Research Article
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A Moisture Index Map of TURKEY for Design of Slabs Resting on Expansive Soils by GIS Approach

Year 2018, Volume: 29 Issue: 6, 8731 - 8751, 01.11.2018

Sabriye Banu İkizler

https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.408814

Abstract

Expansive soils commonly
exist in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Climate changes depending
on these soils moisture content variation and this causes large volume changes.
Although there are some methods developed for use in design of slabs resting on
expansive soils, project planning information is needed locally in regions
where this type of soil exists. The most important one of this knowledge is
moisture index. For this purpose, many moisture index calculations are given in
literature. In this study, to calculate Thornthwaite Moisture Index (TMI)
described by Thornthwaite (1948), rainfall and temperature records for an average period of sixty-three years of 81 stations
of Turkey were received from General Directorate of Meteorology. Later TMI
values belonging to each station are calculated by arranging these values in
tables. As a result of this comprehensive study, the values of TMI determined
for each station are used to design slabs resting on expansive soil and TMI map
of the area by using
Geostatistical Analyst
Module of ArcGIS 10.0 software and
Kriging interpolation method. The results of Geographic Information System (GIS) analyses for this area point out that the
analyses based on a lot of data introduce meaningful results for this study. The
study provides climate of region, soil parameters related to structure to be
taken into account in design of slabs resting on expansive soils and a
reference is put forward for utilization of geotechnical engineers working in
practice.

