Research Article
Comparing of the Effects of Liquated Humic Substance (LHS), Polyacrylamide (PAM) and Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) on Runoff and Soil Losses
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Objective: The
aim of this study is to determine the effects of liquated humic substance,
polyacrylamide and polyvinylalcohol on runoff and soil losses by using a
laboratory type rain simulator.
Material
and Methods: In this study, the 7 cm coarse gravel was placement
into the erosion pan, which sized 30x45x15 cm, sloped of 9 %. After laying a
permeable clothe on the coarse gravel layer, soil samples which were thought to
the 8 mm sieve, were placement into the erosion pan. Liquated humic substance, PAM and PVA solutions (0, 1, 2 and 4
ml l-1; 100 ml) were sprayed uniformly on soil surface by a hand
type pump with 2 replicated. 40 mm h-1 of artificial rainfall was
applied during 1 hour by a laboratory type rainfall simulator. The runoff start
time is measured with a stopwatch. Runoff and soil losses were calculated and
tabulated.
Results:
In this study, liquated humic substance, PAM and PVA
treatments decreased runoff and soil loss significant levels.
Conclusions:
Runoff and soil loss were decreased by using these
soulutions Therefore, liquated humic substance, PAM and PVA solusions can be
use reducing the erosion easily.
Keywords
References
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- Akalan, İ. 1974. Toprak ve Su Muhafazası. A.Ü.Z.F. Yayın No: 532, Ankara.
- Anonymous, 1993. Soil Survey Manual. United States of Department of Agricultural Handbook No: 18. United States Goverment Print Office, Washington.
- Anonymous, 1999. SPSS 9 for Windows User’s Guide. Copyright 1999 by SPSS Inc., SPSS, Chicago, IL.
- Bubenzer, G.D. and L.D. Meyer. 1965. Simulation of rainfall and soils for laboratory research. Trans. ASAE., 8: 73-75.
- Chepil, W.S. 1954. The effect of synthetic conditioners on some phases of soil structure and erodobility by wind. Soil Science of Society of American Proceding. 18: 386-390.
- Cochrane, B.H.W., J.M. Reichert, F.L.F. Eltz, and L.D. Norton. 2005. Controlling soil erosion and runoff with polyacrylamide and phosphogypsum on subtropical soil. Trans. ASAE. 48(1): 149-154.
- DMİ., 2010. Turkish State Meteorological Service. http:// www.meteoroloji.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilçeleristatistik.aspx. Erişim Tarihi: 23.06.2014.
- DMİ., 2013. Turkish State Meteorological Service. http:// www.meteoroloji.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilçeleristatistik.aspx. Erişim Tarihi: 23.06.2014.
- Flanagan, D.C., L.D. Norton, J.R. Peterson, and K. Chaudhari. 2003. Using polyacrylamide to control erosion on agricultural and disturbed soils in rainfed areas. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (Ankery). 58(5): 301-311.
- Gee, G.W. and J.V. Bauder. 1986. Particle Size Analysis, Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1 Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd Edition. No: 9, 383-411, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
- Hunt, N. and R. Gilkes. 1992. Farm Monitoring Handbook. The University of Western Australia: Netherlands, WA.
- Kempler, W.D. and R.C. Rosenau. 1986. Aggregate Stability and Size Distribution. In A. Klute et al., Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 425-442, 2nd Edition. Agronomy Monograf. Soil Science of America, Madison, USA.
- Levy, G.J. and I. Rapp. 1999. Polymer effect on surface mechanical strenght of a crusting loessial soil. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 37(1): 91-101.
- Margherita, E., G. Brunetti, C. Garcia-Izquierdo, F. Cavalcante, S. Fiore, and N. Senesi. 2006. Humic substances and clay minerals in organically-amended semi arid soils. Soil Science, 171 (4): 322-333.
- Middleton, H.E. 1930. Properties of Soil Which Influence Soil Erosion. USDA Tech. Bul. No: 178.
- Neal, J.H. 1938. The Effect of The Degree of Slope and Rainfall Characteristics on Runoff and Soil Erosion. Agr. Exp. St. Res. Bul., No: 280.
