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The Greek Kitchen

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2013

B. A. Sparkes
B. A. Sparkes
Affiliation:
University of Southampton
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Extract

The utensils which I am going to describe and discuss in the following pages are the ordinary utensils of Greek, mainly Athenian, households in the classical period; they have been found in abundance, are not special articles and may therefore serve to furnish a fairly complete picture of the classical batterie de cuisine. It is only in the last generation that material has come to hand which enables us to venture some way to understanding the methods of ancient Greek cooking. The Excavations of the Athenian Agora, in which the majority of the cooking pots on plates IV–VIII have been found, have produced evidence for the contents of Greek kitchens in most periods of Greek history, objects for the most part thrown away when broken as the result either of public or of private sacrifices. Rarely, in contrast with Pompeii, are the contents of the kitchen found in the places where they were used. Thus other evidence must be brought forward to supplement the archaeological, and this evidence is of two kinds: literary and artistic. Our literary knowledge of Greek cookery is derived in the main from the quotations preserved by Athenaeus; other authors refer to cookery incidentally and rarely provide a straight description.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Hellenic Studies , Volume 82 , November 1962 , pp. 121 - 137
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies 1962

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References

This paper is a revised version of that read at the Classical Association Meeting in Southampton on April 13, 1960. For the opportunity of studying the material from the Athenian Agora I am indebted to Professor Homer A. Thompson. The photographs of this material were taken by Miss Alison Frantz. I thank them both most sincerely. I am further much indebted to the following museums for permission to publish vases and terracottas in their care: Staatliche Museen, Berlin; British Museum, London; Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire, Brussels; the Louvre, Paris; the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford.

The following abbreviations have been used:

Amyx. Amyx, D. A., ‘The Attic Stelai: Vases and other Containers’, Hesperia xxvii (1958) 163–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blümner, TT. Blümner, H.Technologie und Terminologie der Gewerbe und Künste bei Griechen und Römern i–iv (1875–1887)Google Scholar; i, second edition (1912).

Cloché. Cloché, P., Les classes, les métiers, le trafic (1931).Google Scholar

Higgins, Catalogue. Higgins, R. A., Catalogue of Terracottas in the British Museum i (1954).Google Scholar

Majewski, KMSG. Majewski, K., Kultura Materialna Staroźytnej Grecji (1956).Google Scholar

Mollard-Besques, Catalogue. Mollard-Besques, S., Catalogue Raisonné des Figurines et Reliefs en terre-cuite Grecs, Etrusques et Romains i (1954).Google Scholar

Moritz. Moritz, L. A., Grain-Mills and Flour in Classical Antiquity (1958).Google Scholar

Picard, VP. Picard, C., La Vie privée dans la Grèce classique (1930).Google Scholar

Schefold, Meisterwerke. Schefold, K., Meisterwerke griechischer Kunst (1960).Google Scholar

TEL. Encyclopédie Photographique de l'Art, Le Musée du Louvre Editions TEL i–iii (1935–8).

Winter, Typen. Winter, F., Die Typen der figürlichen Terrakotten (1903).Google Scholar

1 Annual reports of the excavations appear in Hesperia. A number of deposits containing classical cooking ware have also been published in Hesperia; see especially iv (1935) 476–523 (Talcott), v (1936) 333–54 (Talcott), xviii (1949) 298–351 (Corbett), xxii (1953) 59–115 (Boulter); also Agora Picture Book no. 1, Pots and Pans. Similar often closely related material from the excavations of the American School both at Corinth and on the Acropolis North Slope is likewise to be found in Hesperia, as will be noted below. The full documentation for many of the plain pots mentioned in this article has been provided by D. A. Amyx in his commentary on the Attic Stelai, Hesperia xxvii (1958) 163–307Google Scholar, here referred to by the author's name alone. I have derived much help from his thoroughgoing study, as the text and notes will show. A catalogue of the household and kitchen wares from the Athenian Agora will be included in the presentation of the black glazed and plain vases of the sixth, fifth and fourth centuries, by B. A. Sparkes and L. Talcott, to appear in the Athenian Agora series. The section on plain wares is being prepared by Miss Talcott, with whom I have discussed the material presented here. Detailed information as to dates, deposit evidence, measurements, etc., will be found in that catalogue. All the Agora vases illustrated here belong to the classical period, excepting only those indicated in the captions. The scale shown in the illustrations measures 5 cm.