Keywords

expansive soil slab gis turkey

References

  • Aitchison, G. D. Richards, B. G., The fundamental mechanisms involved in heave and soil moisture movement and the engineering properties of soils which are important in such movement. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Expansive Soils, Texas A&M University, College Station 66-78, 1969.
  • Aitchison, G. D., Richards, B. G., Thornthwaite Moisture Index Map (1940- 1960), CSIRO Division of Soil. Australia, 1965.
  • Alonso, E.E., Vaunat, J., Gens, A. (1999). Modelling the mechanical behaviour of expansive clays. Engineering Geology, 54, 173-183.
  • Angström A., A Coefficient of Humidity of General Applicability. Geografiska Annaler, 18, 245-254, 1936.
  • Aydeniz, A., Aydeniz Metodu ile Türkiye'nin Kuraklık Değerlendirilmesi. Zirai Meteoroloji ve İklim Rasatları Dairesi Başkanlığı Hidrometeoroloji Şube Müdürlüğü, Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü (DMİ), Ankara, 1988.
  • Aytekin, M., Finite Element Modeling of Lateral Swelling Pressure Distribution Behind Earth Retaining Structures. Doktora Tezi, Department of Civil Engineering, Texas Tech University USA, 1992.
  • Bagnouls F., Gaussen, H., Les climates biologique et leur classification. Ann. Geogr. 66, 193-220, 1957.
  • Brown, R. W., Foundation Repairs in Expansive Soils. Progressive Builder, 12, 30, 1987.
  • Budyko, M. I., Evaporation under natural conditions. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad. English translation by IPST, Jerusalem, 1948.
  • Building Research Advisory Board (BRAB),Criteria for selection and design of residential slabs-on-ground. National Academy of Sciences Rep. No. 33 to Federal Housing Administration, Publ. 1571, NTIS No. PB-261 551, Washington, D.C., 1968.
  • Church, P. E., Gueffroy, E. M., A new coefficient of humidity and. its application to the United States. Geogr Rev, 29, 665-667, 1939.
  • Crowe P. R., Some further thoughts on evapotranspiration: a new estimate. Geog. Studies, 4, 56-75, 1957.
  • Crowther, E. M., The relation of climate and geological factors to the composition of the clay and the distribution of soil type. Proc. R. Soc. 107, 10– 30, 1930.
  • Dai FC, Lee CF, Zhang XH (2001) GIS-based geo-environmental evaluation for urban land-use planning: a case study. Eng Geol 61:257–271
  • De Martonne, E., Aérisme et indice d’aridité, Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 182, 1395-1398, 1926.
  • Dourado-Neto, D., de Jong van Lier, Q., Metselaar, K., Reichardt, K., Nielsen, D.R., 2010.
  • El-Garhy, B. M., Wray, W. K., Method for Calculating the Edge Moisture Variation Distance,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 9, 945-955, 2004.
  • Emberger, L., Sur une formule climatique et ses applications en botanique. CR Hebd Acad Sci Paris 191, 389–391, 1930.
  • Erinç, S., Yağış müessiriyeti üzerine bir deneme ve yeni bir indis. İstanbul Üniversitesi Coğrafya Enst. Yayınları, No: 41, 1965.
  • Evans, R. P., McManus, K. J., Mann, A., Problems with the performance of lightly loaded structures founded on expansive soils. Proceedings of International Symposium on problematic soils, Sendai,Japan, 28-30 October,1998, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam 357, 1998.
  • Fityus, S. G., Walsh, P., Kleeman, P., The influence of climate as expressed by the Thorthwaite Index on the design depth of moisture change of clay soils in the Hunter Valley. Geotechnical and Engineering Geology in the Hunter valley, 251-265, 1998.
  • Fox, E., A climate-based design depth of moisture change maps of Queen-sland and the use of such maps to classify sites under AS2870-1996. Australian Geomechanics, 35, 4, Dec, 53-60, 2000.
  • Fraser, R. A., Wardle, L. J, The Analysis of Stiffened Raft Foundations on Expansive Sods. Symposium on Recent Developments in the Analysis of Soil Behavior and their Application to Geotechnical Structure. Universty of New South Wales, Australia, July, 89-98, 1975.
  • Gardner, C. A., The vegetation of Western Australia: with special reference to climate and soils. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 28, 11–87. 1942.
  • General procedure to initialize the cyclic soil water balance by the Thornthwaite and Mather method. Science in Agriculture 67 (1), 87–95.
  • Giacobbe, A., Schema di una teoria ecologica per la classificazione della vegetazione Italiana. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. (NS), 45, 37 – 121, 1938.
