Skip to main content
Log in

Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Ischaemia

Relationship to Serum Potassium and Magnesium

  • Section 1: Cardiac Risks and the Impact of Diuretics: A Clinical View
  • Published:
Drugs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Alterations in serum electrolytes may frequently accompany ischaemic heart disease. Many of these patients are hypertensive and receive diuretic therapy which results in chronic lowering of serum potassium and magnesium. In addition, acute catecholamine-induced shifts of potassium into cells may also occur in the setting of acute myocardial ischaemia.

An association between low serum potassium concentrations and ventricular arrhythmias has been observed by a number of investigators in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The increased frequency of ventricular fibrillation with low serum potassium concentrations is particularly relevant as this arrhythmia is associated with poor prognosis, even in the setting of a coronary care unit Ventricular fibrillation also occurs with increased frequency in patients with angina who have low serum potassium levels.

The possibility that low serum potassium concentrations may be a risk factor in the increased incidence of sudden death in such patients should be considered. Diuretic-induced magnesium deficiency may be yet another factor favouring the emergence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with ischaemic heart disease.

While such electrolyte disturbances do not account for all of the ventricular irritability seen in patients with ischaemic heart disease, they represent easily identifiable and treatable risk factors. Primary prevention of these electrolyte disturbances in patients at risk for coronary ischaemia is recommended.

Résumé

Des modifications du taux sérique des électrolytes accompagnent souvent l’ischémie myocardique. La plupart des malades sont hypertendus et traités pur des diurétiques qui entraînent une perte du potassium et du magnésium. De plus, la réaction adrénergique qui accompagne le début d’une ischémie myocardique aiguë induit une inversion brutale du potassium intracellulaire.

L’association d’un potassium sérique diminué et d’arythmies ventriculaires a souvent été notée par les cliniciens lors de la phase aiguë de l’infarctus du myocarde. La plus grande fréquence des fibrillations ventriculaires quand la kaliémie est basse est un fait particulièrement intéressant eu égard au mauvais pronostic de ce type d’arythmie même en unité de soins intensifs spécialisée. La fibrillation ventriculaire survient également avec une plus grande fréquence chez les angineux qui ont un taux sérique de potassium bas.

Ce paramètre biologique pourrait donc être un facteur de risque de mort subite. Les diurétiques qui provoquent une perte de magnésium pourraient également être un facteur favorisant la survenue d’arythmies ventriculaires dans les ischémies myocardiques.

Bien que les désordres électrolytiques ne rendent pas compte à eux seuls de l’augmentation de l’excitabilité myocardique observée dans l’ischémie, la facilité avec laquelle on peut en faire à la fois le diagnostic et la correction en font des paramètres qu’on doit penser à évaluer chez les patients à risque de maladie coronarienne.

Zusammenfassung

Veränderungen der Serumelektrolyte können bei ischämischer Herzkrankheit häufig sein. Viele dieser Patienten sind hypertensiv und erhalten eine zu einer chronischen Erniedrigung von Kalium und Magnesium im Serum führende diuretische Therapie. Auβerdem können auch Katecholamin-induzierte Kalium-Verschiebungen in die Zellen beim Auftreten von Myokardischämien erfolgen.

Eine Assoziation zwischen niedrigen Serum-Kaliumkonzentrationen und ventrikulären Arrhythmien wurde von einer Anzahl von Untersuchern bei Patienten mit akutem Herzinfarkt festgestellt. Die höhere Häufigkeit von Kammerflimmern bei niedrigen Serum-Kaliumkonzentrationen ist besonders relevant, da diese Arrhythmien selbst auf koronaren Intensivstationen mit einer schlechten Prognose verbunden sind. Kammerflimmern tritt auch mit erhöhter Häufigkeit bei Patienten mit Angina pectoris auf, die niedrige Serum-Kaliumspiegel haben. Die Möglichkeit, daβ niedrige Serum-Kaliumkonzentrationen einen Risikofaktor für das gesteigerte Auftreten von plötzlichem Herztod bei solchen Patienten darstellen können, sollte in Betracht gezogen werden. Ein Diuretika-induzierter Magnesiummangel kann ein weiterer Faktor sein, der das Auftreten von Kammerflimmern bei Patienten mit ischämischer Herzkrankheit begünstigt.

Wenn auch Elektrolytstörungen nicht für jede Art von gesteigerter ventrikulärer Erregbarkeit verantwortlich sind, stellen sie doch leicht erkennbare und behandelbare Risikofaktoren dar. Die primäre Verhütung dieser Elektrolytstörungen bei Patienten mit dem Risiko einer Koronarischämie ist zu empfehlen.

