Araştırma Makalesi
Uluslararası İlişkiler Disiplininde Ontolojik Güvenlik Teorisi: Kavram ve Literatür Odaklı Bir İnceleme
Öz
Bu makale, Türkiye’de yeterince iyi tanınmayan, ancak Batılı Uluslararası İlişkiler (Uİ) yazınında uzunca bir süredir çalışılan “Ontolojik Güvenlik Teorisini” (OGT), çeşitli kavramsal ve pratik tartışmalarla, tanımlayıcı yaklaşımla incelemektedir. Giddens’ın “insanın öz-kimliğinin sürekliliğine ve çevresindeki sosyal ve maddi eylem ortamlarının tutarlılığına duyduğu güven” olarak açıkladığı ontolojik güvenlik; insanlar kadar, toplumların ve devletlerin de yaşamlarındaki rutinler, sosyal etkileşimler ve istikrarla bağlantılıdır. Bu noktada çok sayıda iç ve dış politika eyleminin arka planında ontolojik güvenlik ya da güvensizlik olgusunun yattığı görülmekte; tekrarlayan çatışmalar ve irrasyonel devlet davranışları bu kavram üzerinden sosyo-psikolojik bir altyapı ile incelenebilmektedir. Bu araştırma hem kavrama dair tanımları derinlemesine ele almakta, hem de konuyla ilgili çeşitli vaka analizlerini geniş bir literatür taramasıyla ortaya koymaktadır. Amaç, Türkiye’de Uİ alanında gelecekte yapılacak güvenlik ve dış politika çalışmalarının, bu tartışmalar eşliğinde analitik bir zenginlik kazanmasına katkı sağlamaktır. Öz-kimlik/benlik ve güvenlik ilişkisine dair bulguları ve disiplinlerarası yapısı sayesinde, ontolojik güvenlik yaklaşımı böyle bir potansiyele fazlasıyla sahiptir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ontolojik Güvenlik Teorisi Ontolojik Güvensizlik Öz-kimlik Rutinler Kaygı
Kaynakça
- BİLGİN, Pınar, “Identity/Security”, J. Peter Burgess, (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of New Security Studies, Routledge, New York, 2010, 81-89.
- BİLGİN, P. ve İnce, Başak, “Ontological (In)security of ‘Included’ Citizens: The Case of Early Republican Turkey (1923-1946)”, Bahar Rumelili, (ed.), Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security, Routledge, New York, 2015, 117-133.
- BOOTH, Ken, Dünya Güvenliği Kuramı, Küre Yayınları, İstanbul, 2012.
- BUZAN, Barry, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, (2nd Edition), ECPR Press, Colchester, 2007.
- BUZAN, B., Wæver, Ole ve Wilde, Jaap De, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Reinner Publishers, Colorado, 1998.
- CHACE, James ve Carr, Caleb, America Invulnerable: The Quest for Absolute Security from 1812 to Starwars, Summit Books, New York, 1988.
- CHAKRABARTY, Dipesh, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2000, 97–113.
- CRAIB, Ian, Anthony Giddens, Routledge, New York, 2011.
- ÇELIK, Ayşe Betül, “The Kurdish Issue and Levels of Ontological Security”, Bahar Rumelili, (ed.), Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security, Routledge, New York, 2015, 52-70.
- DARWICH, May, Threats and Alliances in the Middle East: Saudi and Syrian Policies in a Turbulent Region, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 2019.
- DÜZGÜN, Aslı Nur, “Turkish Foreign Policy towards Israel (2008-2019): Routines, Identity and Ontological Security”, Zülfükar Aytaç Kişman (ed.), Turkey in International Arena: Political and Economic Relations, Editura Universităţii “Aurel Vlaicu”, Arad, 2019, 13-46.
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- ERIKSON, E. H., Insight and Responsibility: Lectures on the Ethical Implications of Psychoanalytic Insight, W.W. Norton & Company, 1964.
- ERIKSON, E. H., Childhood and Society, Paladin Books, London, 1977.