  • Golden Software (1999) surfer 7, User’s Guide: Contouring and 3D surface mapping for scientist and engineers, Colorado, USAGorczynski, W., Sur la classification des climats avec quelques remarques sur le systeme de Köppen. Compte Rendus du Congres International de Geographie, Varsovie, 2, 252-68, 1943.
  • Holland, J. E., Lawrance, C. E., Seasonal Heave of Austrahan Clay Soils" Proceedigns. 4th Intemational Conference on Expansive Sods. Denver, CO, 1., June, 302-321, 1980.
  • Holtz, W. G., The Influence of Vegetation on the Swelling and Shrinking of Clays in the United States of America. The Influence of Vegetation on Clays, Thomas Telford Ltd. London, 69-73, 1984.
  • İkizler S B and Aytekin M (2009) Design of slab-on expansive soil, 3. Geotechnical symposium, Çukurova Uninersity, Adana.
  • Isozaki M., Thornthwaite’s New Classification of Climate and Its Application to the Climate of Japan. Journal of Geography., Tokyo Geographical Society, 45, 234-245, 1933.
  • Kızılkaya, T. (1998). “İrrigation and Drainage” 2. Edition, Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı D.S.İ. Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Köppen W., Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimate, vorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt. Geographische Zeitschrift, 6, 593–611, 657–79, hereafter briefly cited as "Versuch," without the name of the author, 1900.
  • Köppen, W. P., Klassification der Klimate nach Temperatur, Niederschlag und Jahreslauf. Petermanns Geog. Mitt., 64, 193–203 and 243–248, 1918.
  • Krige DG. 1966. Two-dimensional weighted average trend surfaces for ore-evaluation. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 66: 13–38.
  • Lang, R., Investigation of an exact classification of the soil from the climatic and geological point of view. Inter. Mitt, fur Bodenkunde, 5, 312-346, 1915.
  • Lauer, W., Humide and aride Jahreszeiten in Afrika und Sudamerika und ihre Beziehung zu den Vegetationsgürteln. Bonner Geograph. Abh. 9, 15-98, 1952.
  • Linsser C., Untersuchungen über die periodischen Lebenserscheinungen der Pflanzen. II. Abh. :Resultate aus einer einghenden Bearbeitung des europäischen Materials füs die Holzpflanzen in Bezug auf Wärme und Regenmenge. Mém. l Acad. Impér. Sci. –Petersb., VII. Sér., t. XIII, No.8, 87S, 1869.
  • Lytton, R. L., Ramesh, K. K., Prediction of moisture movement in expansive clays. Research Report 118-3. Center for Highway Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1970.
  • Maguire, D. J., 1992. An Overview and Definition of GIS, in maguire D. J., Goodchild M, Rhind d (eds.), GIS Principles and Applications, Longman, London, Vol.1.Martensson SG (2002) Height Determination By GPSAccuracy with Respect to Different Geoid Models in Sweden, FIG XXII İnternational Congress, Washington DC USA
  • McManus, K. J., Lopes, D., Osman, N. Y., The Effect oThornthwaite Moisture Index Changes in Ground Movement Predictions in Australian Soils. Proceedings of the 9th Australian New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics, Auckland, New Zealand, 555-561, 2004.
  • McManus, K. J., Lopes, D., Osman, N. Y., The influence of drought cycles on the Thornthwaite moisture index contours in Victoria Australia. An International Conference on Problematic Soils, Nottingham, United Kingdom, 28 – 30 July 2003, CI-Premier, Singapore pgs 357, 2003.
  • Meyer, A., Concerning several relationships between climate and soil in Europe. Chemie der Erde, 2, 209-347, 1926.
  • Mitchell, J.K., Soga, K., Fundamentals of Soil Behavior. 3rd Edition, John Wiley &Sons, Hoboken, 2005.
  • Nelson, J., Miller, D., Expansive Soils : Problems and Practice in Foundation and Pavement Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, NY,USA, 1992.
  • Oldekop, E., Ob isparenii iz poverhnosti petchnix basseinov-On the evaporation from river watersheds. Jurjew (present Tartu), 197 pp. 1911.
  • Osman N. Y., The Development of a Predictive Damage Condition Model of Light Structures on Expansive Soils using Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Techniques. Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences Swinburne University of Technology, 2007.
  • Osman, N. Y., McManus, K. J., The Ranking of Factors Influencing the Behaviour of Light Structures on Expansive Soils in Victoria, Australia. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on the Application of Artificial Intelligence to Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering., Topping, B H V, Rome, Italy, Civil-Comp Press, Paper 56, 2005.
