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Assessment of Road-Induced Landscape Fragmentation and Implications for Landscape Planning: the case of İzmir Province

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 699 - 709, 15.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.544540

Öz

Roads are considered as a major environmental
problem and one of the main causes of biodiversity loss and landscape
fragmentation. Recent evidence suggests that whilst roads generally lead to
increasing landscape fragmentation; they also affect the structure and
functioning of landscapes through the pollution caused by the vehicles and the
acceleration of settlements around road networks. This paper explores the
relationship between the presence of roads and landscape fragmentation in the
central districts of Izmir province, using landscape metrics at class and
landscape level. CORINE land cover (CLC2012) dataset together with Urban Atlas
2012 (UA2012) were used for the delineation of land cover map with and without
roads. The analyses were performed in FRAGSTATS 4.2 and ArcGIS 10.5.1. Results
illustrated an increasingly fragmented urban landscape with respect to
increasing road existence. However, it is important to bear in mind the
possible limitations of some landscape metrics when evaluating fragmentation
caused by roads. On the other hand, the results of this study emphasise that
the number of patches (NP), area-weighted mean patch area (AREA_AM), edge
density (ED) and effective mesh size (MESH) seem to be much more robust
landscape metric when measuring landscape fragmentation. The paper concludes
with important implications and recommendations with a view to informing
landscape planning practices for creating opportunities around roads and road
networks to support biodiversity and enhance the lives of people. For example,
as a practical manner, the creation of roadside vegetation and vegetated verges
can reduce the fragmentation effect of road networks and enhance landscape
connectivity rather than its fragmentation effect. The care and regular
maintenance of these areas will also play an important role in improving
landscape quality and promoting biodiversity.