2 Mau, A., Pompeii (Eng. ed. 1899) 260–2Google Scholar; Gusman, , Pompei, The City, its Life and Art (Eng. ed. 1906) 279–80Google Scholar; Mau, A., Pompeji in Leben und Kunst 2 (1908) 273–5Google Scholar; Thedenat, , Pompei Histoire—Vie Privée (1910) 95–8Google Scholar; Flower, B. and Rosenbaum, E., Apicius: The Roman Cookery Book (1958) 29–38Google Scholar (contributed by Miss Joan Liversidge). For later Roman cooking utensils found in Egypt, see AJA xxv (1921) 37–54 (Harcum, ) and Archaeology viii (1955) 81.Google Scholar

3 See Glover, T. R., The Challenge of the Greek (1943) ‘The Gastronomers’ 131–54.Google Scholar

4 Flower and Rosenbaum, op. cit.

5 (i) Leningrad 206: Ber. Sächs. 1867 pl. 1.4; Blümner, , TT i 22Google Scholar fig. i = i2 19 fig. 3; Daremberg and Saglio, s.v. ‘Mortarium’ 2008 fig. 5149; AM xli (1916) 57 fig. 11 (von Massow); Cloché, pl. 9.2; Bonnard, , Greek Civilization from the Iliad to the Parthenon (1957) pl. 21Google Scholar; ABV 309: 95 The Swing painter; Attic b.f. neck-amphora, c. 550 B.C.

(ii) Museum of Fine Arts, Boston 546 (inv. 13.205): AJA xxiii (1919) 280 fig. 1 a (Fairbanks); Pfuhl, MuZ fig. 150; Fairbanks, , Catalogue of Greek and Etruscan Vases i (1928) pl. 58Google Scholar; Mon. Piot xliii (1949) 42–9 (Villard); Ionian b.f. lebes, c. 530 B.C.

(iii) Eleusis 1055: AM xli (1916) 58 fig. 13 (von Massow); b.f. sherd.

(iv) Athens NM, CC 1927 (inv. 5815): AM xix (1894) 346 (Koerte); Daremberg and Saglio, s.v. ‘Histrio’ 221 fig. 3860; Ausonia ii (1907) 173 fig. 25 (Romagnoli); Bieber, , Die Denkmäler zum Theaterwesen im Altertum (1920) pl. 87.1Google Scholar; Bieber, , The History of the Greek and Roman Theater (1939) 92 fig. 136Google Scholar, (1961) 48 fig. 203; Trendall, , Phlyax Vases (1959) 21 no. 14Google Scholar; Corinthian r.f. bell-krater, second quarter of the fourth century.

(v) See n. 45, and plate VII 2.

6 (i) Louvre E 635: Mon Inst vi pl. 33; Pottier, , Vases Antiques du Louvre i (1897) pl. 49Google Scholar; Daremberg and Saglio, s.v. ‘Coena’ 1270 fig. 1690; Swindler, , Ancient Painting (1929) fig. 203Google Scholar; Payne, , Necrocorinthia (1931) no. 780Google Scholar; TEL ii 273D; Majewski, , KMSG 212 fig. 225Google Scholar; Frel, , 'Řecké Vázy (1956) fig. 100Google Scholar; plate VIII 6; Corinthian column-krater, c. 600 B.C.

(ii) Berlin 1915: Gerhard, , Auserlesene griechische Vasenbilder iv (1858) pl. 316.1 and 4Google Scholar; Dedalo vii (1926/7) 410 (Rizzo); Picard, , VP pl. 51.1Google Scholar; Schaal, , Vom Tauschhandel zum Welthandel (1931) pl. 22.1Google Scholar; Majewski, , KMSG 390 fig. 409, 184Google Scholar; Parnicki-Pudelko, , Agora (1957) 61 fig. 25Google Scholar; ABV 377: 247 The Leagros Group; Attic b.f. oinochoe, c. 510 B.C.

(iii) Erlangen inv. 486: AM lxv (1940) pl. 2.2 (Lullies); Rumpf, , MuZ pl. 23.6Google Scholar; Grünhagen, , Antike Originalarbeiten der Kunstsammlung des Instituts (1948) pl. 16Google Scholar; ARV 165: 16 The Syleus painter; Attic r.f. pelike, c. 490 B.C.

(iv) Munich 2347: AM lxv (1940) pl. 2.1 (Lullies); Rumpf, MuZ pl. 23–7Google Scholar; Boeotian r.f. pelike, late archaic.