- Nelson, R.E. 1982. Carbonate and Gypsum. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. 2nd Edition. No: 9, 181-197, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
- Nelson, D.W. and L.E. Sommers. 1982. Total Carbon, Organic Carbon and Organic Matter. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 2nd Edition. No: 9, 539-579, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
- Pansu, M. and J. Gautheyroux. 2006. Handbook of Soil Analysis: Mineralogical, Organic and Inorganic Methods. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
- Piccolo, A. and J.S.C. Mbagwu. 1997. Exogenous humic substances as conditioners for the rehabilitation of degraded soils. Agro Food Industry Hı-Technology, 8 (2): 2-4.
- Piccolo, A., G. Pietramellara and J.S.C. Mbagwu. 1997. Reduction in soil loss from erosion susceptible soils amended with humic substances from oxidized coal. Soil Technology, 10: 235-245.
- Ritchey, K.D., L.D. Norton, A. Hass, J.M. Gonzalez and D.J. Snuffer. 2012. Effect of selected soil conditioners on soil properties, erosion, runoff and rye growth in nonfertile acid soil. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 67 (4): 264-274.
- Sepeskhah, A.R. and A.R.J. Bazrafshan. 2006. Controlling runoff and erosion in sloping land with polyacrylamide under a rainfall simulator. Biosystems Engineering. 93(4): 469-474.
- Schlichting, E. und H.P. Blume. 1966. Bodenkundliches Praktikum. 209 S., 35 Abb., 38 Tab.; P. Parey, Hamburg 1966; Preis: Kartoniert DM 32.
- Sinkpehoun, T.H., Yönter, G. 2018. Effects of liquated humic substances on runoff, soil losses by runoff and by splash under artificial rainfall conditions. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 55 (1):59-65.
- Takuma, K., K. Inosako, K. Kobayashi, and H. Muramoto. 2003. Erosion control effect of red soil such as Kunigamimaji soil by the addition of soil conditioner. Bulletin of The Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University. 56:7-11.
- Taysun, A. 1986. Gediz Havzasında Rendzina Tarım Topraklarında Yapay Yağmurlayıcı Yardımıyla Taşlar, Bitki Artıkları ve Polivinilalkolün (PVA) Toprak Özellikleri ile Birlikte Erozyona Etkileri Üzerine Araştırmalar. E.Ü.Z.F. Yayın No: 474.
- Taysun, A. 1989. Toprak ve Su Korunumu. E.Ü.Z.F. Teksir No: 92-III, Bornova.
- Teo, J., R. Chittaranjan, S.A. El Swaify, J.C. Ascough, and D.C. Flanagan. 2001. Polymer effect on soil erosion reduction and water quality improvement for selected tropical soils. Soil Erosion Research for 21st Century Proceding of The International Symposium. 42-45; 11 ref. Honolulu, Hawaii-USA.
- Uysal, H., A. Taysun, C. Köse. 1995. Toprak özellikleriyle birlikte kümeleşmeyi sağlayan bazı polimerlerin laboratuvar koşulları altında su erozyonu üzerine etkileri. İ Akalan Toprak ve Çevre Sempozyumu, Ankara.
- Yönter, G., A. Taysun. 2004. Farklı Çaplardaki Taş Örtü Oranlarının Yapay Yağmurlayıcı Koşulları Altında Su Erozyonuna Etkisi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 41 (3):185-196.
- Yönter, G. 2010. Effects of polyvinyalcohol (PVA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) as soil conditioners on erosion by water and by splash under laboratory conditions. Ekoloji, 19 (77): 35-41.
- Yönter, G., Uysal, H. 2011. Effects of polyacrylamide (PAM) applications on water erosion and crust formation for different types of soils in Menemen Plain, Turkey. Journal of Food, Agriculture& Environment. 9 (1): 642–647.
- Yönter, G., Uysal, H. 2011. The relationships between soil erosion, and crust strengths to polyvinyalcohol (PVA) applications on different types of soils in Menemen Plain, Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10 (28): 5496-5503.