Sommario

Alterazioni degli elettroliti plasmatici possono frequentemente accompagnare una cardiopatia ischemica. Molti di questi pazienti sono ipertesi in terapia diuretica e quest’ultima comporta una riduzione cronica dei livelli plasmatici di potassio e di magnesio. Inoltre, in corso di ischemia miocardica acuta, si può verificare anche una variazione acuta del potassio intracellulare catecolamine-indotta.

Numerosi ricercatori hanno osservato una correlazione fra basse concentrazioni di potassio e aritmie ventricolari in pazienti con infarto miocardico acuto. La maggiore frequenza di episodi di fibrillazione ventricolare in presenza dì basse concentrazioni plasmatiche di potassio è un dato di particolare interesse, dal momento che quest interesse aritma si associa ad una cattiva prognosi, anche nell’ambito di una unità di terapia intensiva coronarica. La fibrillazione ventricolare inoltre si verifica con una maggiore frequenza nei pazienti anginosi con bassi livelli di potassiemia. Dovrebbe essere considerata la possibilità che basse concentrazioni plasmatiche di potassio siano un fattore di rischio, data la maggiore incidenza di morte improvvisa in tali pazienti. Una carenza di magnesio diuretico-indotta potrebbe rappresentare un ulteriore fattore favorente il verificarsi di aritmie ventricolari in pazienti con cardiopatia ischemica. Anche se tali alterazioni elettrolitiche non possono spiegare completamente l’ipereccitabilità ventricolare osservata in pazienti con cardiopatia ischemica, esse rappresentano fattori di rischio di facile identificazione e terapia. Si raccomanda una prevenzione primaria di tali alterazioni elettrolitiche in pazienti a rischio per ischemia coronarica.

Resumen

Las alteraciones en los electrolitos śericos acompañan frecuentemente a la cardiopatía isquémica. Muchos de estos pacientes son hipertensos y, por tanto, son sometidos a tratamiento con diuréticos, lo cual lleva a que se registren niveles séricos de potasio y magnesio crónicamente bajos. A esto se añade que en el contexto de la isquemia miocárdica aguda pueden producirse también desplazamientos agudos, inducidos por catecolaminas, de potasio al interior de las células.

Diversos investigadores han observado en pacientes de infarto agudo de miocardio la asociación entre concentraciones séricas bajas de potasio y la aparición de arritmias ventriculares. La mayor frecuencia de fibrilación ventricular concomitante a concentraciones bajas de potasio reviste una particular importancia, dado que este tipo de arritmia implica un mal pronóstico, incluso en el ambiente de una unidad de cuidados coronarios. La fibrilación ventricular también se présenta con mayor frecuencia en pacientes con angina que tienen niveles séricos bajos de potasio.

Debe considerarse la posibilidad de que las concentraciones séricas bajas de potasio sean un factor de riesgo en relación con la mayor frecuencia de muerte súbita en tales pacientes. También el déficit de magnesio inducido por los diuréticos puede ser otro factor que favorezca la presentación de arritmias ventriculares en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica.

Si bien tales alteraciones electrolíticas no son las únicas responsables de la irritabilidad ventricular observada en pacientes de cardiopatía isquémica, sí son factores de riesgo de fácil detección y tratamiento. La prevención primaria de estas alteraciones electroliticas es aconsejable en los pacientes con riesgo de isquemia coronaria.

Resumo

As doenças cardiacas isquêmicas podem ocorrer frequentemente acompanhadas de alterações nos eletrólitos contidos no sero. Muitos dos pacientes de doença cardíaca isquémica são hipertensos e recebem tratamento à base de diuréticos, o que resulta numa baixa crônica da concentração de potássio e magnésio no sero. Além disso, a deslocação aguda de potássio para o interior das células —o que é induzido por catecolaminas —também pode ocorrer na presença de uma isquemia aguda do miocárdio.

Diversos investigadores puderam observar uma associação entre concentrações baixas de potássio e arritmias ventriculares, em pacientes de enfarte agudo do miocárdio. A maior ocorrência de fibrilaçào ventricular junto com concentrações baixas de potássio no sero é particularmente relevante visto que esta arritmia está associada a uma previsào deficiente, mesmo no quadro de um centro de tratamento intensivo. A fibrilação ventricular também ocorre com maior freqü’ência em pacientes com agina que têm concentrações de potássio no sero baixas.

A possibilidade de que as baixas concentrações de potássio no sero possam constituir um fator de risco para uma maior incidência de mortes súbitas em tais pacientes deve ser considerada. A deficiência de magnésio induzida por diuréticos pode constituir um outro fator favorável à emergência de arritmias ventriculares em pacientes com doença cardíaca isquémica.