  • Osman, N. Y., McManus, K. J., Tran, H. D., Krezel, Z. A., The Prediction of Damage Condition in Regards to Damage Factor Influence of Light Structures on Expansive Soils in Victoria. Australia Computer Assisted Mechanics and Engineering Sciences (CAMES). 14, 2, Poland, 2007.
  • Osman, N. Y., McManus, K. M., Tran, H. D., Krezel, Z. A., The Prediction of Damage Condition in Regards to Damage Factor Influence of Light Structures on Expansive Soils in Victoria, Australia. International Symposium on Neural Networks And Soft Computing in Structural Engineering, Waszczyszyn, Z, Cracow, Poland, Eccomas C7. 2005.
  • Osman, N. Y., McManus, K., Ng, A. W. M. Management and Analysis of Data for Damage of Light Structures on Expansive Soils in Victoria, Australia. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Structural Condition Assessment, Monitoring and Improvement, Perth, Australia, 12-14th December, 2005, CI-Premier, Singapore 283-290, 2005.
  • Penck, A., Versuch einer Klimaklassifikation auf physiographischer Grundlage. K. Preussische Akademie der Wissenshaften, 1, 236-46, 1910.
  • Prescott, J. A., A climatic index for the leaching factor in soil formation. Jour. Soil Sci. 1, 9-19, 1949.
  • Rao, R. R., Rahardjo, H., Fredlund, D. G., Closed-form Heave Solutions for Expansive Soils. Journals of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 114, 5, 573-588, 1988.
  • Sanchez, M., Gens, A., Guimarães, L. do N., Olivella, S. (2005). A double structure generalized plasticity model for expansive materials. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., 29, 751-787.
  • Sanchez, M., Gens, A., Olivella, S. (2012). THM analysis of a large-scale heating test incorporating material fabric changes. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., 36, 391-421.
  • Schulz, E.F. 1976. “Problem in Applied Hydrology” Fourth Printing, USA.
  • Setzer, J., A. New Formula for Precipitation Effectiveness. Geogr. Rev., 36, 247-263, 1946.Tavakoli M, 2012. Simulating soil moisture and climate change impacts in a watershed through application of the distributed hydrological WetSpa model, PhD. Thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium, 158 pp
  • Tavakoli M, Smedt F D, (2013) Validation of soil moisture simulation with a distributed hydrologic model (WetSpa), Environ Earth Sci, 69:739–747
  • Thornthwaite, C. W., An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate” Geographical Review. 38, 55-94, 1948.
  • Thornthwaite, C. W., The climate of North America according to a new classification. Geog. Rev., 21 (4), 633-55, 1931.
  • Transeau E. N., Forest Centers of Eastern America. Amer. Naturalist, 39, 875-889, 1905.
  • Trumble H. C., The Climatic Control of Agriculture in South Australia. Trans. And Proc. Royal Soc. Of South Australia, 61, 1937, 41-62, 1937.
  • Türkoz M and Tosun H, (2011) A GIS model for preliminary hazard assessment of swelling clays, a case study in Harran plain (SE Turkey), Environ Earth Sci 63:1343–1353.
  • Walsh, P. F., The Design of Residential Slabs-on-Ground. CSRIO Austrahan Division Building Research Technology, No. 5, 1-15, 1974.
  • Walter A., Sugar Production in Mauritius. The Geographical Journal, 36, 4, 500-501, 1910.
  • Wikle TA (1991) Computers, maps and geographic information systems. National Forum (Summer) 71(3):37–39
  • Wilson J. D., Savage J. R., An Evaporation Survey of Ohio. Ohio Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull., 564, 1936.
  • Wilson, J. D., Savage, J. R., An Evaporation Survey of Ohio. Ohio Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull., 564, 1936.
  • Wire Reinforcement Institute, Design of Slab-on-ground Foundations. Wire Reinforcement Institute, McLean, YA, USA, 1981.
  • Wray, W. K., and Lytton, R. L., Design and Construction of Post-Tensioned Slab on Grade. Post-Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, 1980.
  • Wray, W. K., Development of a Design Procedure for Residential and Light Commercial Slabs-on-Ground Constructed Over Expansive Sods. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, 1978.
  • Wray, W. K., Mitigation of damage to sttaictures supported on expansive soils. Final Report, NSF Critical Engineering systems Natural and Man-Made Hazard Mitigation, Washington, D.C,1, 249-271, 1989.
  • Yomralıoğlu, T., 2000. Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Temel Kavramlar ve Uygulamalar, Birinci Baskı, Seçil Ofset, İstanbul.

