Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Multivariate Analysis for Molecular Species of Cholesteryl Ester in the Human Serum

  • Published:
Analytical Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cholesteryl ester (CE) is an ester of cholesterol and fatty acid (FA). Plasma CE reflects complicated metabolisms of cholesterol, phospholipids, lipoproteins, and dietary FAs. An informatics approach could be useful for analysis of the CE species. In this study, two basic dimension reduction methods, principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis, were applied to serum CE species determined by LC-MS/MS in a Japanese population (n = 545). PCA and factor analysis both reflected the size (concentration), food source, fat solubility, and biological aspect of the CE species. In a comparison between PCA (PC4) and factor analysis (factor 4), the latter was found to be more suggestive from a biological aspect of n-6 FAs. Cholesteryl docosahexaenoate (DHA) was found to be unique by a factor analysis, possibly relevant to the unique accumulation of DHA in the brain. An informatics approach, especially factor analysis, might be useful for the analysis of complicated metabolism of CE species in the serum.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Y. Morisawa, Anal. Sci., 2019, 35, 833.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Q. Zhang, H. Xu, R. Liu, P. Gao, X. Yang, W. Jin, Y. Zhang, K. Bi, and Q. Li, Anal. Chem., 2019, 91, 3389.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Y. Zhang, Y. Liu, J. Wei, S. Xiong, and Z. Zhao, Talanta, 2016, 150, 88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. N. Rifai, G. R. Warnick, and M. H. Dominiczak, “Handbook of Lipoprotein Testing”, 2002, AACC Press, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  5. E. Warensjö, J. Sundström, L. Lind, and B. Vessby, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2006, 84, 442.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. B. Vessby, A. Aro, E. Skarfors, L. Berglund, I. Salminen, and H. Lithell, Diabetes, 1994, 43, 1353.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. M. Öhrvall, L. Berglund, I. Salminen, H. Lithell, A. Aro, and B. Vessby, Atherosclerosis, 1996, 27, 65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Y. Miura, T. Furukawa, M. Kobayashi, R. Shrestha, R. Takahashi, C. Shimizu, H. Chiba, and S.-P. Hui, Steroids, 2017, 123, 43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Y. Miura, S.-P. Hui, M. Kobayashi, R. Shrestha, T. Hiruma, S. Takeda, H. Fuda, S. Ikegawa, K. Hirano, and H. Chiba, Steroids, 2016, 107, 1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. K. Nakamura, S.-P. Hui, S. Ukawa, E. Okad, T Nakagawa, H. Okabe, Z. Chen, Y. Miura, H. Chiba, and A. Tamakoshi, Sleep Med., 2019, 57, 135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. K. V. Mardia, J. T Kent, and J. M. Bibby, “Multivariate Analysis”, 1994, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  12. A Practical Introduction to Factor Analysis: Exploratory Factor Analysis, Compilation prepared by UCLA Institute for Digital Research & Education, https://stats.idre.ucla.edu/spss/seminars/introduction-to-factor-analysis/a-practical-introduction-to-factor-analysis/.

  13. K. J. Preacher, G. Zhang, C. Kim, and G. Mels, Multivariate Behav. Res., 2013, 48, 28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. A. C. Rustan and C. A. Drevon, “Fatty Acids: Structure and Properties” in “Encyclopedia of Life Science”, 2005, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  15. J. S. Patton, B. Stone, C. Papa, R. Abramowitz, and S. H. Yalkowsky, J. Lipid Res., 1984, 25, 189.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. E. Ricciotti and G. A. FitzGerald, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2011, 31, 986.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. R. J. S. Lacombe, R. Chouinard-Watkins, and R. P. Bazinet, Mol. Aspects Med., 2018, 64, 109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Y. Pan, M. J. Scanlon, Y. Owada, Y. Yamamoto, C. J. Porter, and J. A. Nicolazzo, Mol. Pharm., 2015, 12, 4375.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. C. N. Serhan, Nature, 2014, 510, 92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. L. N. Nguyen, D. Ma, G. Shui, P. Wong, A. Cazenave-Gassiot, X. Zhang, M. R. Wenk, E. L. K. Goh, and D. L. Silver, Nature, 2014, 509, 502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. B. H. Wong, J. P. Chan, A. Cazenave-Gassiot, R. W. Poh, J. C. Foo, D. L. A. Galam, S. Ghosh, L. N. Nguyen, V. A. Barathi, S. W. Yeo, Chi. D. Luu, and M. R. Wenk, J. Biol. Chem., 2016, 291, 10501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This study was financially supported by grants from Integration Research for Agriculture and Interdisciplinary Fields (14538261), and from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI (16K15353, 18H03207 and 19K07861).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0814, Japan

    Yifan Chen

  2. Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan

    Shu-Ping Hui, Yusuke Miura, Sota Kato, Toshihiro Sakurai & Zhen Chen

  3. Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan

    Emiko Okada

  4. Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan

    Shigekazu Ukawa

  5. The Hokkaido Centre for Family Medicine, The Hokkaido Centre for Family Medicine, Sapporo, 007-0841, Japan

    Takafumi Nakagawa

  6. Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan

    Koshi Nakamura

  7. Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan

    Akiko Tamakoshi

  8. Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Sapporo, 007-0894, Japan

    Hitoshi Chiba

  9. Information Initiative Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0811, Japan

    Hiroyuki Minami & Masahiro Mizuta

Authors
  1. Yifan Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shu-Ping Hui
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yusuke Miura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sota Kato
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Toshihiro Sakurai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Zhen Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Emiko Okada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Shigekazu Ukawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Takafumi Nakagawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Koshi Nakamura
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Akiko Tamakoshi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Hitoshi Chiba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Hiroyuki Minami
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Masahiro Mizuta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Masahiro Mizuta.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, Y., Hui, SP., Miura, Y. et al. Multivariate Analysis for Molecular Species of Cholesteryl Ester in the Human Serum. ANAL. SCI. 36, 373–378 (2020). https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.19P321

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2116/analsci.19P321

Keywords

Search

Navigation