(v) Lugano, von Schoen: Lullies, , Eine Sammlung griechischer Kleinkunst (1955) pl. 24.62Google Scholar; Attic r.f. lekythos, c. 470 B.C.

(vi) Cefalù, Mandralisca Mus.: Dedaló vii (1926/7) 402 and 408 (Rizzo); Cloché, pl. 36.2; AAN xii (1932) 326 (Pace); Thompson, D'Arcy, A Glossary of Greek Fishes (1947)Google Scholar frontispiece; Pareti, and Griffo, , Das antike Sizilien (n.d.) pl. 163Google Scholar; Bieber, , The History of the Greek and Roman Theater (1961) 106 fig. 414Google Scholar; Campanian r.f. bell-krater, c. 350 B.C.

(vii) Ars Antiqua i (1959) pl. 50.110; Attic b.f. hydria, 500–490 B.C.

7 For the splanchnopts, see JdI xliv (1929) 117–18, esp. n. 1 (Schweitzer, ), JHS lix (1939) 16–17Google Scholar and 20–22 (Beazley), CVA Bonn, text to pl. 34.10 (Greifenhagen). For religious festivals, see a b.f. hydria in the Giulia, Villa (Ann. xxiv–xxvi, n.s. viii–x (1946/1948) 49 fig. 1 and pls. 3–6Google Scholar (Ricci); Rumpf, , MuZ pl. 15.5Google Scholar; Vighi, , The New Museum of Villa Giulia (1958) pl. 41Google Scholar; JHS lxxviii (1958) pl. 2a (Boardman)) and a fragmentary Attic b.f. volute krater in the Acropolis Collection, Athens 654a (Graef, , Die antiken Vasen von der Akropolis zu Athen i pl. 42Google Scholar; BCH lxxix (1955) pl. 9 (Karouzou)).

8 Spartans: Plut. de Esu Carn. i 5; de San. Tuend. 12. Boeotians: Pindar O. vi 90; Plut. de Esu Carn. i 6; Ath. ix 410d, x 417b–418b. Thessalians: Eriphos fr. 6 (Kock ii 430). Sicilians: Plato Rep. 404d; Aristoph. fr. 216 (Kock i 446); Ath. xii 518c. Athenians: Euboulos fr. 9 (Kock ii 167); Plut. Symp. iv 4.2, de San. Tuend. 9; Ath. iv 131. Greeks: Hdt. i 133, vii 102; Antiphanes fr. 172 (Kock ii 81).

9 For eating and eating habits, see Becker, , Charicles (Eng. ed. 1895) 310–32Google Scholar (Excursus 1 to scene VI, The Meals); Glover, T. R., The Challenge of the Greek (1943)Google Scholar ‘Feeding the Athenians’ 86–110; Forbes, R. J., Studies in Ancient Technology iii (1955) 84–105Google Scholar; Singer, C., Holmyard, E. J., Hall, A. R. and Williams, T. I., A History of Technology ii (1956) 103–46Google Scholar (contributed by R. J. Forbes). For the difference between Mycenaean and later diet, see TAPA lxxxix (1958) 44–65 (Howe, ) and BICS viii (1961) 15–22Google Scholar (Richardson). For food in the Bronze Age, see Vickery, K. F., Food in Early Greece (1936).Google Scholar

10 Forbes, op. cit., 97–8 and see n. 7.

11 For ὄψον, see esp. Plato Rep. 372c and The Athenian Agora iii (1957) 194–5 (Wycherley).

12 Lynkeus of Samos ap. Ath. iii 109d, Antiphanes fr. 176 (Kock ii 83), Antiphanes fr. 179 (Kock ii 84).

13 Markets for bread: Aristoph. Vesp. 238, Ran. 858 (Moritz, 34–5 notes that their existence appears not to be known outside Athens. On the evidence of Appendix nos. 1 and 2, they would seem to exist in Boeotia). Bakers: Xen. Mem. ii 7, 3 ff. Thearion: Aristoph. fr. 1 (Kock i 392), Plato, Gorgias 518bGoogle Scholar, Antiphanes fr. 176 (Kock ii 83).

14 Tub and lid: P 4864 and P 11787b. Amyx, pl. 48a and 197 n. 75; pl. 48f and 205 n. 38 (the inventory number there incorrectly cited as P 11007). Some much larger examples of this same general type are also preserved, cf. n. 22 below.