- Yönter, G. ve H. Uysal. 2016. Tütün atığının (serme ve karıştırma) tın bünyeli bir toprağın bazı erozyon parametreleri ve kimyasal özellikleri üzerine etkileri. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 53 (1): 11-17.
- Zanchi, C. and D. Torri. 1980. Evaluation of rainfall energy in central Italy. In M. DeBoodt and D. Gabriels (eds.). Assessment of Erosion, p: 133-142, John Wiley and Sons, Toronto.
Year 2020,
Volume: 57 Issue: 3, 351 - 358, 30.09.2020
Abstract
References
- Akalan, İ. 1967. Toprak Fiziksel Özellikleri ve Erozyon. A.Ü.Z.F. Yıllığı. (3-4): 490-503.
- Akalan, İ. 1974. Toprak ve Su Muhafazası. A.Ü.Z.F. Yayın No: 532, Ankara.
- Anonymous, 1993. Soil Survey Manual. United States of Department of Agricultural Handbook No: 18. United States Goverment Print Office, Washington.
- Anonymous, 1999. SPSS 9 for Windows User’s Guide. Copyright 1999 by SPSS Inc., SPSS, Chicago, IL.
- Bubenzer, G.D. and L.D. Meyer. 1965. Simulation of rainfall and soils for laboratory research. Trans. ASAE., 8: 73-75.
- Chepil, W.S. 1954. The effect of synthetic conditioners on some phases of soil structure and erodobility by wind. Soil Science of Society of American Proceding. 18: 386-390.
- Cochrane, B.H.W., J.M. Reichert, F.L.F. Eltz, and L.D. Norton. 2005. Controlling soil erosion and runoff with polyacrylamide and phosphogypsum on subtropical soil. Trans. ASAE. 48(1): 149-154.
- DMİ., 2010. Turkish State Meteorological Service. http:// www.meteoroloji.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilçeleristatistik.aspx. Erişim Tarihi: 23.06.2014.
- DMİ., 2013. Turkish State Meteorological Service. http:// www.meteoroloji.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilçeleristatistik.aspx. Erişim Tarihi: 23.06.2014.
- Flanagan, D.C., L.D. Norton, J.R. Peterson, and K. Chaudhari. 2003. Using polyacrylamide to control erosion on agricultural and disturbed soils in rainfed areas. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (Ankery). 58(5): 301-311.
- Gee, G.W. and J.V. Bauder. 1986. Particle Size Analysis, Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1 Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd Edition. No: 9, 383-411, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
- Hunt, N. and R. Gilkes. 1992. Farm Monitoring Handbook. The University of Western Australia: Netherlands, WA.
- Kempler, W.D. and R.C. Rosenau. 1986. Aggregate Stability and Size Distribution. In A. Klute et al., Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 425-442, 2nd Edition. Agronomy Monograf. Soil Science of America, Madison, USA.
- Levy, G.J. and I. Rapp. 1999. Polymer effect on surface mechanical strenght of a crusting loessial soil. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 37(1): 91-101.
- Margherita, E., G. Brunetti, C. Garcia-Izquierdo, F. Cavalcante, S. Fiore, and N. Senesi. 2006. Humic substances and clay minerals in organically-amended semi arid soils. Soil Science, 171 (4): 322-333.
- Middleton, H.E. 1930. Properties of Soil Which Influence Soil Erosion. USDA Tech. Bul. No: 178.
- Neal, J.H. 1938. The Effect of The Degree of Slope and Rainfall Characteristics on Runoff and Soil Erosion. Agr. Exp. St. Res. Bul., No: 280.
- Nelson, R.E. 1982. Carbonate and Gypsum. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. 2nd Edition. No: 9, 181-197, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
- Nelson, D.W. and L.E. Sommers. 1982. Total Carbon, Organic Carbon and Organic Matter. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 2nd Edition. No: 9, 539-579, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
- Pansu, M. and J. Gautheyroux. 2006. Handbook of Soil Analysis: Mineralogical, Organic and Inorganic Methods. Springer Verlag, Berlin.
- Piccolo, A. and J.S.C. Mbagwu. 1997. Exogenous humic substances as conditioners for the rehabilitation of degraded soils. Agro Food Industry Hı-Technology, 8 (2): 2-4.