Year 2018, Volume: 29 Issue: 6, 8731 - 8751, 01.11.2018

Sabriye Banu İkizler

https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.408814

Abstract

References

  • Aitchison, G. D. Richards, B. G., The fundamental mechanisms involved in heave and soil moisture movement and the engineering properties of soils which are important in such movement. Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Expansive Soils, Texas A&M University, College Station 66-78, 1969.
  • Aitchison, G. D., Richards, B. G., Thornthwaite Moisture Index Map (1940- 1960), CSIRO Division of Soil. Australia, 1965.
  • Alonso, E.E., Vaunat, J., Gens, A. (1999). Modelling the mechanical behaviour of expansive clays. Engineering Geology, 54, 173-183.
  • Angström A., A Coefficient of Humidity of General Applicability. Geografiska Annaler, 18, 245-254, 1936.
  • Aydeniz, A., Aydeniz Metodu ile Türkiye'nin Kuraklık Değerlendirilmesi. Zirai Meteoroloji ve İklim Rasatları Dairesi Başkanlığı Hidrometeoroloji Şube Müdürlüğü, Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü (DMİ), Ankara, 1988.
  • Aytekin, M., Finite Element Modeling of Lateral Swelling Pressure Distribution Behind Earth Retaining Structures. Doktora Tezi, Department of Civil Engineering, Texas Tech University USA, 1992.
  • Bagnouls F., Gaussen, H., Les climates biologique et leur classification. Ann. Geogr. 66, 193-220, 1957.
  • Brown, R. W., Foundation Repairs in Expansive Soils. Progressive Builder, 12, 30, 1987.
  • Budyko, M. I., Evaporation under natural conditions. Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad. English translation by IPST, Jerusalem, 1948.
  • Building Research Advisory Board (BRAB),Criteria for selection and design of residential slabs-on-ground. National Academy of Sciences Rep. No. 33 to Federal Housing Administration, Publ. 1571, NTIS No. PB-261 551, Washington, D.C., 1968.
  • Church, P. E., Gueffroy, E. M., A new coefficient of humidity and. its application to the United States. Geogr Rev, 29, 665-667, 1939.
  • Crowe P. R., Some further thoughts on evapotranspiration: a new estimate. Geog. Studies, 4, 56-75, 1957.
  • Crowther, E. M., The relation of climate and geological factors to the composition of the clay and the distribution of soil type. Proc. R. Soc. 107, 10– 30, 1930.
  • Dai FC, Lee CF, Zhang XH (2001) GIS-based geo-environmental evaluation for urban land-use planning: a case study. Eng Geol 61:257–271
  • De Martonne, E., Aérisme et indice d’aridité, Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 182, 1395-1398, 1926.
  • Dourado-Neto, D., de Jong van Lier, Q., Metselaar, K., Reichardt, K., Nielsen, D.R., 2010.
  • El-Garhy, B. M., Wray, W. K., Method for Calculating the Edge Moisture Variation Distance,” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 9, 945-955, 2004.
  • Emberger, L., Sur une formule climatique et ses applications en botanique. CR Hebd Acad Sci Paris 191, 389–391, 1930.
  • Erinç, S., Yağış müessiriyeti üzerine bir deneme ve yeni bir indis. İstanbul Üniversitesi Coğrafya Enst. Yayınları, No: 41, 1965.
  • Evans, R. P., McManus, K. J., Mann, A., Problems with the performance of lightly loaded structures founded on expansive soils. Proceedings of International Symposium on problematic soils, Sendai,Japan, 28-30 October,1998, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam 357, 1998.
  • Fityus, S. G., Walsh, P., Kleeman, P., The influence of climate as expressed by the Thorthwaite Index on the design depth of moisture change of clay soils in the Hunter Valley. Geotechnical and Engineering Geology in the Hunter valley, 251-265, 1998.
  • Fox, E., A climate-based design depth of moisture change maps of Queen-sland and the use of such maps to classify sites under AS2870-1996. Australian Geomechanics, 35, 4, Dec, 53-60, 2000.
  • Fraser, R. A., Wardle, L. J, The Analysis of Stiffened Raft Foundations on Expansive Sods. Symposium on Recent Developments in the Analysis of Soil Behavior and their Application to Geotechnical Structure. Universty of New South Wales, Australia, July, 89-98, 1975.
  • Gardner, C. A., The vegetation of Western Australia: with special reference to climate and soils. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 28, 11–87. 1942.
  • General procedure to initialize the cyclic soil water balance by the Thornthwaite and Mather method. Science in Agriculture 67 (1), 87–95.
  • Giacobbe, A., Schema di una teoria ecologica per la classificazione della vegetazione Italiana. Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital. (NS), 45, 37 – 121, 1938.
  • Golden Software (1999) surfer 7, User’s Guide: Contouring and 3D surface mapping for scientist and engineers, Colorado, USAGorczynski, W., Sur la classification des climats avec quelques remarques sur le systeme de Köppen. Compte Rendus du Congres International de Geographie, Varsovie, 2, 252-68, 1943.
  • Holland, J. E., Lawrance, C. E., Seasonal Heave of Austrahan Clay Soils" Proceedigns. 4th Intemational Conference on Expansive Sods. Denver, CO, 1., June, 302-321, 1980.
  • Holtz, W. G., The Influence of Vegetation on the Swelling and Shrinking of Clays in the United States of America. The Influence of Vegetation on Clays, Thomas Telford Ltd. London, 69-73, 1984.
  • İkizler S B and Aytekin M (2009) Design of slab-on expansive soil, 3. Geotechnical symposium, Çukurova Uninersity, Adana.
  • Isozaki M., Thornthwaite’s New Classification of Climate and Its Application to the Climate of Japan. Journal of Geography., Tokyo Geographical Society, 45, 234-245, 1933.
  • Kızılkaya, T. (1998). “İrrigation and Drainage” 2. Edition, Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı D.S.İ. Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Köppen W., Versuch einer Klassifikation der Klimate, vorzugweise nach ihren Beziehungen zur Pflanzenwelt. Geographische Zeitschrift, 6, 593–611, 657–79, hereafter briefly cited as "Versuch," without the name of the author, 1900.
  • Köppen, W. P., Klassification der Klimate nach Temperatur, Niederschlag und Jahreslauf. Petermanns Geog. Mitt., 64, 193–203 and 243–248, 1918.
  • Krige DG. 1966. Two-dimensional weighted average trend surfaces for ore-evaluation. Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 66: 13–38.
