Exhaustion while teleworking during COVID-19: a moderated-mediation model of role clarity, self-efficacy, and task interdependence
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.010Keywords:
teleworking during COVID-19, emotional exhaustion, role clarity, task interdependence, work overloadAbstract
Research background: The global COVID-19 pandemic created an unprecedented challenge not only for employees? well-being, but also for the nature of their work, as teleworking became the norm for many of them almost overnight. Thus, there is a need to a more fine-grained understanding of the specific job demands experienced while teleworking during COVID-19, and the specific resources that mitigate the detrimental effects of demands and help employees to adopt resilient responses during and beyond COVID-19.
Purpose of the article: Drawing upon the job demands-resources model, the present study aims at investigating the link between work overload (a job demand) and employee well-being (i.e., burnout), considering role clarity (a job resource) as a mediator, and task interdependence and self-efficacy as two potential boundary conditions.
Methods: In order to examine the link between work overload, role clarity and emotional exhaustion moderated by task interdependence and self-efficacy, we used survey data from 701 Romanian employees at a large information technology company, who worked from home during COVID-19. We employed regression-based path analysis to examine the hypothesized relations.
Findings & value added: The results reveal that role clarity partially mediates the relation between work overload and emotional exhaustion while teleworking during COVID-19. Moreover, the results from the moderated mediation analysis show that role clarity, self-efficacy, and task interdependence interact in their effects on emotional exhaustion. This study has important theoretical and managerial implications for employee well-being that go beyond the pandemic. As this study shows, when high levels of workload and task interdependence cannot be avoided, employees? personal (self-efficacy) and job (role clarity) resources might be particularly useful to reduce their exhaustion while teleworking. Based on these results, managers can design better jobs for remote workers and more flexible work arrangements in the future.
Downloads
References
Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. Advance online publicaion. doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8
View in Google Scholar
Alarcon, G. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79(2), 549?562. doi: 10.1016/j.j vb.2011.03.007.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.03.007
View in Google Scholar
Allen, T. D., Golden, T. D., & Shockley, K. M. (2015). How effective is telecommuting? Assessing the status of our scientific findings. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(2), 40?68. doi: 10.1177/1529100615593273.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615593273
View in Google Scholar
Aubé, C., Rousseau, V., Mama, C., & Morin, E. M. (2009). Counterproductive behaviors and psychological well-being: the moderating effect of task interdependence. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24(3), 351?361. doi: 10.1007/s10869-009-9113-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9113-5
View in Google Scholar
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2014). Job demands?resources theory. In P. Y. Chen & C. L. Cooper (Eds.). Work and wellbeing: wellbeing: a complete reference guide, Volume 3, Part 2. John Wiley & Sons, 1?28. doi: 10.1002/978 1118539415.wbwell019.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118539415.wbwell019
View in Google Scholar
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands?resources theory: taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273?285. doi: 10.1037/ocp0000056.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
View in Google Scholar
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., De Boer, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2003). Job demands and job resources as predictors of absence duration and frequency. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62(2), 341?356. doi: 10.1016/S00 01-8791(02)00030-1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(02)00030-1
View in Google Scholar
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Euwema, M. C. (2005). Job resources buffer the impact of job demands on burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 170?180. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.170.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.10.2.170
View in Google Scholar
Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Verbeke, W. (2004). Using the job demands?resources model to predict burnout and performance. Human Resources Management, 43(1), 83?104. doi: 10.1002/hrm.20004.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20004
View in Google Scholar
Bakker, A. B., Van Emmerik, H., & Van Riet, P. (2008). How job demands, resources, and burnout predict objective performance: a constructive replication. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 21(3), 309?324. doi: 10.1080/106158008 01958637.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800801958637
View in Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman
View in Google Scholar
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238?246. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
View in Google Scholar
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588?606. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588
View in Google Scholar
Bernerth, J. B., & Aguinis, H. (2016). A critical review and best-practice recommendations for control variable usage. Personnel Psychology, 69(1), 229?283. doi: 10.1111/peps.12103.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12103
View in Google Scholar
Bliese, P. D., & Castro, C. A. (2000). Role clarity, work overload and organizational support: Multilevel evidence of the importance of support. Work & Stress, 14(1), 65?73. doi: 10.1080/026783700417230.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/026783700417230
