Journal of Cleaner Production, 304, 127059.
  • IEA (2021), Turkey 2021, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/turkey-2021 [Erişim tarihi: 12.11.2021]
  • Jahanger, A., Usman, M., Murshed, M., Mahmood, H., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2022). The Linkages between Natural Resources, Human Capital, Globalization, Economic Growth, Financial Development, and Ecological Footprint: The Moderating Role of Technological Innovations. Resources Policy, 76, 102569.
  • Katircioglu, S. T. (2014). International Tourism, Energy Consumption, and Environmental Pollution: The Case of Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36, 180-187.
  • Khan, I., Hou, F., & Le, H. P. (2021a). The Impact of Natural Resources, Energy Consumption, and Population Growth on Environmental Quality: Fresh Evidence from the United States of America. Science of the Total Environment, 754, 142222.
  • Khan, M. K., Babar, S. F., Oryani, B., Dagar, V., Rehman, A., Zakari, A., & Khan, M. O. (2021b). Role of Financial Development, Environmental-Related Technologies, Research and Development, Energy Intensity, Natural Resource Depletion, and Temperature in Sustainable Environment in Canada. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-17.
  • Khan, Z., Ali, S., Dong, K., & Li, R. Y. M. (2021c). How Does Fiscal Decentralization Affect CO2 Emissions? The Roles of Institutions and Human Capital. Energy Economics, 94, 105060.
  • Kharbach, M., & Chfadi, T. (2017). CO2 Emissions in Moroccan Road Transport Sector: Divisia, Cointegration, and EKC Analyses. Sustainable cities and society, 35, 396-401.
  • Koc, S., & Bulus, G. C. (2020). Testing Validity of The EKC Hypothesis in South Korea: Role of Renewable Energy and Trade Openness. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(23), 29043-29054.
  • Manga, M. (2021). Taşımacılık Sektöründe Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Geçerliliği: Seçilmiş OECD Ülkeleri Örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 35(1), 203-218.
  • McNown, R., Sam, C. Y., & Goh, S. K. (2018). Bootstrapping the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Test for Cointegration. Applied Economics, 50(13), 1509-1521.
  • Murshed, M., Nurmakhanova, M., Elheddad, M., & Ahmed, R. (2020). Value Addition in the Services Sector and Its Heterogeneous Impacts on CO2 Emissions: Revisiting the EKC Hypothesis for the OPEC Using Panel Spatial Estimation Techniques. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(31), 38951-38973.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The Saving and Investment Nexus for China: Evidence from Cointegration Tests. Applied economics, 37(17), 1979-1990.
  • Narayan, P. K., & Popp, S. (2010). A New Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks in Level and Slope at Unknown Time. Journal of Applied Statistics, 37(9), 1425-1438.
  • OECD. (2021). Environment-Related Technologies (All patents). https://stats.oecd.org/ [Erişim tarihi: 09.11.2021].
  • Ozatac, N., Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Taspinar, N. (2017). Testing the EKC Hypothesis by Considering Trade Openness, Urbanization, and Financial Development: The Case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(20), 16690-16701.
  • Öngel, V., Bozkurt, G., & Tatlı, H. S. (2020). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Sektörel Açıdan İncelenmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, (32), 49-68.
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Türkiye'de çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin araştırılmasında çevresel patentlerin rolü: Genişletilmiş ARDL ile kanıtlar