15 For the meaning of these words and of ἄλφιτα and ἄλευρα, see CQ, xliii (1949) 113–17 (Moritz) and Moritz, 149–50.

16 See the Hesperia articles quoted in n. 1 and Pots and Pans, passim.

17 For the latest statement on pot prices, see Amyx, 287–307, with full bibliography.

18 For items kept in the house, see, e.g., Aristoph. Thesm. 419–21 and 486

19 Jars: left, P 20801; right, P 6175.

20 Household lekanides: P 11005, Hesperia xviii (1949) 334, 88; Amyx, 205, n. 35; P 11004, Hesperia xviii (1949) pl. 96.87; Amyx, 205, n. 35 and pl. 48 f.; Pots and Pans, fig. 43; P 11006, Hesperia xviii (1949), 334, 89; Amyx, 205, n. 35.

21 Aristoph. Eg. 1296, Pl. 806, fr. 541 (Kock i 528).

22 Amyx, 195–7; for similar tubs from Corinth, see Hesperia vi (1937) 302 fig. 34, 196–7.

23 Aristoph. Pax 631, and schol.; Suidas; Hesychius; schol. ad Lucian Lex. 145.

24 Ure, P. N. (Origin of Tyranny (1922) 199–207)Google Scholar pointed out three possible representations of the κυψέλη as part of a furnace, two of which are (i) and (ii) below; (iii) and (iv) are also closely connected.

(i) British Museum B 507: Picard, VP pl. 55.3; Cloché, pl. 23.3 and 6; ABV 426: 9 The Keyside Class; Attic b.f. oinochoe, late sixth century B.C.

(ii) Berlin F 2294: FR pl. 135; Buschor, , Griechische Vasenmalerei (1921) 178 fig. 128Google Scholar; Neugebauer, , Führer durch das Antiquarium ii Vasen (1932) pl. 53Google Scholar; Casson, , The Technique of Early Greek Sculpture (1933) fig. 52Google Scholar; Picard, , VP pl. 56. 1Google Scholar; Cloche, pl. 24 and 25.1 Atlas of the Classical World 65 fig. 130; Greifenhagen, , Antike Kunstwerke (1960) pl. 64CrossRefGoogle Scholar; ARV 263.1 The Foundry painter; Attic r.f. cup, c. 490 B.C.

(iii) Oxford 518: JHS xxiv (1904) 305, above; FR iii 81; Richter, , Ancient Furniture (1926) fig. 102Google Scholar; CVA Oxford i (iii) pl. 2 (94) 8; Cloché, pl. 23.5; ARV 231: 22 The Antiphon painter; Attic r.f. cup. c. 480 B.C.

(iv) Agora P 15210: Van Hoorn, , Choes and Anthesteria (1951) fig. 19.227Google Scholar; Webster, , Art and Literature in 4th century Athens (1956) pl. 2Google Scholar; Attic r.f. chous, late fifth century. For a recent discussion of κνψέλη, see AJA lxv (1961) 265 (Kardara).

25 For the coins of Kypsela (and the later coins of Hebryzelmis, Cotys and Cersobleptes which adopted the type), see HN 2 257; BMC Thrace 110 and 202 ff; May, , Ainos (1950) 96 n. 2Google Scholar, and pl. 10. K 1–3.

26 For the connexion of ἀμφορεύς and στάμνος, see Richter, and Milne, , Shapes and Names of Athenian Vases (1935) 8Google Scholar; BCH lxxix (1955) 365 figs. 37–8 and Hesperia xxv (1956) 196 (a sekoma of the first century B.C. found on Thasos); Amyx, 190–5. See now further Grace, V., Amphoras and the Ancient Wine Trade (Agora Picture Book no. 6, 1961).Google Scholar

27 Aristoph. fr. 805 (Kock i 578), Photius s.v. λεκάνη. Another possible name is λεκάνιον: Aristoph. Ach. 1110 and Schol., ad loc. See also Corbett, , Hesperia xviii (1949) 304.Google Scholar

28 For all problems of milling and related subjects I have found Moritz, L. A., Grain-Mills and Flour in Classical Antiquity (1958)Google Scholar of very great value. The following paragraphs have been saved from many errors by his common sense.