- FOUCAULT, Michel, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Vintage Books, New York, 1977.
- FOUCAULT, M., On the Genealogy of Ethics: An Overview of Work in Progress, Pantheon, New York, 1984.
- GARFINKEL, Harold, Studies in Ethnomethodology, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1967.
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- GIDDENS, A., The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1984.
- GIDDENS, A., The Consequences of Modernity, Polity Press, United Kingdom, 1990.
- GIDDENS, A., Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2006.
- GOFFMAN, Erving, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1963.
- GOFFMAN, E., Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behaviour, Anchor Books, 1967.
- GOFFMAN, E., Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction, Penguin University Books, 1972.
- HEIDEGGER, Martin, Being & Time, (Çev. J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson), Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1962.
- HUSSERL, Edmund, Phenomenology and the Crisis of Philosophy, Harper & Row, New York, 1965.
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- MCSWEENEY, Bill, Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.
- RUMELİLİ, Bahar, Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security, Routledge, New York, 2015.
- RUMELİLİ, B., “Ontological (In)security and Peace Anxieties: A Framework for Conflict Resolution”, B. Rumelili (ed.), Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security, Routledge, New York, 2015, 10-29.
- RICHARDS, Barry, “Extreme Nationalism and the Hatred of the Liberal State”, Nicolas Demertzis (ed.), Emotions in Politics: The Affect Dimension in Political Tension, Palgrave Macmillan, England, 124-142.
- SCHUTZ, Alfred, The Phenomenology of the Social World, Northwestern University Press, London, 1967.
- STEELE, Brent J., Ontological Security in International Relations: Self-Identity and the IR State, Routledge, New York, 2008.
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- ŞİRAZİ, Hafız, Şark İslam Klasikleri Hafız Divanı, (çev. Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı), MEB Yayınları, İstanbul, 1992.
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Ontological Security Theory in the Discipline of International Relations: A Concept- and Literature-Based Review
Öz
Together with various conceptual and practical discussions, this article descriptively examines the ‘Ontological Security Theory’ (OST), which is not well known enough in Turkey, but has long been studied in the Western International Relations (IR) literature. Ontological security, which is defined by Giddens as the “confidence human beings have in the continuity of their self-identity and in the constancy of the surrounding social and material environments of action”, is linked to the routines, social interactions and stability in the lives of the societies and the states, similar to the individuals. At this point, it is seen that behind many domestic and foreign policy actions, there lies the phenomenon of ontological security or insecurity; and a significant amount of the discussions on the protracted conflicts and the irrational state behaviors can be analysed by means of socio-psychological base via this concept. This research both addresses the definitions of the concept in a deeply manner and presents various case studies related to the issue through a wide literature review. The aim is to contribute to the analytical enrichment of the future IR studies in Turkey on security and foreign policy, through these discussions. Thanks to its interdisciplinary structure and findings on the relationship between self-identity/the self and security, the ontological security approach exceedingly holds such a potential.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Ontological Security Theory Ontological Insecurity Self-identity Routines Anxiety
Kaynakça
- BİLGİN, Pınar, “Identity/Security”, J. Peter Burgess, (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of New Security Studies, Routledge, New York, 2010, 81-89.
- BİLGİN, P. ve İnce, Başak, “Ontological (In)security of ‘Included’ Citizens: The Case of Early Republican Turkey (1923-1946)”, Bahar Rumelili, (ed.), Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security, Routledge, New York, 2015, 117-133.
- BOOTH, Ken, Dünya Güvenliği Kuramı, Küre Yayınları, İstanbul, 2012.
- BUZAN, Barry, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, (2nd Edition), ECPR Press, Colchester, 2007.
- BUZAN, B., Wæver, Ole ve Wilde, Jaap De, Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Reinner Publishers, Colorado, 1998.
- CHACE, James ve Carr, Caleb, America Invulnerable: The Quest for Absolute Security from 1812 to Starwars, Summit Books, New York, 1988.
- CHAKRABARTY, Dipesh, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2000, 97–113.