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4, 913 - 929, 25.10.2022

Abdullah Emre Çağlar

https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1100797
Cited By: 3

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de enerji sektörü emisyonları ile ekonomik büyüme, nüfus, enerji tüketimi ve çevre ile ilgili teknolojilerden elde edilen patentler arasındaki ilişkiyi Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (EKC) ve STIRPAT modeli çerçevesinde araştırmaktır. Bu amacı gerçekleştirmek için McNown vd. (2018) ve Sam vd. (2019) tarafından geliştirilen Genişletilmiş ARDL yaklaşımı kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye’de 2001 kriz yılını dikkate almak için eşbütünleşme denklemine kukla değişken eklenmiştir. Ampirik analiz sonucunda, enerji sektörü emisyonları dikkate alındığında, Türkiye’de EKC hipotezi geçerli olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca ekonomik büyüme, nüfus ve çevre ile ilgili patentler emisyonları arttırmaktadır. Kriz dönemini temsilen oluşturulan kukla değişkeni çevresel bozulmaları azaltmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, politika yapıcılar yeşil teknolojilere daha fazla bütçe ayırmalı ve teşvikler geliştirmelidir. Bunlara ek olarak bu politikalar yasalarla güvence altına alınmalıdır. Ayrıca bireylerin çevresel farkındalığını arttıracak eğitimler verilmeli ve eğitim sistemini sürdürülebilir çevre konularına entegre edecek düzenlemeler yapılmalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi STIRPAT Enerji Sektörü Emisyonları Genişletilmiş ARDL