  • Lang, R., Investigation of an exact classification of the soil from the climatic and geological point of view. Inter. Mitt, fur Bodenkunde, 5, 312-346, 1915.
  • Lauer, W., Humide and aride Jahreszeiten in Afrika und Sudamerika und ihre Beziehung zu den Vegetationsgürteln. Bonner Geograph. Abh. 9, 15-98, 1952.
  • Linsser C., Untersuchungen über die periodischen Lebenserscheinungen der Pflanzen. II. Abh. :Resultate aus einer einghenden Bearbeitung des europäischen Materials füs die Holzpflanzen in Bezug auf Wärme und Regenmenge. Mém. l Acad. Impér. Sci. –Petersb., VII. Sér., t. XIII, No.8, 87S, 1869.
  • Lytton, R. L., Ramesh, K. K., Prediction of moisture movement in expansive clays. Research Report 118-3. Center for Highway Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1970.
  • Maguire, D. J., 1992. An Overview and Definition of GIS, in maguire D. J., Goodchild M, Rhind d (eds.), GIS Principles and Applications, Longman, London, Vol.1.Martensson SG (2002) Height Determination By GPSAccuracy with Respect to Different Geoid Models in Sweden, FIG XXII İnternational Congress, Washington DC USA
  • McManus, K. J., Lopes, D., Osman, N. Y., The Effect oThornthwaite Moisture Index Changes in Ground Movement Predictions in Australian Soils. Proceedings of the 9th Australian New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics, Auckland, New Zealand, 555-561, 2004.
  • McManus, K. J., Lopes, D., Osman, N. Y., The influence of drought cycles on the Thornthwaite moisture index contours in Victoria Australia. An International Conference on Problematic Soils, Nottingham, United Kingdom, 28 – 30 July 2003, CI-Premier, Singapore pgs 357, 2003.
  • Meyer, A., Concerning several relationships between climate and soil in Europe. Chemie der Erde, 2, 209-347, 1926.
  • Mitchell, J.K., Soga, K., Fundamentals of Soil Behavior. 3rd Edition, John Wiley &Sons, Hoboken, 2005.
  • Nelson, J., Miller, D., Expansive Soils : Problems and Practice in Foundation and Pavement Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, NY,USA, 1992.
  • Oldekop, E., Ob isparenii iz poverhnosti petchnix basseinov-On the evaporation from river watersheds. Jurjew (present Tartu), 197 pp. 1911.
  • Osman N. Y., The Development of a Predictive Damage Condition Model of Light Structures on Expansive Soils using Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Techniques. Doctor of Philosophy, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Sciences Swinburne University of Technology, 2007.
  • Osman, N. Y., McManus, K. J., The Ranking of Factors Influencing the Behaviour of Light Structures on Expansive Soils in Victoria, Australia. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on the Application of Artificial Intelligence to Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering., Topping, B H V, Rome, Italy, Civil-Comp Press, Paper 56, 2005.
  • Osman, N. Y., McManus, K. J., Tran, H. D., Krezel, Z. A., The Prediction of Damage Condition in Regards to Damage Factor Influence of Light Structures on Expansive Soils in Victoria. Australia Computer Assisted Mechanics and Engineering Sciences (CAMES). 14, 2, Poland, 2007.
  • Osman, N. Y., McManus, K. M., Tran, H. D., Krezel, Z. A., The Prediction of Damage Condition in Regards to Damage Factor Influence of Light Structures on Expansive Soils in Victoria, Australia. International Symposium on Neural Networks And Soft Computing in Structural Engineering, Waszczyszyn, Z, Cracow, Poland, Eccomas C7. 2005.
  • Osman, N. Y., McManus, K., Ng, A. W. M. Management and Analysis of Data for Damage of Light Structures on Expansive Soils in Victoria, Australia. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Structural Condition Assessment, Monitoring and Improvement, Perth, Australia, 12-14th December, 2005, CI-Premier, Singapore 283-290, 2005.
  • Penck, A., Versuch einer Klimaklassifikation auf physiographischer Grundlage. K. Preussische Akademie der Wissenshaften, 1, 236-46, 1910.
  • Prescott, J. A., A climatic index for the leaching factor in soil formation. Jour. Soil Sci. 1, 9-19, 1949.
  • Rao, R. R., Rahardjo, H., Fredlund, D. G., Closed-form Heave Solutions for Expansive Soils. Journals of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 114, 5, 573-588, 1988.
  • Sanchez, M., Gens, A., Guimarães, L. do N., Olivella, S. (2005). A double structure generalized plasticity model for expansive materials. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., 29, 751-787.
  • Sanchez, M., Gens, A., Olivella, S. (2012). THM analysis of a large-scale heating test incorporating material fabric changes. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., 36, 391-421.
  • Schulz, E.F. 1976. “Problem in Applied Hydrology” Fourth Printing, USA.
  • Setzer, J., A. New Formula for Precipitation Effectiveness. Geogr. Rev., 36, 247-263, 1946.Tavakoli M, 2012. Simulating soil moisture and climate change impacts in a watershed through application of the distributed hydrological WetSpa model, PhD. Thesis, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium, 158 pp
  • Tavakoli M, Smedt F D, (2013) Validation of soil moisture simulation with a distributed hydrologic model (WetSpa), Environ Earth Sci, 69:739–747
  • Thornthwaite, C. W., An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate” Geographical Review. 38, 55-94, 1948.
  • Thornthwaite, C. W., The climate of North America according to a new classification. Geog. Rev., 21 (4), 633-55, 1931.
  • Transeau E. N., Forest Centers of Eastern America. Amer. Naturalist, 39, 875-889, 1905.
  • Trumble H. C., The Climatic Control of Agriculture in South Australia. Trans. And Proc. Royal Soc. Of South Australia, 61, 1937, 41-62, 1937.
  • Türkoz M and Tosun H, (2011) A GIS model for preliminary hazard assessment of swelling clays, a case study in Harran plain (SE Turkey), Environ Earth Sci 63:1343–1353.
  • Walsh, P. F., The Design of Residential Slabs-on-Ground. CSRIO Austrahan Division Building Research Technology, No. 5, 1-15, 1974.
  • Walter A., Sugar Production in Mauritius. The Geographical Journal, 36, 4, 500-501, 1910.
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There are 74 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Civil Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sabriye Banu İkizler

