Research Article
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Students’ Success in English Vocabulary Acquisition through Multimedia Annotations Sent via Whatsapp

Year 2019, Volume: 20 Issue: 4, 85 - 98, 01.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.640517

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of the multimedia annotations which were sent through instant messaging application WhatsApp on students’ success in English vocabulary acquisition together with their opinions on the educational use of WhatsApp and the multimedia annotations. In the study, mixed method model, which combines both quantitative and qualitative data, was employed. Results of the variance analysis of the quatitative data indicated that the multimedia annotations sent through WhatsApp yielded a meaningful increase in students’ vocabulary acquisition. Multiple comparison test to identify the reason of this increase revealed that ‘Text+Picture+Audio’ and ‘Text+Picture’ multimedia annotations increased students’ vocabulary acquisition meaningfully when compared to other learning multimedia annotations. Although ‘Text+Audio’ multimedia annotation contributed to the success of students more than the students who received only ‘texts’, it wasn’t found meaningful. In the qualitative aspect of the study, students expressed their willingness to go on the treatment. They stated that similar researches in their other courses could be useful. They also added that they could learn unconsciously and expressed positive opinions towards the use of the pictures and audio annotations in particular. However, a few students reacted negatively againts the irrelevant posts and stated that the posts occupied a lot of space on their phones.