- CRAIB, Ian, Anthony Giddens, Routledge, New York, 2011.
- ÇELIK, Ayşe Betül, “The Kurdish Issue and Levels of Ontological Security”, Bahar Rumelili, (ed.), Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security, Routledge, New York, 2015, 52-70.
- DARWICH, May, Threats and Alliances in the Middle East: Saudi and Syrian Policies in a Turbulent Region, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 2019.
- DÜZGÜN, Aslı Nur, “Turkish Foreign Policy towards Israel (2008-2019): Routines, Identity and Ontological Security”, Zülfükar Aytaç Kişman (ed.), Turkey in International Arena: Political and Economic Relations, Editura Universităţii “Aurel Vlaicu”, Arad, 2019, 13-46.
- EJDUS, Filip, Crisis and Ontological Insecurity: Serbia’s Anxiety over Kosovo’s Secession, Palgrave Macmillan, Switzerland, 2020.
- ERIKSON, Erik H., Identity and the Life Cycle, W.W. Norton&Company, New York, 1959.
- ERIKSON, E. H., Insight and Responsibility: Lectures on the Ethical Implications of Psychoanalytic Insight, W.W. Norton & Company, 1964.
- ERIKSON, E. H., Childhood and Society, Paladin Books, London, 1977.
- FOUCAULT, Michel, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Vintage Books, New York, 1977.
- FOUCAULT, M., On the Genealogy of Ethics: An Overview of Work in Progress, Pantheon, New York, 1984.
- GARFINKEL, Harold, Studies in Ethnomethodology, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1967.
- GIDDENS, Anthony, Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis, Palgrave Macmillan, England, 1979.
- GIDDENS, A., The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1984.
- GIDDENS, A., The Consequences of Modernity, Polity Press, United Kingdom, 1990.
- GIDDENS, A., Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age, Polity Press, Cambridge, 2006.
- GOFFMAN, Erving, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1963.
- GOFFMAN, E., Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behaviour, Anchor Books, 1967.
- GOFFMAN, E., Encounters: Two Studies in the Sociology of Interaction, Penguin University Books, 1972.
- HEIDEGGER, Martin, Being & Time, (Çev. J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson), Blackwell Publishers, Oxford, 1962.
- HUSSERL, Edmund, Phenomenology and the Crisis of Philosophy, Harper & Row, New York, 1965.
- KIERKEGAARD, Soren, Kaygı Kavramı, (çev. Türker Armaner), Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yay., İstanbul, 2013.
- KINNVALL, Catarina, “Globalization, Identity, and the Search for Chosen Traumas”, Kenneth Hoover, (ed.), The Future of Identity: Centennial Reflections on the Legacy of Erik Erikson, Lexington Books, Oxford, 2004, 111-136.
- KINNVALL, C., Globalization and Religious Nationalism in India: The Search for Ontological Security, Routledge, New York, 2006.
- KINNVALL, C., “Fear, Insecurity and the (Re)Emergence of the Far Right in Europe”, Paul Nesbitt-Larking, C. Kinnvall, Tereza Capelos ve Henk Dekker, (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Global Political Psychology, Palgrave Macmillan, England, 2014, 316-335.
- KRISTEVA, Julia, Powers of Horror: An Essay of Objection, University Presses of California, Columbia and Princeton, 1982.
- LAING, Ronald D., The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness, Penguin Classics, 1990, (ilk basım yılı 1959).
- MCSWEENEY, Bill, Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999.
- RUMELİLİ, Bahar, Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security, Routledge, New York, 2015.
- RUMELİLİ, B., “Ontological (In)security and Peace Anxieties: A Framework for Conflict Resolution”, B. Rumelili (ed.), Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security, Routledge, New York, 2015, 10-29.
- RICHARDS, Barry, “Extreme Nationalism and the Hatred of the Liberal State”, Nicolas Demertzis (ed.), Emotions in Politics: The Affect Dimension in Political Tension, Palgrave Macmillan, England, 124-142.
- SCHUTZ, Alfred, The Phenomenology of the Social World, Northwestern University Press, London, 1967.