Publication Date November 1, 2018
Submission Date March 22, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 29 Issue: 6

Cite

APA İkizler, S. B. (2018). A Moisture Index Map of TURKEY for Design of Slabs Resting on Expansive Soils by GIS Approach. Teknik Dergi, 29(6), 8731-8751. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.408814
AMA İkizler SB. A Moisture Index Map of TURKEY for Design of Slabs Resting on Expansive Soils by GIS Approach. Teknik Dergi. November 2018;29(6):8731-8751. doi:10.18400/tekderg.408814
Chicago İkizler, Sabriye Banu. “A Moisture Index Map of TURKEY for Design of Slabs Resting on Expansive Soils by GIS Approach”. Teknik Dergi 29, no. 6 (November 2018): 8731-51. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.408814.
EndNote İkizler SB (November 1, 2018) A Moisture Index Map of TURKEY for Design of Slabs Resting on Expansive Soils by GIS Approach. Teknik Dergi 29 6 8731–8751.
IEEE S. B. İkizler, “A Moisture Index Map of TURKEY for Design of Slabs Resting on Expansive Soils by GIS Approach”, Teknik Dergi, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 8731–8751, 2018, doi: 10.18400/tekderg.408814.
ISNAD İkizler, Sabriye Banu. “A Moisture Index Map of TURKEY for Design of Slabs Resting on Expansive Soils by GIS Approach”. Teknik Dergi 29/6 (November 2018), 8731-8751. https://doi.org/10.18400/tekderg.408814.
JAMA İkizler SB. A Moisture Index Map of TURKEY for Design of Slabs Resting on Expansive Soils by GIS Approach. Teknik Dergi. 2018;29:8731–8751.
MLA İkizler, Sabriye Banu. “A Moisture Index Map of TURKEY for Design of Slabs Resting on Expansive Soils by GIS Approach”. Teknik Dergi, vol. 29, no. 6, 2018, pp. 8731-5, doi:10.18400/tekderg.408814.
Vancouver İkizler SB. A Moisture Index Map of TURKEY for Design of Slabs Resting on Expansive Soils by GIS Approach. Teknik Dergi. 2018;29(6):8731-5.
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