References

  • Akbulut, Y. (2007). Effects of multimedia annotations on incidental vocabulary and reading comprehension of advanced learners of English as a foreign language. Instructional Science, 35(6), 499-517. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-007-9016-7 Allen, V. F. (1983). Techniques in teaching vocabulary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Amry, A. B. (2014). The impact of whatsapp mobile social leaming on the achievement and attitudes of female students compared with face to face learning in the classroom. European Scientific Journal, 10(22), 116-136. Retrieved from http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/3909/3700 Ary, D., Jacobs, L., Sorensen, C., & Walker, D. (2013). Introduction to research in education (9th ed.). Indepence, KY: Cengage Learning. Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (2006). Qualitative Research for Education to Theory and Methods (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Bouhnik, D., & Deshen, M. (2014). WhatsApp goes to school: Mobile instant messaging between teachers and students. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 13, 217-231. Retrieved from http://www.jite.org/documents/Vol13/JITEv13ResearchP217-231Bouhnik0601.pdf Boyd, S. (2003). Are you ready for social software? [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.stoweboyd.com/ post/2325281845/are-you-ready-for-social-software Bygate, M., Skehan, P., & Swain, M. (2013). Researching pedagogic tasks: Second language learning, teaching, and testing. London, UK: Routledge. Cameron, L. (2001). Teaching languages to young learners. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Carlson, S. (2005). The net generation goes to college. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 52(7), A34-A37. Retrieved from http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Net-Generation-Goes-to/12307 Cetinkaya, L. (2017a). An educational technology tool that developed in the natural flow of life among students: WhatsApp. International Journal of Progressive Education, 13(2), 29-47. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1145590.pdf Cetinkaya, L. (2017b). The impact of whatsapp use on success in education process. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 18(7), 59-74. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19173/ irrodl.v18i7.3279 Cetinkaya, L., & Sutcu, S. S. (2018). The Effects of Facebook and WhatsApp on Success in English Vocabulary Instruction. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12255 Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. C. (2007). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Cohen J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2th ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round (p<.05). American Psychologist, 49(12), 997-1003. doi: https://doi. org/10.1037/0003-066X.49.12.997 Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. (2th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Creswell, J. W. (2005). Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall. Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Gutmann, M. & Hanson, W. (2003). Advanced mixed- methods research designs. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 209-240). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Davies, P., & Pears, E. (2000). Success in English teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 97 Demirel, O. (2015). Egitimde Program Gelistirme (24. baski) [Curriculum Development in Education (24th. ed.).] Ankara: PegemA. Fairclough, N. (2014). Critical language awareness. London, UK: Routledge. Fink, L. D. (2013). Creating significant learning experiences: An integrated approach to designing college courses. John Wiley & Sons. Folse, K. S., (2004). Vocabulary Myths: Applying second language research to classroom teaching. University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor. Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2011). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Hu, H-p., & Deng, L-j. (2007). Vocabulary acquisition in multimedia environment. USChina Foreign Language, 5(8), 55-59. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/ download?doi=10.1.1.116.5159&rep=rep1&type=pdf Huffman, S. R. (2010). The influence of collaboration on attitudes towards English vocabulary learning. Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University. Retrieved from http://lib. dr.iastate.edu/etd/11508 Huitt, W. (2003). The information processing approach to cognition. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/ cognition/infoproc.html Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches (3nd ed.). California: Sage. Kusnekoff, J., Munz, S., & Titsworth, S. (2015). Mobile Phones in the Classroom: Examining the Effects of Texting, Twitter, and Message Content on Student Learning. Communication Education, 64(3), 344-365. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2015.1038727 Lewis, M. (1993). The lexical approach: The state of ELT and the way forward. Hove, England: Language Teaching Pub. Mansourzadeh, N. (2014). A comparative study of teaching vocabulary through pictures and audio-visual aids to young Iranian EFL learners. Journal of Elementary Education, 24(1), 47-59. Retrieved from http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/JEE/PDF-Files/3_Nurullah%20Mansourzadeh_24_1_2014.pdf Mayer, R. E (2001). Multimedia Learning. NY: Cambridge University Press. Mayer, R. E., & Sims, V. K. (1994). For whom is a picture worth a thousand words? Extensions of a DualCoding Theory of multimedia learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(3), 389-401. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.86.3.389 McCoy, B. R. (2013). Digital distractions in the classroom: student classroom use of digital devices for non-class related purposes. Journal of Media Education, 4(4), 5-14. Retrieved from http:// digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismfacpub/ McCoy, B. R. (2016). Digital Distractions in the Classroom Phase II: Student Classroom Use of Digital Devices for Non-Class Related Purposes. Journal of Media Education, 7(1), 5-32. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismfacpub/ McLaughlin, B. (2013). Second language acquisition in childhood: Volume 2: School- age Children. NY and Hove: Psychology Press. Mistar, I. B., & Embi, M. A. (2016). Students’ perception on the use of whatsapp as a learning tool in ESL classroom. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 4(June), 96-104. Retrieved from http://jesoc. com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Edu-76.pdf Nation, P. (1995). New Ways in Teaching Vocabulary. TESOL. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Oblinger, D. G., & Hagner.P. (2005). Seminar on educating the Net Generation. Presented at EDUCAUSE, Tempe, AZ, August. Retrieved from http://www.educause.edu/section_params/conf/esem052/ OneDayv2-HO.ppt#3 98 Plana, M. G- C., Escofet, M. I. G., Figueras, I. T., Gimeno, A., Appel, C., & Hopkins, J. (2013, July). Improving learners’ reading skills through instant short messages: A sample study using WhatsApp. 4th World-CALL Conference, Glasgow. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate. net/publication/255718202_Improving_learners’_reading_skills_through_instant_short_ messages_a_sample_study_using_WhatsApp Ryan, G., & Bernard, H. R. (2000). Data management and analysis methods. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 769–802). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Sadeghi, K. & Farzizadeh, B. (2013). The Effect of Visually-Supported Vocabulary Instruction on Beginner EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Gain. MEXTESOL Journal, 37(1), 1-12. Retrieved from http:// mextesol.net/journal/public/files/b673cd6a46cfeade6b620fe5bb7f3836.pdf Sadeghi, K. Khezrlou, S. & Modirkhameneh, S. (2016). Calling Iranian learners of L2 English: effect of gloss type on lexical retention and reading performance under different learning conditions. Journal of Research in Reading, 0(0), 1-21. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467- 9817.12088/epdf Sanchez-Meca, J., & Marin-Martinez, F. (2010). Meta Analysis. In P. Peterson, E. Baker & B. McGaw (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Education (Vol. 7, pp. 274-282). Oxford: Elsevier. Sarwar, B., Zulfiqar, S., Aziz, S., & Chandia, K. E. (2018). Usage of Social Media Tools for Collaborative Learning: The Effect on Learning Success with the Moderating Role of Cyberbullying. Journal of Educational Computing Research. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633117748415 Smit, I. (2012). WhatsApp with BlackBerry; Can Messengers (BBM) be MXit? In Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on World Wide Web Applications. Cape Town, South Africa: Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10394/13628 Sylwester, R. A. (1995). A Celebration of Neurons: An Educator’s Guide to the Human Brain. ASCD Pub., Alexandria, VA. Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. B. (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Tavsancil. E., & Aslan. E. A. (2001). Icerik analizi ve uygulama ornekleri [Content analysis and example applications for oral, written, and other documents]. Ankara: Epsilon Yayinlari. Ulitsky, H. (2000). Language Learner Strategies with Technology. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 22(3), 285-322. doi: https://doi.org/10.2190/VLTU-CCXF-NFYL-277H Wilkins, D. A. (1972). Linguistics in language teaching. London: Edward Arnold, p. 111. Wolcott, H. F. (1990). On seeking-and rejecting-validity in qualitative research. (Ed.) E. W. Eisner, & A. Peshkin, Qualititative Inquiry in Education the Coutinuing Debate (121-152). NY: Teachers Collage Press. Wong, L.-H., & Looi, C.-K. (2010). Vocabulary learning by mobile-assisted authentic content creation and social meaning-making: two case studies. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 26(5). doi: http:// dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2010.00357.x Vacha-Haase, T. & Thompson, B. (2004). How to estimate and interpret various effect sizes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(4), 473-481. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.4.473 Van Lier, L. (2014). Interaction in the language curriculum: Awareness, autonomy and authenticity. London, UK: Routledge. Yildirim, A., & Simsek, H. (2008). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel arastirma yontemleri (6. Baski) [Qualitative research methods in social sciences (6nd ed.)]. Ankara: Seckin Yayincilik. Zimmerman, C. B. (1994). Self-selected reading and interactive vocabulary instruction: Knowledge and perceptions of word learning among L2 learners (Order No. 9601089). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global (304107947) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/ docview/304107947?accountid=8319
Year 2019, Volume: 20 Issue: 4, 85 - 98, 01.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.640517