Kaynakça

  • Atalay, I. 1994. Vegetation geography of Turkey. Ege University Press, Izmir, Turkey.
  • Auestad, I., Rydgren, K. and Austad, I., 2011, August. Road verges: potential refuges for declining grassland species despite remnant vegetation dynamics. In Annales botanici fennici (Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 289-304). Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board.
  • Banister, D., 2000. Sustainable urban development and transport-a Eurovision for 2020. Transport Reviews, 20(1), pp.113-130.
  • Bennett, V.J., 2017. Effects of road density and pattern on the conservation of species and biodiversity. Current Landscape Ecology Reports, 2(1), pp.1-11.
  • Cai, X., Wu, Z. and Cheng, J., 2013. Using kernel density estimation to assess the spatial pattern of road density and its impact on landscape fragmentation. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 27(2), pp.222-230.
  • Copernicus Land Monitoring Services, 2018a. CORINE Land Cover 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2018, from https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover/clc-2012
  • Copernicus Land Monitoring Services, 2018b. Urban Atlas 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2018, from https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas/urban-atlas-2012
  • Coyner, B.S., 2015, February. An Assessment of Habitat Fragmentation by Roads in Cimarron County, Oklahoma. In Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science (Vol. 88, pp. 21-26).
  • Forman, R.T., Sperling, D., Bissonette, J.A., Clevenger, A.P., Cutshall, C.D., Dale, V.H., Fahrig, L., France, R.L., Heanue, K., Goldman, C.R. and Jones, J., 2003. Road ecology: science and solutions. Island press.
  • Frair, J.L., Merrill, E.H., Beyer, H.L. and Morales, J.M., 2008. Thresholds in landscape connectivity and mortality risks in response to growing road networks. Journal of applied ecology, 45(5), pp.1504-1513.
  • Fukahori, K. and Kubota, Y., 2003. The role of design elements on the cost-effectiveness of streetscape improvement. Landscape and Urban Planning, 63(2), pp.75-91.
  • Giles-Corti, B., Broomhall, M.H., Knuiman, M., Collins, C., Douglas, K., Ng, K., Lange, A. and Donovan, R.J., 2005. Increasing walking: how important is distance to, attractiveness, and size of public open space?. American journal of preventive medicine, 28(2), pp.169-176.
  • Goodwin, B.J., 2003. Is landscape connectivity a dependent or independent variable?. Landscape ecology, 18(7), pp.687-699.
  • Grilo, C., Sousa, J., Ascensão, F., Matos, H., Leitão, I., Pinheiro, P., Costa, M., Bernardo, J., Reto, D., Lourenço, R. and Santos-Reis, M., 2012. Individual spatial responses towards roads: implications for mortality risk. PLoS One, 7(9), p.e43811.
  • Hambrey Consulting. (2013) The management of roadside verges for biodiversity. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 551. Retrieved June 15, 2019, from: http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/551.pdf
  • Hanski, I., 2011. Habitat loss, the dynamics of biodiversity, and a perspective on conservation. Ambio, 40(3), pp.248-255.
  • Hawbaker, T.J., Radeloff, V.C., Clayton, M.K., Hammer, R.B. and Gonzalez-Abraham, C.E., 2006. Road development, housing growth, and landscape fragmentation in northern Wisconsin: 1937–1999. Ecological Applications, 16(3), pp.1222-1237.
  • Izmir MGM, 2019. Meteoroloji 2. Bölge Müdürlüğü İzmir, Bölgemize Bağlı İllerin İklimi Durumu. Retrieved January 25, 2018, from http://izmir.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/izmir_iklim.pdf
  • Jackson, N.D. and Fahrig, L., 2011. Relative effects of road mortality and decreased connectivity on population genetic diversity. Biological Conservation, 144(12), pp.3143-3148.
  • Jakobsson, S., Bernes, C., Bullock, J.M., Verheyen, K. and Lindborg, R., 2018. How does roadside vegetation management affect the diversity of vascular plants and invertebrates? A systematic review. Environmental Evidence, 7(1), p.17.