29 Quern: ST 243. Grinder: ST 588.

30 For other examples see Hesperia Suppl. iv (1940) 25–8, and 143–4 and fig. 104 (Thompson); Robinson, and Graham, , Excavations at Olynthus viii (1938) 326–7 and pl. 79Google Scholar; Déonna, , Délos xviii (1938) 123–9 and pls. 48–9.Google Scholar

31 E.g., the figures shown in Moritz, pl. 1a and pl. 2a.

32 See Moritz, ch. vii.

33 See Moritz, ch. vi.

34 Now certainly ὕπερον; see Amyx, 238.

35 Grinding-bowls: P 15206; P 9423, Pots and Pans fig. 35, right. Grinders: ST 229, ST 260, ST 320, ST 552, ST 554, ST 641, ST 651.

36 Schol. ad Aristoph. Eq. 984; and the proverb (Zenob. Prov. 3.40).

37 See, e.g., Déonna, , Délos xviii (1938) pl. 46.Google Scholar

38 Round: Aristoph. Nub. 676, Vesp. 924. Stone: Aristoph. Pl. 710, and see Moritz, 22 n. 4.

39 Hesperia xxiii (1954) 109–37 and pls. 25–33 (Weinberg), and see Déonna, , Délos xviii (1938) 109–14.Google Scholar See also Appendix nos. 57–64.

40 Hesiod, Op. 423.

41 Amyx, 239.

42 For vase representations where the pestle is used as a pestle, see n. 5; for other representations, mainly mythological, see JdI xxiii (1908) 79–84 and 181–4 (Kropatscheck), and Amyx, 238 nn. 47–8. The Louvre cup is G 152: Pottier, , Vases Antiques du Louvre iii (1922) pl. 121Google Scholar; FR pl. 25; Pfuhl, MuZ figs. 419–20; Pfuhl, , Masterpieces of Greek Drawing and Painting (1926) pl. 36Google Scholar; REG xlix (1936) pl. 7, fig. 6; TEL iii 18B; Recueil Charles Dugas (1960) pl. 6; ARV 245:1 The Brygos painter.

43 For mortars see Déonna, , Délos xviii (1938) 103–7Google Scholar; Robinson, and Graham, , Olynthus viii (1938) 335–6 and pl. 79Google Scholar; Amyx, 235–8; Moritz, ch. iv.

44 Eranos xliv (1946) 54–5 (Palmer).

45 The lekythos is published by kind permission of Mrs Serpieri. Mrs A. D. Ure first brought this pot to my notice, generously lent me her photographs and supplied me with information about its date and fabric. For the term ‘geometricising’ see Pfuhl, , MuZ i 207Google Scholar; JHS xlix (1929) 160–71, and lv (1935) 227–8 (Ure).

46 Moritz, 24 and nn. 5–8 ad loc.

47 See the terracotta, Appendix no. 3. Etruscans kneading to the flute: Ath. xii 518b and the painting from the Tomba Golini: Poulsen, , Etruscan Tomb Paintings (1922) fig. 33.Google Scholar For music and milling see Moritz, 31 and nn. 2 and 3 ad loc.

48 Amyx, 239–41. Amyx notes the similarity between the standed kardopos and the louterion which appear in successive entries on the Attic Stelai.

49 The fact that at Aristoph. Nub. 669 the roundness of the κάρδοηος is stressed should mean that this was not always the shape. Μάκτρα could mean bath and sarcophagus as well as kneading-trough, see CPh iv (1909) 203–4 (Johnson, )Google Scholar; RA xxix–xxx (1948) 162–5 (Chantraine, )Google Scholar; Amyx, 240, n. 59. For representation of a kneading-trough later than the terracottas see two early third-century Megarian bowls, Louvre CA 936, Athens National Museum 11797, replicas from the same mould: AE 1914, 51 fig. 3 (Versakis, )Google Scholar; AE 1917, 151–7 (Kourouniotis, )Google Scholar; Courby, , Les Vases Grecs à reliefs (1922) 300 no. 27 and 301 fig. 56Google Scholar; AJA xli (1937) 88–9 (Rostovtzeff, )Google Scholar; Frel, 'Řecké Vázy (1956) fig. 179Google Scholar; Moritz, 13 fig. 1; Hausmann, , Hell. Reliefbecher pls. 18, 19, 20.2Google Scholar (HB 8a, b).

50 UCMA 8/4583: AJA xlix (1945) 509 figs. 1–4 The Geras painter (Amyx), cf. Athens, Akr. 1525: Graef-Langlotz, i pl. 82.

51 Schol. ad Aristoph. Nub. 669 translates κάρδοπος by σκαφίδιον; Schol. ad Aristoph. Pl. 545 translates μάκτρα by σκάφη and θυεία ἐπιμήκης; Aristoph. fr. 417 (Kock i 500) mentions σκαφίδας and μάκτρας together and σκάφη is mentioned a number of times in connexion with kneading: EM 803; Pollux i 245, vi 64, vii 22. Pollux i 245 gives θνία as a synonym for κάρδοπος.