Kaynakça

  • Abdallah, K. B., Belloumi, M., & De Wolf, D. (2013). Indicators for Sustainable Energy Development: A Multivariate Cointegration and Causality Analysis from Tunisian Road Transport Sector. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 34-43.
  • Alataş, S. (2021). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Sektörel Analizi: OECD Ülkeleri Örneği. Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 6(1), 124-136.
  • Alshehry, A. S., & Belloumi, M. (2017). Study of The Environmental Kuznets Curve for Transport Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Saudi Arabia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, 1339-1347.
  • Amin, A., Altinoz, B., & Dogan, E. (2020). Analyzing The Determinants of Carbon Emissions from Transportation in European Countries: The Role of Renewable Energy and Urbanization. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 22(8), 1725-1734.
  • Aslan, A., Destek, M. A., & Okumus, I. (2018). Sectoral Carbon Emissions and Economic Growth in The US: Further Evidence from Rolling Window Estimation Method. Journal of Cleaner Production, 200, 402-411.
  • Bai, C., Feng, C., Yan, H., Yi, X., Chen, Z., & Wei, W. (2020). Will Income Inequality Influence The Abatement Effect Of Renewable Energy Technological Innovation on Carbon Dioxide Emissions?. Journal of environmental management, 264, 110482.
  • Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Shahbaz, M., Roubaud, D., & Farhani, S. (2018). How Economic Growth, Renewable Electricity and Natural Resources Contribute to CO2 Emissions?. Energy Policy, 113, 356-367.
  • Bekun, F. V., Alola, A. A., Gyamfi, B. A., & Yaw, S. S. (2021). The Relevance of EKC Hypothesis in Energy Intensity Real-Output Trade-Off for Sustainable Environment in EU-27. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-12.
  • Bozkurt, C., & Okumuş, İ. (2015). Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi, Ticari Serbestleşme ve Nüfus Yoğunluğunun CO2 Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkileri: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(32), 23-35.
  • Bozma, G. (2020). Havacılık Sektöründe Çevre Yönetimi, Ekonomik Büyüme ve Kentleşme İlişkisi: Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Turan-Sam, 12(48), 132-146.
  • Bölük, G., & Mert, M. (2014). Fossil & Renewable Energy Consumption, Ghgs (Greenhouse Gases) and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel of EU (European Union) countries. Energy, 74, 439-446.
  • BP. (2021). British Petroleum Statistical Review of World Energy. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/xlsx/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-all-data.xlsx [Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2021].
  • Caglar, A. E. (2020). The Importance of Renewable Energy Consumption and FDI Inflows in Reducing Environmental Degradation: Bootstrap ARDL Bound Test in Selected 9 Countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 264, 121663.
  • Chishti, M. Z., & Sinha, A. (2022). Do The Shocks in Technological and Financial Innovation Influence the Environmental Quality? Evidence from BRICS Economies. Technology in Society, 68, 101828.
  • Congregado, E., Feria-Gallardo, J., Golpe, A. A., & Iglesias, J. (2016). The Environmental Kuznets Curve and CO2 Emissions in the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(18), 18407-18420.
  • Crippa, M., Oreggioni, G., Guizzardi, D., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Lo Vullo, E., … Vignati, E. (2020). Fossil CO2 and GHG Emissions of All World Countries. Luxemburg: Publication Office of the European Union. Luxembourg.
  • Çağlar, A. E., & Mert M. (2017). Türkiye'de Çevresel Kuznets Hipotezi ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin Karbon Salımı Üzerine Etkisi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Yaklaşımı. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 21-38.
  • Dietz, T., & Rosa, E. A. (1997). Effects of Population and Affluence on CO2 Emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(1), 175-179.
  • Dogan, E., & Turkekul, B. (2016). CO2 Emissions, Real Output, Energy Consumption, Trade, Urbanization and Financial Development: Testing the EKC Hypothesis for the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(2), 1203-1213.
  • Dong, K., Hochman, G., Zhang, Y., Sun, R., Li, H., & Liao, H. (2018). CO2 Emissions, Economic and Population Growth, and Renewable Energy: Empirical Evidence Across Regions. Energy Economics, 75, 180-192.
  • Ehrlich, P. R., & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of Population Growth. Science, 171(3977), 1212-1217.
  • Erdoğan, S., Yıldırım, S., Yıldırım, D. Ç., & Gedikli, A. (2020). The Effects of Innovation on Sectoral Carbon Emissions: Evidence from G20 Countries. Journal of environmental management, 267, 110637.
  • Frodyma, K., Papież, M., & Śmiech, S. (2022). Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve in the European Union countries. Energy, 241, 122899.
  • Genç, M. C., Ekinci, A., & Sakarya, B. (2022). The Impact of Output Volatility on CO2 Emissions in Turkey: Testing EKC Hypothesis with Fourier Stationarity Test. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(2), 3008-3021.
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. NBER Working Paper 3914.
  • Halicioglu, F. (2009). An Econometric Study of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey. Energy policy, 37(3), 1156-1164.
  • Hannah R. & Max R. (2020). CO2 and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions [Erişim tarihi 10.01.2022].
  • Hussain, M., & Dogan, E. (2021). The Role of Institutional Quality and Environment-Related Technologies in Environmental Degradation for BRICS. Journal of Cleaner Production, 304, 127059.
  • IEA (2021), Turkey 2021, IEA, Paris https://www.iea.org/reports/turkey-2021 [Erişim tarihi: 12.11.2021]
  • Jahanger, A., Usman, M., Murshed, M., Mahmood, H., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2022). The Linkages between Natural Resources, Human Capital, Globalization, Economic Growth, Financial Development, and Ecological Footprint: The Moderating Role of Technological Innovations. Resources Policy, 76, 102569.