  • Kettunen, M., Terry, A., Tucker, G. and Jones, A., 2007. Guidance on the maintenance of landscape connectivity features of major importance for wild flora and fauna. Guidance on the implementation of Article, 3.
  • Laurance, W.F., Goosem, M. and Laurance, S.G., 2009. Impacts of roads and linear clearings on tropical forests. Trends in ecology & evolution, 24(12), pp.659-669.
  • Lawton, J.H., Brotherton, P.N.M., Brown, V.K., Elphick, C., Fitter, A.H.,Forshaw, J., Haddow, R.W., Hilborne, S., Leafe, R.N., Mace, G. M., Southgate, M.P., Sutherland, W.J., Tew, T.E., Varley, J. & Wynne, G.R., 2010. Making Space for Nature: a review of England‟s wildlife sites and ecological network. Report to Defra.
  • Leitão, A.B., Miller, J., Ahern, J. and McGarigal, K., 2012. Measuring landscapes: A planner's handbook. Island press.
  • Li, H. and Wu, J., 2004. Use and misuse of landscape indices. Landscape ecology, 19(4), pp.389-399.
  • McGarigal, K., Cushman, S.A. and Ene, E., 2012. FRAGSTATS v4: Spatial pattern analysis program for categorical and continuous maps. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA. goo. gl/aAEbMk.
  • McGarigal, K., 2014. FRAGSTATS help. Documentation for FRAGSTATS, 4.
  • Moseley, D., Marzano, M., Chetcuti, J. & Watts, K., 2013. Green networks for people: Application of a functional approach to support the planning and management of greenspace. Landscape and Urban Planning. 116 (2013). p. 1-12.
  • O'Sullivan, O.S., Holt, A.R., Warren, P.H. and Evans, K.L., 2017. Optimising UK urban road verge contributions to biodiversity and ecosystem services with cost-effective management. Journal of environmental management, 191, pp.162-171.
  • Plaut, P.O. and Shmueli, D.F., 2000. Sustainable Transport-A Comparative Analysis of Israel, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom Pnina O. Plaut & Deborah F. Shmueli. Editorial board, 6(1), pp.40-58.
  • Ribeiro, M.C., de Lara Muylaert, R., Dodonov, P., Ciocheti, G., Magioli, M., Martello, F., Rocha, A., Borges, B.D., Carvalho, C., Kanda, C.Z. and Rodriguez-Castro, K.G., 2016. 4. Dealing with fragmentation and road effects in highly degraded and heterogeneous landscapes. In Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes of Southeastern Brazil (pp. 43-64). Sciendo Migration.
  • Riitters, K., Wickham, J. and Coulston, J., 2004. Use of road maps in national assessments of forest fragmentation in the United States. Ecology and Society, 9(2).
  • Sweeney, S., Engindeniz, E. and Gündüz, S., 2007. Ecological concepts necessary to the conservation of biodiversity in urban environments. A| Z ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 4(1), pp.56-72.
  • TUIK, 2018. Konularına Göre İstatistikler, Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi. Retrieved January 25, 2018, from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1059
  • Uuemaa, E., Antrop, M., Roosaare, J., Marja, R. and Mander, Ü., 2009. Landscape metrics and indices: an overview of their use in landscape research. Living reviews in landscape research, 3(1), pp.1-28.
  • Watts, K., Handley, P., Scholefield, P. and Norton, L., 2008. Habitat Connectivity–Developing an indicator for UK and country level reporting. Phase 1 Pilot Study contract report to Defra. Forest Research & Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.
  • With, K.A., 2002. Landscape Connectivity and Metapopulation Dynamics. 08-227, In Learning landscape ecology: A practical guide to concepts and techniques. (Eds) S.E. Gergel and M.G. Turner. Springer- Verlag. New York.
  • Yang, X., Wang, L., Wu, T. and Qiu, Q., 2018. Ecological risk assessment based on road network development analysis of Xiamen city, China. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 25(5), pp.458-467.
  • Zhang, L., Dong, T., Xu, W. and Ouyang, Z., 2015. Assessment of habitat fragmentation caused by traffic networks and identifying key affected areas to facilitate rare wildlife conservation in China. Wildlife Research, 42(3), pp.266-279.