- Piccolo, A., G. Pietramellara and J.S.C. Mbagwu. 1997. Reduction in soil loss from erosion susceptible soils amended with humic substances from oxidized coal. Soil Technology, 10: 235-245.
- Ritchey, K.D., L.D. Norton, A. Hass, J.M. Gonzalez and D.J. Snuffer. 2012. Effect of selected soil conditioners on soil properties, erosion, runoff and rye growth in nonfertile acid soil. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 67 (4): 264-274.
- Sepeskhah, A.R. and A.R.J. Bazrafshan. 2006. Controlling runoff and erosion in sloping land with polyacrylamide under a rainfall simulator. Biosystems Engineering. 93(4): 469-474.
- Schlichting, E. und H.P. Blume. 1966. Bodenkundliches Praktikum. 209 S., 35 Abb., 38 Tab.; P. Parey, Hamburg 1966; Preis: Kartoniert DM 32.
- Sinkpehoun, T.H., Yönter, G. 2018. Effects of liquated humic substances on runoff, soil losses by runoff and by splash under artificial rainfall conditions. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 55 (1):59-65.
- Takuma, K., K. Inosako, K. Kobayashi, and H. Muramoto. 2003. Erosion control effect of red soil such as Kunigamimaji soil by the addition of soil conditioner. Bulletin of The Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University. 56:7-11.
- Taysun, A. 1986. Gediz Havzasında Rendzina Tarım Topraklarında Yapay Yağmurlayıcı Yardımıyla Taşlar, Bitki Artıkları ve Polivinilalkolün (PVA) Toprak Özellikleri ile Birlikte Erozyona Etkileri Üzerine Araştırmalar. E.Ü.Z.F. Yayın No: 474.
- Taysun, A. 1989. Toprak ve Su Korunumu. E.Ü.Z.F. Teksir No: 92-III, Bornova.
- Teo, J., R. Chittaranjan, S.A. El Swaify, J.C. Ascough, and D.C. Flanagan. 2001. Polymer effect on soil erosion reduction and water quality improvement for selected tropical soils. Soil Erosion Research for 21st Century Proceding of The International Symposium. 42-45; 11 ref. Honolulu, Hawaii-USA.
- Uysal, H., A. Taysun, C. Köse. 1995. Toprak özellikleriyle birlikte kümeleşmeyi sağlayan bazı polimerlerin laboratuvar koşulları altında su erozyonu üzerine etkileri. İ Akalan Toprak ve Çevre Sempozyumu, Ankara.
- Yönter, G., A. Taysun. 2004. Farklı Çaplardaki Taş Örtü Oranlarının Yapay Yağmurlayıcı Koşulları Altında Su Erozyonuna Etkisi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 41 (3):185-196.
- Yönter, G. 2010. Effects of polyvinyalcohol (PVA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) as soil conditioners on erosion by water and by splash under laboratory conditions. Ekoloji, 19 (77): 35-41.
- Yönter, G., Uysal, H. 2011. Effects of polyacrylamide (PAM) applications on water erosion and crust formation for different types of soils in Menemen Plain, Turkey. Journal of Food, Agriculture& Environment. 9 (1): 642–647.
- Yönter, G., Uysal, H. 2011. The relationships between soil erosion, and crust strengths to polyvinyalcohol (PVA) applications on different types of soils in Menemen Plain, Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10 (28): 5496-5503.
- Yönter, G. ve H. Uysal. 2016. Tütün atığının (serme ve karıştırma) tın bünyeli bir toprağın bazı erozyon parametreleri ve kimyasal özellikleri üzerine etkileri. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 53 (1): 11-17.
- Zanchi, C. and D. Torri. 1980. Evaluation of rainfall energy in central Italy. In M. DeBoodt and D. Gabriels (eds.). Assessment of Erosion, p: 133-142, John Wiley and Sons, Toronto.
There are 37 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 30, 2020 |
| Submission Date | June 21, 2019 |
| Acceptance Date | January 20, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2020 Volume: 57 Issue: 3 |