View in Google Scholar
Bolisani, E., Scarso, E., Ipsen, C., Kirchner, K., & Hansen, J. P. (2020). Working from home during COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned and issues. Management & Marketing. Challenges for the Knowledge Society, 15(s1), 458?476. doi: 10.2478/mmcks-2020-0027.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2020-0027
View in Google Scholar
Britt, T. W., Shuffler, M. L., Pegram, R. L., Xoxakos, P., Rosopa, P., Hirsh, E., & Jackson, W. (2021). Job demands and resources among healthcare professionals during virus pandemics: a review and examination of fluctuations in mental health strain during COVID-19. Applied Psychology, 70(1), 120?149. doi: 10.1111/apps.12304.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12304
View in Google Scholar
Brown, K. (2020). Depressive symptoms, extreme anxiety, and burnout syndrome among medical personnel providing care to COVID-19 patients. Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 8(2), 7?16. doi: 10.22381/PI HRM8220201.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22381/PIHRM8220201
View in Google Scholar
Caillier, J. G. (2014). Toward a better understanding of the relationship between transformational leadership, public service motivation, mission valence, and employee performance: a preliminary study. Public Personnel Management, 43(2), 218?239. doi: 10.1177/0091026014528478.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026014528478
View in Google Scholar
Carey, J., Pera, A., & Balica, R. (2020). Emotional fatigue, psychological distress, and clinically significant depression associated with being a COVID-19 frontline healthcare worker. Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 8(2), 27?36. doi:10.22381/PIHRM822020.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22381/PIHRM8220203
View in Google Scholar
Chen, G., Gully, S. M., & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4(1), 62?83. doi: 10.1177/10 9442810141004.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810141004
View in Google Scholar
Chong, S., Huang, Y., & Chang, C. H. D. (2020). Supporting interdependent telework employees: a moderated-mediation model linking daily COVID-19 task setbacks to next-day work withdrawal. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(12), 1408?1422. doi: 10.1037/apl0000843.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000843
View in Google Scholar
Cole, M. S., Walter, F., & Bruch, H. (2008). Affective mechanisms linking dysfunctional behavior to performance in work teams: a moderated mediation study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 945?958. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.9 3.5.945.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.5.945
View in Google Scholar
Cordes, C. L., & Dougherty, T. W. (1993). A review and an integration of research on job burnout. Academy of Management Review, 18(4), 621?656. doi: 10.2307 /258593.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1993.9402210153
View in Google Scholar
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499?512. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
View in Google Scholar
De Clercq, D. (2019). Getting creative with resources: how resilience, task interdependence, and emotion sharing mitigate the damage of employee role ambiguity. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 55(3), 369?391. doi: 10.1177/0021886319853803.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886319853803
View in Google Scholar
Dima, A. M., ?uclea, C. E., Vrânceanu, D. M., & ?igu, G. (2019). Sustainable social and individual implications of telework: a new insight into the Romanian labor market. Sustainability, 11(13), 3506. doi: https: 10.3390/su11133506.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133506
View in Google Scholar
Dust, S. B., & Tims, M. (2020). Job crafting via decreasing hindrance demands: the motivating role of interdependence misfit and the facilitating role of autonomy. Applied Psychology, 69(3), 881?912. doi: 10.1111/apps.12212.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12212
View in Google Scholar
Errichiello, L., & Pianese, T. (2021). The role of organizational support in effective remote work implementation in the Post-COVID era. In D. Wheatley, I. Hardill, & S. Buglass (Eds.). Handbook of research on remote work and worker well-being in the post-COVID-19 era. IGI Global, 221?242.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6754-8.ch013
View in Google Scholar
Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1524?1541. doi: 10.1037/ 0021-9010.92.6.1524.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524
View in Google Scholar
Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-efficacy: a theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability. Academy of Management Review, 17(2), 183?211. doi: 10.2307/258770.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1992.4279530
View in Google Scholar
Golden, T. D., & Veiga, J. F. (2005). The impact of extent of telecommuting on job satisfaction: resolving inconsistent findings. Journal of Management, 31(2), 301?318. doi: 10.1177/0149206304271768.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206304271768
View in Google Scholar
González-Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., Castellanos, M. Á., Saiz, J., López-Gómez, A., Ugidos, C., & Mu?oz, M. (2020). Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 172?176. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.040.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.040
View in Google Scholar
Halbesleben, J. R., & Buckley, M. R. (2004). Burnout in organizational life. Journal of Management, 30(6), 859?879. doi: 10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.004.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.004
View in Google Scholar
Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis; Publisher: Guilford Press, New-York, London.