- STEELE, Brent J., Ontological Security in International Relations: Self-Identity and the IR State, Routledge, New York, 2008.
- STEELE, B. J. ve Innes, Alexandria J. “Memory, Trauma and Ontological Security”, Erica Resende ve Dovile Budryte, (ed.), Memory and Trauma in International Relations: Theories, Cases and Debates, Routledge, New York, 2014, 15-29.
- ŞİRAZİ, Hafız, Şark İslam Klasikleri Hafız Divanı, (çev. Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı), MEB Yayınları, İstanbul, 1992.
- THUCYDIDES, The War of the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, (der. ve çev. Jeremy Mynott), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013.
- ADLER NIESSEN, Rebecca, “Stigma Management in International Relations: Transgressive Identities, Norms, and Order in International Society”, International Organization, 2014, Cilt: 68, No: 1, 143-176.
- BİLGİN, Pınar ve İnce, Başak, “Security and Citizenship in the Global South: In/securing Citizens in Early Republican Turkey (1923–1946)”, International Relations, 2015, Cilt: 29, No: 4, 500-520.
- GUSTAFSSON, Karl ve Krickel-Choi, Nina C, "Returning to the roots of ontological security: insights from the existentialist anxiety literature", European Journal of International Relations, 2020.
- HUYSMANS, Jef, “Security! What Do You Mean?: From Concept to Thick Signifier”, European Journal of International Relations, 1998, Cilt: 4, No: 2, 226-255.
- ILGIT, Aslı ve Prakash, Deepa, “More than a Feeling: Emotional Responses to International Critism in Erdogan’s Turkey”, Review of International Studies, 2017, Cilt 43, 130-151.
- KINNVALL, Catarina, “Nationalism, Religion and the Search for Chosen Traumas”, Ethnicities, 2002, Cilt: 2, No: 1, 79-106.
- KINNVALL, C., “Globalization and Religious Nationalism: Self, Identity, and the Search for Ontological Security”, Political Psychology, 2004, Cilt: 25, No: 5, 741-767.
- KINNVALL, C. ve Lindén, Jitka, “Dialogical Selves between Security and Insecurity Migration, Multiculturalism, and the Challenge of the Global”, Theory & Psychology, 2010, Cilt: 20, No: 5, 595–619.
- KINNVALL, C., “Feeling Ontologically (In)secure: States, Traumas and the Governing of Gendered Space”, Cooperation and Conflict, 2016, Cilt: 52, No: 1, 90–108.
- KINNVALL, C. ve Svensson, Ted, “Ontological Security and the Limits to a Common World: Subaltern Pasts and the Inner-Worldliness of the Tablighi Jama’at”, Postcolonial Studies, 2017, Cilt: 20, No: 3, 333-352.
- KINNVALL, C. ve Cash, John “Postcolonial Bordering and Ontological Insecurities”, Postcolonial Studies, 2017, Cilt: 20, No: 3, 267–274.
- KINNVALL, C. ve Mitzen, Jennifer, “An Introduction to the Special Issue: Ontological Securities in World Politics”, Cooperation and Conflict, 2017, Cilt: 52, No: 1, 3-11.
- KINNVALL, C., “Racism and the Role of Imaginary Others in Europe”, Nature Human Behaviour, Cilt: 1, No: 0122, 2017, s.1-4.
- KINNVALL, C., Manners, Ian ve Mitzen, Jennifer, “Introduction to 2018 Special Issue of European Security: Ontological (In)Security in the European Union”, European Security, 2018, Cilt: 27, No: 3, 249-265.
- KINNVALL, C. ve Mitzen, Jennifer, “Ontological Security and Conflict: The Dynamics of Crisis and the Constitution of Community”, Journal of International Relations and Development, 2018, Cilt: 21, No: 4, 825–835.
- KINNVALL, C., “Ontological Insecurities and Postcolonial Imaginaries: The Emotional Appeal of Populism”, Humanity & Society, Cilt: 42, No: 4, 2018, s. 523-543.