Abstract

References

  • Akbulut, Y. (2007). Effects of multimedia annotations on incidental vocabulary and reading comprehension of advanced learners of English as a foreign language. Instructional Science, 35(6), 499-517. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-007-9016-7 Allen, V. F. (1983). Techniques in teaching vocabulary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Amry, A. B. (2014). The impact of whatsapp mobile social leaming on the achievement and attitudes of female students compared with face to face learning in the classroom. European Scientific Journal, 10(22), 116-136. Retrieved from http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/3909/3700 Ary, D., Jacobs, L., Sorensen, C., & Walker, D. (2013). Introduction to research in education (9th ed.). Indepence, KY: Cengage Learning. Bogdan, R. C., & Biklen, S. K. (2006). Qualitative Research for Education to Theory and Methods (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Bouhnik, D., & Deshen, M. (2014). WhatsApp goes to school: Mobile instant messaging between teachers and students. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 13, 217-231. Retrieved from http://www.jite.org/documents/Vol13/JITEv13ResearchP217-231Bouhnik0601.pdf Boyd, S. (2003). Are you ready for social software? [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.stoweboyd.com/ post/2325281845/are-you-ready-for-social-software Bygate, M., Skehan, P., & Swain, M. (2013). Researching pedagogic tasks: Second language learning, teaching, and testing. London, UK: Routledge. Cameron, L. (2001). Teaching languages to young learners. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Carlson, S. (2005). The net generation goes to college. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 52(7), A34-A37. Retrieved from http://www.chronicle.com/article/The-Net-Generation-Goes-to/12307 Cetinkaya, L. (2017a). An educational technology tool that developed in the natural flow of life among students: WhatsApp. International Journal of Progressive Education, 13(2), 29-47. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1145590.pdf Cetinkaya, L. (2017b). The impact of whatsapp use on success in education process. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 18(7), 59-74. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.19173/ irrodl.v18i7.3279 Cetinkaya, L., & Sutcu, S. S. (2018). The Effects of Facebook and WhatsApp on Success in English Vocabulary Instruction. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcal.12255 Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. C. (2007). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Cohen J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2th ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round (p<.05). American Psychologist, 49(12), 997-1003. doi: https://doi. org/10.1037/0003-066X.49.12.997 Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. (2th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Creswell, J. W. (2005). Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Merrill Prentice Hall. Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Creswell, J. W., Plano Clark, V. L., Gutmann, M. & Hanson, W. (2003). Advanced mixed- methods research designs. In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie (Eds.), Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research (pp. 209-240). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Davies, P., & Pears, E. (2000). Success in English teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 97 Demirel, O. (2015). Egitimde Program Gelistirme (24. baski) [Curriculum Development in Education (24th. ed.).] Ankara: PegemA. Fairclough, N. (2014). Critical language awareness. London, UK: Routledge. Fink, L. D. (2013). Creating significant learning experiences: An integrated approach to designing college courses. John Wiley & Sons. Folse, K. S., (2004). Vocabulary Myths: Applying second language research to classroom teaching. University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor. Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2011). How to design and evaluate research in education (8th ed.). NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Hu, H-p., & Deng, L-j. (2007). Vocabulary acquisition in multimedia environment. USChina Foreign Language, 5(8), 55-59. Retrieved from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/ download?doi=10.1.1.116.5159&rep=rep1&type=pdf Huffman, S. R. (2010). The influence of collaboration on attitudes towards English vocabulary learning. Graduate Theses and Dissertations. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University. Retrieved from http://lib. dr.iastate.edu/etd/11508 Huitt, W. (2003). The information processing approach to cognition. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/ cognition/infoproc.html Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches (3nd ed.). California: Sage. Kusnekoff, J., Munz, S., & Titsworth, S. (2015). Mobile Phones in the Classroom: Examining the Effects of Texting, Twitter, and Message Content on Student Learning. Communication Education, 64(3), 344-365. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2015.1038727 Lewis, M. (1993). The lexical approach: The state of ELT and the way forward. Hove, England: Language Teaching Pub. Mansourzadeh, N. (2014). A comparative study of teaching vocabulary through pictures and audio-visual aids to young Iranian EFL learners. Journal of Elementary Education, 24(1), 47-59. Retrieved from http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/JEE/PDF-Files/3_Nurullah%20Mansourzadeh_24_1_2014.pdf Mayer, R. E (2001). Multimedia Learning. NY: Cambridge University Press. Mayer, R. E., & Sims, V. K. (1994). For whom is a picture worth a thousand words? Extensions of a DualCoding Theory of multimedia learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(3), 389-401. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.86.3.389 McCoy, B. R. (2013). Digital distractions in the classroom: student classroom use of digital devices for non-class related purposes. Journal of Media Education, 4(4), 5-14. Retrieved from http:// digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismfacpub/ McCoy, B. R. (2016). Digital Distractions in the Classroom Phase II: Student Classroom Use of Digital Devices for Non-Class Related Purposes. Journal of Media Education, 7(1), 5-32. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismfacpub/ McLaughlin, B. (2013). Second language acquisition in childhood: Volume 2: School- age Children. NY and Hove: Psychology Press. Mistar, I. B., & Embi, M. A. (2016). Students’ perception on the use of whatsapp as a learning tool in ESL classroom. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, 4(June), 96-104. Retrieved from http://jesoc. com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Edu-76.pdf Nation, P. (1995). New Ways in Teaching Vocabulary. TESOL. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. Oblinger, D. G., & Hagner.P. (2005). Seminar on educating the Net Generation. Presented at EDUCAUSE, Tempe, AZ, August. Retrieved from http://www.educause.edu/section_params/conf/esem052/ OneDayv2-HO.ppt#3 98 Plana, M. G- C., Escofet, M. I. G., Figueras, I. T., Gimeno, A., Appel, C., & Hopkins, J. (2013, July). Improving learners’ reading skills through instant short messages: A sample study using WhatsApp. 4th World-CALL Conference, Glasgow. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate. net/publication/255718202_Improving_learners’_reading_skills_through_instant_short_ messages_a_sample_study_using_WhatsApp Ryan, G., & Bernard, H. R. (2000). Data management and analysis methods. In N. Denzin & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 769–802). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Sadeghi, K. & Farzizadeh, B. (2013). The Effect of Visually-Supported Vocabulary Instruction on Beginner EFL Learners’ Vocabulary Gain. MEXTESOL Journal, 37(1), 1-12. Retrieved from http:// mextesol.net/journal/public/files/b673cd6a46cfeade6b620fe5bb7f3836.pdf Sadeghi, K. Khezrlou, S. & Modirkhameneh, S. (2016). Calling Iranian learners of L2 English: effect of gloss type on lexical retention and reading performance under different learning conditions. Journal of Research in Reading, 0(0), 1-21. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467- 9817.12088/epdf Sanchez-Meca, J., & Marin-Martinez, F. (2010). Meta Analysis. In P. Peterson, E. Baker & B. McGaw (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Education (Vol. 7, pp. 274-282). Oxford: Elsevier. Sarwar, B., Zulfiqar, S., Aziz, S., & Chandia, K. E. (2018). Usage of Social Media Tools for Collaborative Learning: The Effect on Learning Success with the Moderating Role of Cyberbullying. Journal of Educational Computing Research. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633117748415 Smit, I. (2012). WhatsApp with BlackBerry; Can Messengers (BBM) be MXit? In Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on World Wide Web Applications. Cape Town, South Africa: Cape Peninsula University of Technology. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10394/13628 Sylwester, R. A. (1995). A Celebration of Neurons: An Educator’s Guide to the Human Brain. ASCD Pub., Alexandria, VA. Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. B. (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Tavsancil. E., & Aslan. E. A. (2001). Icerik analizi ve uygulama ornekleri [Content analysis and example applications for oral, written, and other documents]. Ankara: Epsilon Yayinlari. Ulitsky, H. (2000). Language Learner Strategies with Technology. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 22(3), 285-322. doi: https://doi.org/10.2190/VLTU-CCXF-NFYL-277H Wilkins, D. A. (1972). Linguistics in language teaching. London: Edward Arnold, p. 111. Wolcott, H. F. (1990). On seeking-and rejecting-validity in qualitative research. (Ed.) E. W. Eisner, & A. Peshkin, Qualititative Inquiry in Education the Coutinuing Debate (121-152). NY: Teachers Collage Press. Wong, L.-H., & Looi, C.-K. (2010). Vocabulary learning by mobile-assisted authentic content creation and social meaning-making: two case studies. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 26(5). doi: http:// dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2729.2010.00357.x Vacha-Haase, T. & Thompson, B. (2004). How to estimate and interpret various effect sizes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(4), 473-481. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.4.473 Van Lier, L. (2014). Interaction in the language curriculum: Awareness, autonomy and authenticity. London, UK: Routledge. Yildirim, A., & Simsek, H. (2008). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel arastirma yontemleri (6. Baski) [Qualitative research methods in social sciences (6nd ed.)]. Ankara: Seckin Yayincilik. Zimmerman, C. B. (1994). Self-selected reading and interactive vocabulary instruction: Knowledge and perceptions of word learning among L2 learners (Order No. 9601089). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global (304107947) Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/ docview/304107947?accountid=8319
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Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Levent Cetınkaya This is me 0000-0002-0167-4846

Selim Soner Sutcu This is me 0000-0002-8875-5955

Publication Date October 1, 2019
Submission Date December 17, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 20 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Cetınkaya, L., & Sutcu, S. S. (2019). Students’ Success in English Vocabulary Acquisition through Multimedia Annotations Sent via Whatsapp. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 20(4), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.640517