Mesmo não respondendo pelo total da irritabilidade ventricular verificada em pacientes com doença cardíaca isquémica, estes distúrbios eletrolíticos representam fatores de risco facilmente identificáveis e tratáveis. Recomenda-se a prevenção primária destes distúrbios eletrolíticos em pacientes com doença cardíaca isquémica.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abraham, A.S.; Eylath, U.: Weinstein, M. and Czaczkes, E.: Serum magnesium levels in patients with acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 296: 862–863 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, T.W.; Leriche, W.H.; Mackay, J.S.: Sudden death and ischemic heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine 280: 805–807 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beta-blocker Heart Attack Trial Research Group: A randomized trial of propranolol in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Journal of the American Medical Association 247: 1707–1714 (1982).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bodenheimer, M.M. and Helfant, R.H.: Coronary heart disease and sudden death; Helfant (Ed.) Bellet’s Essentials of Cardiac Arrhythmias, p.211 (W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D.F.; McGandy, R.B.; Gillie, E. and Doyle, J.T.: Magnesium-lipid relations in health and in patients with myocardial infarction. Lancet 2: 933–935 (1958).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M.J.; Brown, D.C. and Murray, M.B.: Hypokalaemia from beat2-receptor stimulation by circulating epinephrine. New England Journal of Medicine 309: 1414–1419 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chadda, K.D.; Lichstein, E. and Gupta, P.: Hypomagnesemia and refractory cardiac arrhythmia in a nondigitalized patient. American Journal of Cardiology 31: 98–100 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Challoner, D.R. and Steinberg, D.: Effect of free fatty acid on the oxygen consumption of the perfused rat heart. American Journal of Physiology 210: 280–286 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb, L.A.; Werner, J.A. and Trobaugh, G.B.: Sudden cardiac death. Modern Concepts of Cardiovascular Disease 49: 31–42 (1980).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crawford, T. and Crawford, M.D.: Prevalence and pathological changes of ischemic heart disease in a hard water and in a soft water area. Lancet 1: 229–237 (1967).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniell, H.W.: Arrhythmias in hypokalemia. New England Journal of Medicine 284: 1385 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke, M.: Thiazide-induced hypokalemia. Association with acute myocardial infarction and ventricular fibrillation. Journal of the American Medical Association 239: 43–45 (1978).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyckner, T.: Serum magnesium in acute myocardial infarction. Acta Medica Scandinavica 207: 59–66 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyckner, T.; Helmers, C.; Lundman, T. and Wester, P.O.: Initial serum potassium level in relation to early complications and prognosis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Acta Medica Scandinavica 197: 207–210 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyckner, T. and Wester, P.O.: Ventricular extrasystoles and intracellular electrolytes before and after potassium and magnesium infusions in patients on diuretic treatment. American Heart Journal 97: 12–18 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, G.F.; Hurst, J.W. and Schlant, R.C.: ‘Polarizing’ solutions in patients with acute myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal 75: 319–324 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, R.M. and Becker, L.C.: Pathogenesis of angina pectoris. Archives of Internal Medicine 142: 1637 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghani, M.F. and Rabah, M.: Effect of magnesium chloride on electrical stability of the heart. American Heart Journal 94: 600–602 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, A. and Tonks, R.S.: Platelets, magnesium and myocardial infarction. Lancet 1: 1044–1046 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hulting, J.: In-hospital ventricular fibrillation and its relation to serum potassium. Acta Medica Scandinavica 647(Suppl.): 109–116 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hyatt, K.H.; Levy, L.; Nichaman, M. and Oscherwitz, M.: Relationship of serum magnesium levels to serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and to myocardial infarction. Applied Spectroscopy 20: 142–145 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iseri, L.T.; Freed, J. and Bures, A.R.: Magnesium deficiency and cardiac disorders. American Journal of Medicine 58: 837–846 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannel, W.B.; Gordon, T. and Castelli, W.P.: Electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of coronary heart disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 72: 813–822 (1970).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, P.; Jacob, E.; Dong, S. and Khoo, O.: Values for tissue magnesium as a guide in detecting magnesium deficiency. Journal of Clinical Pathology 22: 417–421 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loeb, H.S.; Pietras, R.J.; Gunnar, R.M. and Tobin, J.R.: Paroxysmal ventricular fibrillation in two patients with hypomagnesemia. Circulation 37: 210–215 (1968).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lown, B.; Verrier, R.L. and Rabinowitz, S.H.: Neural and psychologic mechanisms and the problem of sudden cardiac death. American Journal of Cardiology 39: 890–902 (1977).