- KINNVALL, C., “Populism, Ontological Insecurity and Hindutva: Modi and the Masculinization of Indian Politics, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 2019, 1-20.
- KINNVALL C. & Mitzen J., “Anxiety, fear, and ontological security in world politics: Thinking with and beyond Giddens”, 2020, International Theory, 12(2), 240-256.
- KULA, Sedat ve Çakar, Bekir, “Maslow İhtiyaçlar Hiyerarşisi Bağlamında Toplumda Bireylerin Güvenlik Algısı ve Yaşam Doyumu Arasındaki İlişki”, Bartın Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 2015, Cilt: 6, No: 12, 191-210.
- MANNERS, Ian, “European [security] Union from existential threat to ontological security”, Kopenhag Barış Araştırmaları Enstitüsü (COPRI), 2002, Cilt: 42, 1-43.
- MASLOW, Abraham H., “The Dynamics of Psychological Security-Insecurity”, Character & Personality; A Quarterly for Psychodiagnostic & Allied Studies, 1942, 10, 331-344.
- MASLOW, Abraham H., “A Theory of Human Motivation”, Psychological Review, 1943, Cilt: 50, No: 4, 370-396.
- MCSWEENEY, Bill, “Identity and Security: Buzan and the Copenhagen School”, Review of International Studies, Sayı: 22, No: 1, 1996, 81–93.
- MCSWEENEY, B., “Durkheim and the Copenhagen School: A Response to Buzan and Wæver”, Review of International Studies, Sayı: 24, No: 1, 1998, 137–140.
- MITZEN, Jennifer, “Ontological Security in World Politics, and Implications for the Study of European Security”, CIDEL Workshop, 2004, 1-52.
- MITZEN, J., “Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma”, European Journal of International Relations, 2006, Cilt:12, No: 3, 341-370.
- MITZEN, J., “Anchoring Europe’s Civilizing Identity: Habits, Capabilities and Ontological Security”, Journal of European Public Policy, 2006, Cilt: 13, No:2, 270-285.
- MITZEN, J., “Security Communities and the Unthinkabilities of War”, The Annual Review of Political Science, 2016, Cilt: 19, 229-248.
- MITZEN, J. ve Larson, Kyle, “Ontological Security and Foreign Policy”, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, 2017, 1-26.
- MITZEN, J., “Anxious Community: EU as (In)security Community”, European Security, 2018, Cilt: 27, No: 3, 393-413.
- MITZEN, J., “Feeling at Home in Europe: Migration, Ontological Security, and the Political Psychology of EU Bordering”, Political Psychology, 2018, Cilt: 39, No: 6, 1373-1386.
- MORGAN, Patrick, “Safeguarding Security Studies”, Arms Control, 1992, Cilt: 13, No: 3, 464-479.
- NIESSEN, Rebecca Adler, “Stigma Management in International Relations: Transgressive Identities, Norms, and Order in International Society”, International Organization, 2014, Cilt: 68, No: 1, 143-176.
- ÖNİŞ, Ziya, “The Age of Anxiety: The Crisis of Liberal Democracy in a Post-Hegemonic Global Order”, The International Spectator, 2017, Cilt: 52, No:3, 18-35.
- ÖKTEM, Ülker, “Fenomenoloji ve Edmund Husserl’de Apaçıklık (Evidenz) Problemi”, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 2005, Cilt:45, Sayı: 1, 27-55.
- RUMELİLİ, Bahar, "Identity and Desecuritization: Possibilities and Limits", NUPI’s Research Seminar Series, 2011, Oslo, February, 1-36.
- RUMELİLİ, B., “Uluslararası İlişkilerde Kimlik ve Ontolojik Güvenlik”, Bilim ve Sanat Vakfı, Bülten, Cilt: 83, İstanbul, 9 Ekim 2013, 8-10.
- RUMELİLİ, B., “Identity and Desecuritization: The Pitfalls of Conflating Ontological and Physical Security”, Journal of International Relations and Development, 2013, 1-23.