52 Aristoph. Eq. 413–16; Pollux vi 93.

53 Polemon fr. 77, Preller ap. Ath. ix 409d; Pollux vi 93; Hesychius s.v.

54 Oven: P 14165. Brazier: P 2116. Both: Pots and Pans fig. 37. For bread, see Eranos Vindobonensis 1893, 372 ff. (Benndorf), dated but still useful.

55 Hdt. v 92 η, Aristoph. Av. 436, Pl. 815, Antiphanes fr. 176 (Kock ii 83).

56 Another representation of a small figure, here at a kiln, is to be seen on a fragmentary Corinthian b.f. pinax in Berlin (frr. 683, 757, 822, 829: AD ii pl. 39.12; Festschrift für Otto Benndorf (1898) 75 (Pernice); Harrison, , Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion (1903) 191Google Scholar, fig. 31).

57 Baking covers: P 10133; P 8862, Pots and Pans fig. 36.

58 Aristoph. Nub. 96 and Schol. ad loc; cf. Av. 1001 and CQ xxxi (1937) 25 (Wycherley).

59 Or testum: Cato R.R. 76. 2, 76. 4, 84. 2, Pliny xxx 39; tegula: Ovid Fasti vi 316; testa: Seneca Ep. xc 23.

60 This method of baking is still found today in the Balkans, (The Listener lvi, no. 1435 (September 27, 1956) 464–5).Google Scholar In the summer of 1959, a metal object, the shape of which was that of the πνιγεύς, was seen at Loutsa on the east coast of Attica. It was there used for cooking meat, being hung over a dug-out hollow filled with coals.

61 Moritz, xxi–xxii and 150 with refs. ad locc.

62 Barley-parcher: P 4462, Pots and Pans fig. 40 left, at back.

63 φρύγετρον: Polyzel. fr. 6 (Kock i 791); Pollux i 246.σείσων: Alexis fr. 134 (Kock ii 345); Axionicus fr. 7 (Kock ii 415); Pollux vii 181; Hesychius s.v.

64 Lekanai: P 25757, Pots and Pans fig.22, right; P 13016;P 6151.

65 Amyx, 202–5, where the references are given. The lekane is frequently represented on vases (e.g., Pots and Pans figs. 12, 19 and 21), but has usually been described as a krater.

66 ὀπτᾶν: Hdt. i 119, ix 120; Aristoph. Av. 1690, fr. 627 (Kock i 548); Euboulos fr. 120 (Kock ii 207).

67 Escharai: P 2116 (see n. 54), P 2362, Hesperia iv (1935) 515 fig. 27, 82; Amyx, 230 n. 94. The evidence for applying the name to this shape is set out by Amyx, 229–31.

68 Rectangular grill, P 26165 and circular grill, P 26166: both, Pots and Pans fig. 45; Hesperia xxviii (1959) pl. 22e and 100, n. 21. Frying-pan, P 21945: Hesperia xxii (1953) pl. 36.119; Pots and Pans fig. 40 right, at back. No satisfactory name has, as yet, been found for the grill, γαστρότντης, suggested by Amyx, 232, is a doubtful candidate. Perhaps this too was an eschara. Other grills are: Agora P 8305 (Amyx, pl. 49d), one from Olympia (Kunze, E. and Schlief, H., IV Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Olympia 1940–1941 (1944) 103 figs. 87–8Google Scholar, one from Delos, B 3879 (Déonna, , Délos xviii (1938) 229 fig. 254 and pl. 630Google Scholar, of lead, and see ibid., 228 nn. 6–7 for refs.).

69 τάγηνον: Aristoph. Eq. 929; Plato Com. fr. 173 (Kock i 646); Euboulos fr. 109 (Kock ii 203) and cf. Ath. vi 228d.

70 Aristoph. Ach. 669, 888; Euboulos fr. 75 (Kock ii 190).

71 ἕψειν: Hdt. i 48, i 119, iv 61; Aristoph. Vesp. 239, 280, Ec. 845.