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McDaniel, H.G.; Papapietro, S.E.; Rogers, W.J.; Mantle, J.A.; Smith, L.R.; Russell, R.O. and Rackley, CE.: Glucose-insulin-potassium induced alterations in individual plasma free fatty acids in patients with acute myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal 102: 10–15 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medical Research Council (MRC) Working Party on the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction: Potassium, glucose, and insulin treatment for acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 2: 1355–1360 (1968).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitra, B.: Potassium, glucose and insulin in treatment of myocardial infarction. Lancet 2: 607–609 (1965).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, L.A.; Hallman, E.T. and Sholl, L.B.: Cardiovascular and other lesions in calves fed diets low in magnesium. Archives of Pathology 26: 820–838 (1938).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nath, K.; Sikka, K.K. and Sur, B.K.: Serum magnesium in clinical and experimental myocardial infarction. Indian Journal of Medical Research 57: 317–323 (1969).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nayler, W.G.: The heart cell: Some metabolic aspects of cardiac arrhythmias. Acta Medica Scandinavica 647(Suppl.): 17–31 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordrehaug, J.E.: Malignant arrhythmias in relation to serum potassium values in patients with an acute myocardial infarction. Acta Medica Scandinavica 647(Suppl.): 101–107 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norwegian Multicenter Study Group: Timolol-induced reduction in mortality and reinfarction in patients surviving acute myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 304: 801–807 (1981).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Opie, L.H.; Muller, C.A. and Lubbe, W.F.: Cyclic AMP and arrhythmias revisited. Lancet 2: 921–923 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pentecost, B.; Mayne, N.M.C. and Lamb, P.: Controlled trial of intravenous glucose, potassium, and insulin in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 1: 946–948 (1968).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, B.; Christiansen, C. and Transbol, I.: Blood minerals in cardiac emergencies. Danish Medical Bulletin 25: 116–118 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rackley, C.E.; Russell, R.O.; Rogers, W.J.; Mantle, J.A.; McDaniel, H.G. and Papapietro, S.E.: Clinical experience with glucose-insulin-potassium therapy in acute myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal 102: 1038–1049 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, W.J.; Segall, P.H.; McDaniel, H.G.; Mantle, J.A.; Russell, R.O. and Rackley, C.E.: Prospective randomized trial of glucose-insulin-potassium in acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 43: 801–809 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruberman, W.; Weinblatt, E.; Goldberg, J.D.; Frank, C.W.; Chaudhary, B.S. and Shapiro, S.: Ventricular premature complexes and sudden death after myocardial infarction. Circulation 64: 297–305 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seelig, M.S. and Heggtveit, H.A.: Magnesium interrelationships in ischemic heart disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 27: 59–79 (1974).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shils, M.E.: Experimental human magnesium depletion. Medicine 48: 61–83 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sodi-Pallares, D.; Testelli, M.R.; Fishleder, B.L.; Bisteni, A.; Medrano, G.A.; Friedland, D. and DeMicheli, A.: Effects of an intravenous infusion of a potassium-glucose-insulin solution on the electrocardiographic signs of myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology 9: 166–181 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, R.J. and Cole, A.G.: Importance of potassium in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Acta Medica Scandinavica 647(Suppl.): 87–93 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steiness, E.: Diuretics, digitalis and arrhythmias. Acta Medica Scandinavica 647(Suppl.): 75–78 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Struthers, A.D.; Reid, J.I.; Whitesmith, M.B. and Rodger, J.C.: The effect of cardioselective and nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blockade on the hypokalemic and cardiovascular responses to adrenomedullary hormones in man. Clinical Science 64: 143–147 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama, S.; Miyazaki, Y.; Kotaka, K.; Kato, T.; Suzuki, S. and Ozawa, T.: Mechanism of free fatty acid-induced arrhythmias. Journal of Electrocardiology 15: 227–232 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundstedt, C.D.; Sylven, C. and Mogensen, L.: Glucose-insulin-potassium-albumin infusion in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction. Acta Medica Scandinavica 210: 67–71 (1981).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szekely, P. and Wynne, N.A.: The effect of magnesium on cardiac arrhythmia caused by digitalis. Clinical Science 10: 241–247 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R.G. and Cobb, L.A,: Hypokalemia after resuscitation from out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Journal of the American Medical Association 248: 2860–2863 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Solomon, R.J. Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Ischaemia. Drugs 28 (Suppl 1), 66–76 (1984). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198400281-00007

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198400281-00007

Keywords

Navigation