View in Google Scholar
Hayes, A. F. (2018). Partial, conditional, and moderated moderated mediation: Quantification, inference, and interpretation. Communication Monographs, 85(1), 4?40. doi: 10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2017.1352100
View in Google Scholar
Hayes, A. F., & Cai, L. (2007). Using heteroskedasticity-consistent standard error estimators in OLS regression: an introduction and software implementation. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 709?722. doi: 10.3758/bf03192961.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03192961
View in Google Scholar
Heath, C., Sommerfield, A., & von Ungern?Sternberg, B. S. (2020). Resilience strategies to manage psychological distress among healthcare workers during the COVID?19 pandemic: a narrative review. Anaesthesia, 75(10), 1364?1371. doi: 10.1111/anae.15180.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15180
View in Google Scholar
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513?524. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.44.3 .513.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
View in Google Scholar
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1?55. doi: 10.1080/107 05519909540118.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
View in Google Scholar
Ilies, R., Dimotakis, N., & De Pater, I. E. (2010). Psychological and physiological reactions to high workloads: implications for well?being. Personnel Psychology, 63(2), 407?436. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01175.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01175.x
View in Google Scholar
Ingusci, E., Signore, F., Giancaspro, M. L., Manuti, A., Molino, M., Russo, V., Zito, M., & Cortese, C. G. (2021). Workload, techno overload, and behavioral stress during COVID-19 emergency: the role of job crafting in remote workers. Frontiers in Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.3389/fp syg.2021.655148.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655148
View in Google Scholar
Jex, S. M., Bliese, P. D., Buzzell, S., & Primeau, J. (2001). The impact of self-efficacy on stressor?strain relations: coping style as an explanatory mechanism. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 401?409. doi: 10.1037/0021 -9010.86.3.401.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.401
View in Google Scholar
Jex, S. M., & Gudanowski, D. M. (1992). Efficacy beliefs and work stress: an exploratory study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(5), 509?517. doi: 10.1002/job.4030130506.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030130506
View in Google Scholar
Judge, T. A., Locke, E. A., Durham, C. C., & Kluger, A. N. (1998). Dispositional effects on job and life satisfaction: the role of core evaluations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(1), 17?34. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.17.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.83.1.17
View in Google Scholar
Karasek, R. (1990). Lower health risk with increased job control among white collar workers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11(3), 171?185. doi: 10.10 02/job.4030110302.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030110302
View in Google Scholar
Kelloway, E. K., & Barling, J. (1990). Item content versus item wording: disentangling role conflict and role ambiguity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(6), 738?742. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.75.6.738.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.75.6.738
View in Google Scholar
Kirkman, B. L., & Chen, G. (2011). Maximizing your data or data slicing? Recommendations for managing multiple submissions from the same dataset. Management and Organization Review, 7(3), 433?446. doi: 10.1111/j.1 740-8784.2011.00228.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8784.2011.00228.x
View in Google Scholar
Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., Antonakis, J., Ashford, S. P., Bakker, A. B., Bamberger, P., Bapuji, H., Bhave, D. P., Choi, V. K., Creary, S. J., Demerouti, E., Flynn, F. J., Gelfand, M. J., Greer, L. L., Johns, G., Kesebir, S., Klein, P. G., Lee, S. Y., Ozcelik, H., Petriglieri, J. L., Rothbard, N. P., Rudolph, C. W., Shaw, J. D., Sirola, N., Wanberg, C. R., Whillans, A., Wilmot, M. P., van Vugt, M. (2020). COVID-19 and the workplace: implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. American Psychologist, 76(1), 63?77. doi: 10.1037/amp0000716.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/gkwme
View in Google Scholar
Korzeb, Z., & Niedziółka, P. (2020). Resistance of commercial banks to the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic: the case of Poland. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 15(2), 205?234. doi: 10.24136/eq. 2020.010.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.2020.010
View in Google Scholar
Kuntz, J. C. (2021). Resilience in times of global pandemic: Steering recovery and thriving trajectories. Applied Psychology, 70(1), 188?215. doi: 10.1111/apps.12 296.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12296
View in Google Scholar
Kufel, T. (2020). ARIMA-based forecasting of the dynamics of confirmed Covid-19 cases for selected European countries. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 15(2), 181?204. doi:10.24136/eq.2020.009.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.2020.009
View in Google Scholar
Lang, J., Thomas, J. L., Bliese, P. D., & Adler, A. B. (2007). Job demands and job performance: the mediating effect of psychological and physical strain and the moderating effect of role clarity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12(2), 116?124. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.12.2.116.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.12.2.116
View in Google Scholar
Lee, R. T., & Ashforth, B. E. (1996). A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(2), 123?133. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.81.2.123.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.81.2.123
View in Google Scholar
Long, J. S, & Ervin, L. H. (2000). Using heteroskedasticity-consistent standard errors in the linear regression model. American Statistician, 54(3), 217?224. doi: 10.2307/2685594.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2000.10474549
View in Google Scholar
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 99?128. doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr 3901_4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
View in Google Scholar
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397?422. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
View in Google Scholar
Mihalca, L., Irimias, T., Brendea, G., Teleworking during Covid-19: antecedents of perceived work productivity, job performance, and satisfaction with telework. (submitted).
