초록
This paper uses a survey of North Korean refugees to investigate the evolution of informal economic activities of North Korean households. We find little evidence of increases in informal economic activities in terms of the aggregate participation rate in the informal economy from 1996 to 2009. However, service and manufacturing activities in the informal economy increased during 2005–2009 at the sacrifice of informal agricultural activities. Evidence shows that labor productivity has improved in the informal service sector, whereas the informal manufacturing sector has not experienced increases in productivity. These results imply that expansion of the informal service sector contributes to North Korea’s economic growth, but the lack of private property rights constrains the development of manufacturing.
키워드
North Korea, Informal economic activities, Labor productivity, Propensity score matching model
참고문헌(33)
-
[보고서] Central Bureau of Statistics / 2009 / Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 2008 Population Census National Report
-
[보고서] Easterly, William / 1994 / Services as a Major Source of Growth in Russia and Other Former Soviet States
-
[단행본] Ghani, Ejaz / 2010 / The Service Revolution in South Asia / Oxford University Press
-
[단행본] Ghani, Ejaz / 2010 / The Service Revolution in South Asia / Oxford University Press
-
[학술대회] Grossman, Gregory / 1987 / Roots of Gorbachev’s Problems: Private Income and Outlay in the Late 1970s / Joint Economic Committee, US Congress, US Government Printing Office
-
[단행본] Grossman, Gregory / 1998 / The Tunnel at the End of the Light: Privatization, Business Networks, and Economic Transformation in Russia / University of California Press : 24 ~ 50
-
[기타] Haggard, Stephen / 2009 / Repression and Punishment in North Korea: Survey Evidence of Prison Camp Experiences / MPRA Chapter No. 17705
-
[학술지] Joung, Eun Lee / 2014 / Studies on the Development of North Korean Market-Focusing on the Process of Ratification of the Authorities about the People’s Pressure over the Control and Relaxation / EXIM North Korean Economic Review
-
[학술지] 김병로 / 2012 / 북한의 분절화된 시장화와 정치사회적 함의 / 북한연구학회보 16 (1) : 93 ~ 121
-
[학술지] Kim, Byung-Yeon / 2003 / Informal Economy Activities of Soviet Households:Size and Dynamics / Journal of Comparative Economics 31 (3) : 532 ~ 551
-
[단행본] Kim, Byung-Yeon / 2009 / North Korean Economy and Society after the July 1st Economic Management Improvement Measures / Hanul
-
[단행본] Kim, Byung-Yeon / 2013 / Handbook of the Russian Economy / Oxford University Press
-
[학술지] 김병연 / 2008 / The Participation of North Korean Households in the Informal Economy: Size, Determinants, and Effect / Seoul Journal of Economics 21 (2) : 361 ~ 385
-
[단행본] Kim, Byung-Yeon / 2012 / Markets and the State in the North Korean Economy / Seoul National University Press
-
[학술지] Kim, Byung-Yeon / 2011 / The Informal Economy and Bribery in North Korea / Asian Economic Papers 10 (3) : 104 ~ 117
-
[보고서] Kim, Suk-Jin / 2014 / The Growth of Informal Economy in North Korea
-
[보고서] Kim, Younghoon / 2014 / Statistics on North Korean Agriculture and Food
-
[보고서] Lee, Suk / 2009 / Size, Trend and Structure of Market in North Korea
-
[보고서] Lee, Seog-Ki / 2014 / Analysis on the Markets of North Korea
-
[보고서] Lee, Seog-Ki / 2013 / Analysis of North Korea’s Economic Issues
-
[학술지] Lee, Young-Hoon / 2006 / The Status of North Korea-China Trade and Its Impact on North Korean Economy / Finance and Economic Studies (246)
-
[보고서] Lee, Young-Hoon / 2007 / A Survey of North Korean Economic Conditions Using Data from Refugees’ Survey
-
[기타] Leuven, Edwin / 2003 / PSMATCH2: Stata Module to Perform Full Mahalanobis and Propensity Score Matching, Common Support Graphing, and Covariate Imbalance Testing. Statistical Software Components S432001 / Boston College Department of Economics
-
[보고서] Lim, Kang-Taek / 2009 / A Study on the Marketization of the North Korean Economy
-
[보고서] McMillan, Margaret S. / 2014 / What is Driving the ‘African Growth Miracle’?
-
[보고서] Noland, Marcus / 2012 / Developing the Service Sector as Engine of Growth for Asia: An Overview
-
[단행본] Ofer, Gur / 1992 / Private Sources of Income of the Soviet Urban Household. The Soviet Household under the Old Regime:Economic Conditions and Behavior in the 1970s / Cambridge University Press
-
[학술지] Oh, Gyeong Seob / 2013 / The Formation and Development of the North Korean Market: Focusing on Features and Political effects of Marketization / Sejong Policy Studies 22
-
[보고서] Park, Donghyun / 2012 / The Service Sector in Asia: Is It an Engine of Growth?
-
[단행본] Solnick, Steven / 1998 / Stealing the State: Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions / Harvard University Press
-
[단행본] Treml, Vladimir G. / 1994 / The Postcommunist Economic Transformation / Westview Press : 221 ~ 247
-
[단행본] Wintrobe, Ronald / 1998 / The Political Economy of Dictatorship / Cambridge University Press
-
[단행본] Yang, Moon-Soo / 2010 / The Marketization in North Korean Economy / Hanul