초록

Sufism has been one of the dominant trends in Punjabi culture and literature. Although the basic concepts arrived in India from the Arab lands, Persia and Turkey, it took its own form in India, particularly in the Punjabi speaking region. The present paper intends to focus on the concept Sufism in a historical perspective and then go on to see how Sufism was manifested in the Punjabi poetry of a major Sufi poet Bulleh Shāh. The paper traces the concept of Sufism to the time of Prophet Mohammad, though it was not well‐defined at that time. Through successive generations of Islamic ascetics and saints the concept took a few centuries to develop in its final form. The Paper traces the developments from the time of Prophet Mohammad, which includes his Companions, and then goes on through their disciples onto generations of other followers. Sufism emerged in its present form largely through the efforts of mystics of the Baghdad school. By the end of 10th century it had grown into a full‐fledged discipline to be pursued for its own sake. It came to India around the 14th century and took deep roots in the country due to its liberal philosophy. It carried its work through various orders that had their own chains or silsilahs, and each of these orders traced their origin to the time of the Prophet. Bulleh Shāh, the Sufi poet of the 17th and 18th century belonged to the Qādirīyah order of Sufis. His poetry reveals the true sensitivity of a Sufi and it also shows the developmental stages through which Sufi ideals are acquired by a murīd (disciple) for his devotion to God through a murshid (master).

키워드

Sufism, Tassawuf, dhikr, salāsil, Tauḥīd, ṣaḥw, fanā‘, baqā‘, sukr, Shari‘at, Ṭariqat, Ḥaqiqat, Waḥdat‐ul‐Wujūd, Islām, Īmān, Ihsān, murshid, murīd, kafi

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