72 Hydria: P 20558, Pots and Pans fig. 15, right. Kados: P 1207.

73 ὑδρία and κάλπις are interchangeable, see Aristoph. Lys. 328, 358, 370. ὑδρία appears retrograde on the François vase (ABV 67: 1). See Fölzer, , Die Hydria (1906) passimGoogle Scholar; Richter, and Milne, , Shapes and Names of Athenian Vases (1935) 11–12Google Scholar; Amyx, 200–1 and refs. ad loc.

74 κάδος: Aristoph. Ec. 1002–4; Men. Dysk. 190, 576, 582, 626. See RA 1933 i 154–62 (Philippart); Caskey, and Beazley, , Attic Vase-Paintings in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston ii (1954) 34–6Google Scholar; Amyx, 186–90. Amyx, 188–9, notes the absence of the kados from Agora deposits of the later fifth and fourth centuries, and suggests that this may be due to a more extensive use of metal vessels, which have not survived. There is no real evidence to this effect however, and little to suggest that bronze pots were a significant part of the normal equipment of the average household of classical Greek times. The absence of water pots from Agora well-fillings of the later fifth and fourth centuries seems more probably due to the fact that few ‘use-fillings’ of this period have been dug, and those very scanty.

75 Jug: P 23184.

76 Chytrai (in order of size): P 21947, Hesperia xxii (1953) pl. 35.115; Amyx, pl. 48h and 212, n. 88. P 20813, Pots and Pans fig. 40, left. P 24913. P 23188, Pots and Pans fig. 62. P 24864. P 19845.

77 χύτρα: the word is painted on a chytra in Corinth, C 48–65: Hesperia xviii (1949) pl. 16.15 and 16, right (Weinberg; name read by Lang); Amyx, 211–12. It is represented twice on red-figured vases:

(i) Warsaw Nat. Mus. inv. 142290: Gaz. Arch. ix (1884) pls. 44–6; de Witte, , Description des Collections d'antiquités conservées à l'Hôtel Lambert (1886) pl. 22Google Scholar; Cook, , Zeus i (1914), 424 fig. 305Google Scholar; Picard, , VP pl. 15.3Google Scholar; Daremberg and Saglio, s.v. ‘Dios Kodion’ 265 fig. 2450, s.v. ‘Lustratio’ 1410 fig. 4686; CVA Goluchow (i) pl. 32 (32) 3a; ARV 376: 62 The Leningrad painter; Attic r.f. hydria, c. 460 B.C.

(ii) Oxford 521: AdI 1865 pls. P–Q; JHS xxiv (1904) 307; CVA Oxford i (iii) pl. 26 (118) 2–3; ARV 323: 5 Early work of Hermonax?; Attic r.f. stamnos, c. 470 B.C.

78 Aristoph. Eg. 1174, Av. 78, Ran. 983, Ec. 1092, Pl. 673, 683, 686; fr. 591 (Kock i 542).

79 Barrel cooker: P 17822. Chytra: P 18532. Both: Pots and Pans fig. 44, centre.

80 Chytra and cooking-stand: P 23189, Pots and Pans fig. 40, second from right. P 8396, Hesperia Suppl. ii 191 fig. 141, C 165 (Young); The Athenian Agora viii, Late Geometric and Protoattic Pottery, pl. 11.211 (Brann). Tripod-casserole: P 13710. Chytra and cooking-stand: P 25007 and P 25008. Both: Hesperia xxv (1956) pl. 17b; Pots and Pans fig. 42.

81 See Studies presented to D. M. Robinson i (1951) 106–7 and pl. 3c–d (Harland, )Google Scholar; and Mylonas, , Aghios Kosmas (1959) figs. 172–3.Google Scholar

82 Tripod cooking pots are well known in Mycenaean contexts: see, e.g., those from the North Slope of the Acropolis, , Hesperia viii (1939) 398–9Google Scholar fig. 81 (Broneer). It is difficult to tell in some of the terracottas (e.g., Appendix nos. 66 and 67) whether the legs on which the pots stand are separate or attached.

83 Amyx, 197 n. 74, 210 n. 76 and pl. 49e. That the lopas had a lid is suggested by the combination of the word πνίγω with it at Aristoph. Vesp. 511.

84 Lopas and variants: P 8875, Archaeology x (1957) 193. P 13564. P 25771, Pots and Pans fig. 39, right.

85 Lopades and braziers: Deep lopas, P 21948, Hesperia xxii (1953) pl. 36.112. Brazier, P 21958, Hesperia xxii (1953) pl. 36.123; Archaeology x (1957) 197; Amyx, pl. 49b and 230, n. 96. Shallow lopas, P 14655. Brazier, P 16521. Both: Pots and Pans fig. 44, left.