View in Google Scholar
Mihalca, L., Ratiu, L., Mengelkamp, C., Brendea, G., Metz, D. Self-management while teleworking during COVID-19: a moderated-mediation model. (submitted).
View in Google Scholar
Moore, J. E. (2000). One road to turnover: an examination of work exhaustion in technology professionals. MIS Quarterly, 24(1), 141?168. doi: 10.2307/325 0982.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3250982
View in Google Scholar
Moore, C., & Kolencik, J. (2020). Acute depression, extreme anxiety, and prolonged stress among COVID-19 frontline healthcare workers. Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 8(1), 55?60. doi: 10.22381/PIHRM8120209.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22381/PIHRM8120209
View in Google Scholar
Ojo, A. O., Fawehinmi, O., & Yusliza, M. Y. (2021). Examining the predictors of resilience and work engagement during the covid-19 pandemic. Sustainability, 13(5), 2902. doi: 10.3390/su13052902.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052902
View in Google Scholar
Perrewé, P. L., Hochwarter, W. A., Rossi, A. M., Wallace, A., Maignan, I., Castro, S. L., Ralston, D. A. Westman, M., Vollmer, G., Tang, M., Wan, P., & Van Deusen, C. A. (2020). Are work stress relationships universal? A nine-region examination of role stressors, general self-efficacy, and burnout. Journal of International Management, 8(2), 163?187. doi: 10.1016/S1075-4253(02)0005 2-2.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1075-4253(02)00052-2
View in Google Scholar
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879?903. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
View in Google Scholar
Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531?544. doi: 10.117 7/014920638601200408.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408
View in Google Scholar
Raveendran, M., Silvestri, L., & Gulati, R. (2020). The role of interdependence in the micro-foundations of organization design: task, goal, and knowledge interdependence. Academy of Management Annals, 14(2), 828?868. doi: 10.546 5/annals.2018.0015.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0015
View in Google Scholar
Rigotti, T., Yang, L. Q., Jiang, Z., Newman, A., De Cuyper, N., & Sekiguchi, T. (2021). Work?related psychosocial risk factors and coping resources during the COVID?19 crisis. Applied Psychology, 70(1), 3?15. doi: 10.1111/apps.12307.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12307
View in Google Scholar
Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J., & Lirtzman, S. I. (1970). Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15(2), 150-?163. doi: 10.2307/2391486.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2391486
View in Google Scholar
Rubino, C., Luksyte, A., Perry, S. J., & Volpone, S. D. (2009). How do stressors lead to burnout? The mediating role of motivation. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(3), 289?304. doi: 10.1037/a0015284.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015284
View in Google Scholar
Rudolph, C. W., Allan, B., Clark, M., Hertel, G., Hirschi, A., Kunze, F., Shockley, K., Shoss, M., Sonnentag, S., & Zacher, H. (2020). Pandemics: implications for research and practice in industrial and organizational psychology. PsyArXiv Preprints. doi: 10.31234/osf.io/k8us2.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/k8us2
View in Google Scholar
Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA loneliness scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472?480. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472
View in Google Scholar
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68?78. doi: 10.1037110003-066X.55.1.68.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
View in Google Scholar
Salanova, M., Peiró, J. M., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2002). Self-efficacy specificity and burnout among information technology workers: an extension of the job demand-control model. European Journal of Work And Organizational Psychology, 11(1), 1?25. doi: 10.1080/13594320143000735.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320143000735
View in Google Scholar
Schaubroeck, J., & Merritt, D. E. (1997). Divergent effects of job control on coping with work stressors: the key role of self-efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 40(3), 738?754. doi: 10.5465/257061.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/257061
View in Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W., & Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study and practice: a critical analysis. London: Taylor & Francis LTD, Grundpowder Square.