- RUMELİLİ, B. ve Karadağ, Sibel, “Göç ve Güvenlik: Eleştirel Yaklaşımlar”, Toplum ve Bilim, 2017, Cilt: 140, 69-92.
- RUMELİLİ, B., “Breaking with Europe’s Pasts: Memory, Reconciliation, and Ontological (In)security”, European Security, 2018, Cilt: 27, No: 3, 280-295.
- RUMELİLİ, B. ve Adısönmez, Umut Can, “Uluslararası İlişkilerde Kimlik Güvenlik İlişkisine Dair Yeni bir Paradigma: Ontolojik Güvenlik Teorisi”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 15 Nisan 2020, 1-17.
- RUMELİLİ, B., “Integrating Anxiety into International Relations Theory: Hobbes, Existentialism, and Ontological Security", International Theory, Cilt: 12, No:2, 2020, 257-272.
- SARI ERTEM, H., “Kimlik ve Güvenlik İlişkisine Konstrüktivist Bir Yaklaşım: ‘Kimliğin Güvenliği’ ve ‘Güvenliğin Kimliği’”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, 2012, Cilt:16, Cilt: 16, 177-234.
- SAYAR, Kemal, “Varoluşçu Psikoloji Açısından Anksiyete: Kierkegaard ve Anksiyete”, https://kemalsayar.com/insana-dair/varoluscu-psikoloji-acisindan-anksiyete,(Erişim Tarihi: 11.10.2020).
- STEELE, Brent J., “Ontological Security and the Power of Self-Identity: British Neutrality and the American Civil War”, Review of International Studies, 2005, Cilt: 31, No: 3, 519–540.
- STEELE, B. J., “Making Words Matter: The Asian Tsunami, Darfur, and ‘‘Reflexive Discourse’’ in International Politics”, International Studies Quarterly, 2007, Cilt: 51, No: 4, 901-925.
- STEELE, B. J., “ ‘Ideals That Were Really Never in Our Possession’: Torture, Honor and US Identity”, International Relations, 2008, Cilt: 22, No: 2, 243-261.
- STEELE, B. J. ve Delehanty, Will K. “Engaging the Narrative in Ontological (In)security Theory: Insights from Feminist IR”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 2009, Cilt: 22, No: 3, 523-540.
- STEELE, B. J., “Organizational Processes and Ontological (In)security: Torture, the CIA and the United States”, Cooperation and Conflict, 2017, Cilt: 52, No: 1, 69-89.
- STEELE, B. J. ve Subotic, Jelena, “Moral Injury in International Relations”, Journal of Global Security Studies, 2018, Cilt: 3, No: 4, 387–401.
- STEELE, B. J. ve Homolar, Alexandra, “Ontological Insecurities and the Politics of Contemporary Populism”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 2019, 1-8.
- STEELE, B. J., “Welcome Home! Routines, Ontological Insecurity and the Politics of US Military Reunion Videos”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 2019, 1-22.
- STEELE, B. J. ve Donnelly, Faye, “Critical Security History: (De)securitisation, Ontological Security, and Insecure Memories”, European Journal of International Security, 2019, No: 4, 209-226.
- VOLKAN, Vamık D., Bloodlines: From Ethnic Pride to Ethnic Terrorism, Basic Books, New York, 1998.
- WENDT, Alexander, “Collective Identity Formation and the International State”, American Political Science Review, Cilt: 88, No: 2, 384–396.
- WOLFERS, Arnold, “National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol”, Political Science Quarterly, 1952, Vol. 67, No.4, 481-502.
- YILDIRIM, Engin, “Anthony Giddens’ın Yapılanma Teorisi”, Bilgi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1999, Cilt: 1, 25-44.
- SARI ERTEM, Helin, Geleneksel Amerikan Kimlik ve Güvenlik Algısının 11 Eylül Sonrası ABD Dış Politikasına Etkileri, Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul, 2010.
Toplam 100 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Mart 2021 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 4 Nisan 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 37 |