86 Hellenistic brazier: P 7039. The handles have been restored wrongly and should curve inwards more tightly.

87 For a discussion of this type of brazier, see JdI v (1890) 118–41 (Conze, )Google Scholar; JdI vi (1891) 110–24 (Furtwängler, )Google Scholar; Jdl viii (1893) 218–29 (Mayer, )Google Scholar; BCH xxix (1905) 373–404 (Mayence, )CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hesperia iii (1934) 420–1 and 466–8 (Thompson, ).Google Scholar

88 Roman bräzier: P 14122, The Athenian Agora v, Pottery of the Roman Period, Chronology (1959) 34–5 and pl. 38. G 123 (Robinson, ).Google Scholar

89 Classical brazier: P 19598. The modern brazier is housed in the Stoa of Attalos; cf. JdI xii (1897) 162 fig. 2; Antiquity xii (1938) 470 and pl. 4, right.

90 Only metal ladles have been studied, see Journal of the Walters Art Gallery v (1942) 40–55, with full notes (Hill). The usual name was κύαθος, and two ladles have incised on them, one of the fifth century in Königsberg (inv. F 28: Lullies, , Antike Kleinkunst in Königsberg Pr. (1937) pl. 31.192)Google Scholar the name κάθος, the other in private possession in America, of the third century (AJA xlvii (1943) 209 ff.) the name κύαθος. See also, Robinson, , Olynthus x (1941) 194–8Google Scholar and pl. 50 with refs.

91 Ladle and jugs: above, P 18899, P 4739, P 19701; centre, ladle, P 10082 + 24190; below, P 12785, P 2361, Hesperia iv (1935) 494, no. 75.

92 The modem term, askos, has no ancient justification. See, for the finer ones, AJA xxv (1921) 325–36 (Beazley, )CrossRefGoogle Scholar, for all shapes, AA 1929 cols. 235–66 (Waldauer, )Google Scholar, and for the larger and coarser ones, Hesperia iv (1935) 495, 75 and 512 (Talcott, ).Google Scholar

93 Strainer: P 16387, Amyx, pl. 49g and 262, n. 46.

94 Journal of the Walters Art Gallery v (1942) 40–55 (Hill, )Google Scholar; Amyx, 259–64; Moritz, 159–63.

95 Amyx, 255–9. The three representations are mentioned by Amyx, 258–9.

96 τυρόκνηστις: Aristoph. Vesp. 938, 963, Av. 1579, Lys. 231–2, fr. 7 (Kock i 394); Pollux x 104. See Appendix nos. 54 and 56 for representations. Jacobsthal, (AM lxii (1932) 1–7)Google Scholar collects some actual cheese graters. See also Robinson, , Olynthus x (1941) 191–4 and pls. 48–9.Google Scholar

97 For meat-hooks (ancient name κρέαγραι, see Schol. ad Aristoph. Eq. 772), see Richter, , Greek, Etruscan and Roman Bronzes in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (1915) 236–7, no. 665Google Scholar; Beazley, and Magi, , Raccolta Guglielmi (1939) 213 ff., nn. 86–8, pl. 63 and bibl.Google Scholar; Robinson, , Olynthus x (1941) 198 and pl. 50Google Scholar and see text for list of others. A representation of this implement can be seen on a red-figure stamnos, Berlin 2188 (Jacobsthal, , Ornamente griechischer Vasen (1927) pl. 96aGoogle Scholar; Neugebauer, , Führer durch das Antiquarium ii Vasen (1932) pl. 57Google Scholar; ARV 192: 1 The Hephaisteion painter; early fifth century B.C.).

98 See n. 6(i); for other representations of cleavers, see n. 6(ii)–(vi) and Appendix no. 65.

99 For a good general resumé of knowledge up to 1938, see RE Suppl. vii cols. 224–78 (Robinson). What can be done with small evidence, modern analogies and sound surmise is shown in BCH lxxx (1956) 483–506 (Svoronos-Hadjimichaelis, )CrossRefGoogle Scholar on chimneys and kitchens.

100 For the use of walls, shelves and cupboards, see AJA xlix (1945) 513 (Amyx, )Google Scholar and Collection Latomus xxviii (1957) 420 ff. (Richter, ).Google Scholar