View in Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W., Leiter, M., Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. (1996). Maslach burnout inventory-general survey. In C. Maslach, S. E. Jackson & M. P. Leiter (Eds.). The Maslach burnout inventory: test manual. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press.
View in Google Scholar
Schaufeli, W. B., & Van Dierendonck, D. (1993). The construct validity of two burnout measures. Journal of Organiational Behavior, 14(7), 631?647. doi: 10.1002/job.4030140703.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140703
View in Google Scholar
Segers, C. (2020). Psychological resilience, burnout syndrome, and stress-related psychiatric disorders among healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 Crisis. Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 8(1), 7?12. doi: 10.22381/PIHRM8120201.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22381/PIHRM8120201
View in Google Scholar
Siu, O. L., Lu, C. Q., & Spector, P. E. (2007). Employees? well?being in Greater China: the direct and moderating effects of general self?efficacy. Applied Psychology, 56(2), 288?301. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00255.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00255.x
View in Google Scholar
Soto, C. J., & John, O. P. (2017). The next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2): developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(1), 117?143. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000096.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096
View in Google Scholar
Spector, P. E., & Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: interpersonal conflict at work scale, organizational constraints scale, quantitative workload inventory, and physical symptoms inventory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 356?367. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.3.4.356.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.3.4.356
View in Google Scholar
Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: an interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(2), 173?180. doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4
View in Google Scholar
Stetz, T. A., Stetz, M. C., & Bliese, P. D. (2006). The importance of self-efficacy in the moderating effects of social support on stressor?strain relationships. Work & Stress, 20(1), 49?59. doi: 10.1080/02678370600624039.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370600624039
View in Google Scholar
Tri, H. T., Nga, V. T., & Sipko, J. (2019). Predicting overall staffs? creativity and innovative work behavior in banking. Management & Marketing. Challenges for the Knowledge Society, 14(2), 188?202. doi: 10.2478/mmcks-2019-0013.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mmcks-2019-0013
View in Google Scholar
Van der Vegt, G. S., Emans, B. J., & Van De Vliert, E. (2006). Patterns of interdependence in work teams: a two?level investigation of the relations with job and team satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 54(1), 51?69. doi: 10.1111/j. 1744-6570.2001.tb00085.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00085.x
View in Google Scholar
Van Der Vegt, G. S., Van De Vliert, E., & Oosterhof, A. (2003). Informational dissimilarity and organizational citizenship behavior: the role of intrateam interdependence and team identification. Academy of Management Journal, 46(6), 715?727. doi: 10.2307/30040663.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5465/30040663
View in Google Scholar
Vullinghs, J. T., De Hoogh, A. H., Den Hartog, D. N., & Boon, C. (2020). Ethical and passive leadership and their joint relationships with burnout via role clarity and role overload. Journal of Business Ethics, 165(4), 719?733. doi: 10.1007/s1 0551-018-4084-y.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-4084-y
View in Google Scholar
Wang, B., Liu, Y., Qian, J., & Parker, S. K. (2021). Achieving effective remote working during the COVID-19 pandemic: a work design perspective. Applied Psychology: an International Review, 70(1), 16?59. doi: 10.1111/apps.12290.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12290
View in Google Scholar
Welbourne, J. L., & Sariol, A. M. (2017). When does incivility lead to counterproductive work behavior? Roles of job involvement, task interdependence, and gender. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(2), 194?206. doi: 10.1037/ocp0000029.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000029
View in Google Scholar
Wong, S. S., DeSanctis, G., & Staudenmayer, N. (2007). The relationship between task interdependency and role stress: a revisit of the job demands?control model. Journal of Management Studies, 44(2), 284?303. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00689.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2007.00689.x
View in Google Scholar
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2007). The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 121?141. doi: 10.1037/1072-5245.14 .2.121.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.121
View in Google Scholar
Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(3), 235?244. doi: 10.1016/j.jv b.2008.11.003.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.11.003
View in Google Scholar
Zinecker, M., Doubravský, K., Balcerzak, A.P., Pietrzak, M. B., & Dohnal, M. (2021). The Covid-19 disease and policy response to mitigate the economic impact in the EU: an exploratory study based on qualitative trend analysis. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 27(3), 742?762. doi: 10.3846/tede.2021.14585.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2021.14585
View in Google Scholar
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Oeconomia Copernicana
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