  • Katircioglu, S. T. (2014). International Tourism, Energy Consumption, and Environmental Pollution: The Case of Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 36, 180-187.
  • Khan, I., Hou, F., & Le, H. P. (2021a). The Impact of Natural Resources, Energy Consumption, and Population Growth on Environmental Quality: Fresh Evidence from the United States of America. Science of the Total Environment, 754, 142222.
  • Khan, M. K., Babar, S. F., Oryani, B., Dagar, V., Rehman, A., Zakari, A., & Khan, M. O. (2021b). Role of Financial Development, Environmental-Related Technologies, Research and Development, Energy Intensity, Natural Resource Depletion, and Temperature in Sustainable Environment in Canada. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-17.
  • Khan, Z., Ali, S., Dong, K., & Li, R. Y. M. (2021c). How Does Fiscal Decentralization Affect CO2 Emissions? The Roles of Institutions and Human Capital. Energy Economics, 94, 105060.
  • Kharbach, M., & Chfadi, T. (2017). CO2 Emissions in Moroccan Road Transport Sector: Divisia, Cointegration, and EKC Analyses. Sustainable cities and society, 35, 396-401.
  • Koc, S., & Bulus, G. C. (2020). Testing Validity of The EKC Hypothesis in South Korea: Role of Renewable Energy and Trade Openness. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(23), 29043-29054.
  • Manga, M. (2021). Taşımacılık Sektöründe Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Geçerliliği: Seçilmiş OECD Ülkeleri Örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 35(1), 203-218.
  • McNown, R., Sam, C. Y., & Goh, S. K. (2018). Bootstrapping the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Test for Cointegration. Applied Economics, 50(13), 1509-1521.
  • Murshed, M., Nurmakhanova, M., Elheddad, M., & Ahmed, R. (2020). Value Addition in the Services Sector and Its Heterogeneous Impacts on CO2 Emissions: Revisiting the EKC Hypothesis for the OPEC Using Panel Spatial Estimation Techniques. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(31), 38951-38973.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The Saving and Investment Nexus for China: Evidence from Cointegration Tests. Applied economics, 37(17), 1979-1990.
  • Narayan, P. K., & Popp, S. (2010). A New Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks in Level and Slope at Unknown Time. Journal of Applied Statistics, 37(9), 1425-1438.
  • OECD. (2021). Environment-Related Technologies (All patents). https://stats.oecd.org/ [Erişim tarihi: 09.11.2021].
  • Ozatac, N., Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Taspinar, N. (2017). Testing the EKC Hypothesis by Considering Trade Openness, Urbanization, and Financial Development: The Case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(20), 16690-16701.
  • Öngel, V., Bozkurt, G., & Tatlı, H. S. (2020). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Sektörel Açıdan İncelenmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, (32), 49-68.
  • Pablo-Romero, M. D. P., & Sánchez-Braza, A. (2017). Residential Energy Environmental Kuznets Curve in the EU-28. Energy, 125, 44-54.
  • Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development (No. 992927783402676). International Labour Organization.
  • Pata, U. K., & Yurtkuran, S. (2018). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketimi, Nüfus Yoğunluğu ve Finansal Gelişmenin CO2 Salımına Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 303-318.
  • Perron, P. (1997). Further Evidence on Breaking Trend Functions in Macroeconomic Variables. Journal of econometrics, 80(2), 355-385.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Phillips, P. C., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Rahman, M. M., & Alam, K. (2021). Clean Energy, Population Density, Urbanization and Environmental Pollution Nexus: Evidence from Bangladesh. Renewable Energy, 172, 1063-1072.
  • Sam, C. Y., McNown, R., & Goh, S. K. (2019). An Augmented Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bounds Test for Cointegration. Economic Modelling, 80, 130-141.
  • Talbi, B. (2017). CO2 Emissions Reduction in Road Transport Sector in Tunisia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 232-238.
  • Udemba, E. N., & Tosun, M. (2022). Energy Transition And Diversification: A Pathway to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Brazil. Energy, 239, 122199.
  • Uzar, U., & Eyuboglu, K. (2019). The Nexus between Income Inequality and CO2 Emissions in Turkey. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227, 149-157.
  • World Bank (2021) World Development Indicators Online Database. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators [Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2021]
  • Xue, C., Shahbaz, M., Ahmed, Z., Ahmad, M., & Sinha, A. (2022). Clean Energy Consumption, Economic Growth, and Environmental Sustainability: What is the Role of Economic Policy Uncertainty?. Renewable Energy, 184, 899-907. Yao, Y., Ivanovski, K., Inekwe, J., & Smyth, R. (2020). Human Capital and CO2 Emissions in the Long Run. Energy economics, 91, 104907.
  • Zafar, M. W., Sinha, A., Ahmed, Z., Qin, Q., & Zaidi, S. A. H. (2021). Effects of Biomass Energy Consumption on Environmental Quality: The Role of Education and Technology in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 142, 110868.
  • Zivot, E., Andrews, D.W.K. (1992). Further Evidence on the Great Crash, The Oil Price Shock and the Unit Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10, 251-270.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çevre ve Kültür
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Abdullah Emre Çağlar 0000-0003-4723-4499

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Ekim 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ekim 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Nisan 2022
Kabul Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Çağlar, A. E. (2022). Türkiye’de çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin araştırılmasında çevresel patentlerin rolü: Genişletilmiş ARDL ile kanıtlar. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(4), 913-929. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1100797

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