Yollardan Kaynaklanan Peyzaj Parçalanmasının Belirlenmesi ve Peyzaj Planlama Açısından Değerlendirmeler: İzmir İli Örneği

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 699 - 709, 15.10.2019
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.544540

Öz

Yollar, büyük bir çevre sorunu ve
biyolojik çeşitlilik kaybı ile peyzaj parçalanmasının ana nedenlerinden biri
olarak kabul edilmektedir. Yapılan araştırmalar, yolların genellikle artan
peyzaj parçalanmasına yol açtığını; ayrıca araçların neden olduğu kirlilik ve
yol ağları etrafındaki yerleşimlerin hızla artması yoluyla peyzajların yapısı
ve işleyişini de etkilediklerini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, İzmir ili
merkez ilçelerinde yolların varlığı ile peyzaj parçalanması arasındaki ilişkiyi
sınıf ve peyzaj düzeyinde peyzaj metriklerini kullanarak incelemektedir. Çalışmada,
CORINE arazi örtüsü haritası (CLC2012) ve Urban Atlas2012 (Kent Atlası2012)
(UA2012) ile birlikte kullanılarak, çalışma alanına ilişkin detaylı yol
verisinin içerildiği ve içerilmediği arazi örtüsü haritaları kullanılmıştır.
Analizler FRAGSTATS 4.2 ve ArcGIS 10.5.1 yazılımlarında gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Sonuçlar artan yol varlığının kent peyzajında artan parçalanmaya sebep olduğunu
göstermektedir. Ancak, yolların neden olduğu parçalanmanın değerlendirilmesinde
bazı peyzaj metriklerinin etkinliklerinin olası kısıtlılıklarını göz önünde
bulundurmak gerekmektedir. Diğer yandan, bu çalışmanın sonuçları, peyzaj
parçalanmasını değerlendirirken yama sayısı (NP), alan ağırlıklı ortalama yama
alanı (AREA_AM), kenar yoğunluğu (ED) ve etkin ağ boyutunun (MESH)  peyzaj parçalanmasına ilişkin daha sağlıklı
değerler sunduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma, biyolojik çeşitliliğin
desteklenmesi ve insanların yaşam kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi bakımından yollar
ve yol ağları çevresinde fırsatlar yaratmak için peyzaj planlama uygulamalarına
ışık tutabilecek bazı önemli önerilerle sonlandırılmıştır. Örneğin, pratik
anlamda, yol ağları çevresinde yol kenarı bitki örtüsü ve bitkilendirilmiş
banketler, yol ağlarının parçalanma etkisini azaltabilir ve peyzaj bağlantılılığını
arttırılabilir. Ayrıca, bu alanların korunması ve düzenli bakımı peyzaj
kalitesinin arttırılmasında ve biyolojik çeşitliliğin desteklenmesinde de
önemli rol oynayacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Atalay, I. 1994. Vegetation geography of Turkey. Ege University Press, Izmir, Turkey.
  • Auestad, I., Rydgren, K. and Austad, I., 2011, August. Road verges: potential refuges for declining grassland species despite remnant vegetation dynamics. In Annales botanici fennici (Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 289-304). Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board.
  • Banister, D., 2000. Sustainable urban development and transport-a Eurovision for 2020. Transport Reviews, 20(1), pp.113-130.
  • Bennett, V.J., 2017. Effects of road density and pattern on the conservation of species and biodiversity. Current Landscape Ecology Reports, 2(1), pp.1-11.
  • Cai, X., Wu, Z. and Cheng, J., 2013. Using kernel density estimation to assess the spatial pattern of road density and its impact on landscape fragmentation. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 27(2), pp.222-230.
  • Copernicus Land Monitoring Services, 2018a. CORINE Land Cover 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2018, from https://land.copernicus.eu/pan-european/corine-land-cover/clc-2012
  • Copernicus Land Monitoring Services, 2018b. Urban Atlas 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2018, from https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas/urban-atlas-2012
  • Coyner, B.S., 2015, February. An Assessment of Habitat Fragmentation by Roads in Cimarron County, Oklahoma. In Proceedings of the Oklahoma Academy of Science (Vol. 88, pp. 21-26).
  • Forman, R.T., Sperling, D., Bissonette, J.A., Clevenger, A.P., Cutshall, C.D., Dale, V.H., Fahrig, L., France, R.L., Heanue, K., Goldman, C.R. and Jones, J., 2003. Road ecology: science and solutions. Island press.
  • Frair, J.L., Merrill, E.H., Beyer, H.L. and Morales, J.M., 2008. Thresholds in landscape connectivity and mortality risks in response to growing road networks. Journal of applied ecology, 45(5), pp.1504-1513.
  • Fukahori, K. and Kubota, Y., 2003. The role of design elements on the cost-effectiveness of streetscape improvement. Landscape and Urban Planning, 63(2), pp.75-91.
  • Giles-Corti, B., Broomhall, M.H., Knuiman, M., Collins, C., Douglas, K., Ng, K., Lange, A. and Donovan, R.J., 2005. Increasing walking: how important is distance to, attractiveness, and size of public open space?. American journal of preventive medicine, 28(2), pp.169-176.
  • Goodwin, B.J., 2003. Is landscape connectivity a dependent or independent variable?. Landscape ecology, 18(7), pp.687-699.
  • Grilo, C., Sousa, J., Ascensão, F., Matos, H., Leitão, I., Pinheiro, P., Costa, M., Bernardo, J., Reto, D., Lourenço, R. and Santos-Reis, M., 2012. Individual spatial responses towards roads: implications for mortality risk. PLoS One, 7(9), p.e43811.
  • Hambrey Consulting. (2013) The management of roadside verges for biodiversity. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 551. Retrieved June 15, 2019, from: http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/551.pdf
  • Hanski, I., 2011. Habitat loss, the dynamics of biodiversity, and a perspective on conservation. Ambio, 40(3), pp.248-255.
  • Hawbaker, T.J., Radeloff, V.C., Clayton, M.K., Hammer, R.B. and Gonzalez-Abraham, C.E., 2006. Road development, housing growth, and landscape fragmentation in northern Wisconsin: 1937–1999. Ecological Applications, 16(3), pp.1222-1237.
  • Izmir MGM, 2019. Meteoroloji 2. Bölge Müdürlüğü İzmir, Bölgemize Bağlı İllerin İklimi Durumu. Retrieved January 25, 2018, from http://izmir.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/iklim/izmir_iklim.pdf
  • Jackson, N.D. and Fahrig, L., 2011. Relative effects of road mortality and decreased connectivity on population genetic diversity. Biological Conservation, 144(12), pp.3143-3148.
  • Jakobsson, S., Bernes, C., Bullock, J.M., Verheyen, K. and Lindborg, R., 2018. How does roadside vegetation management affect the diversity of vascular plants and invertebrates? A systematic review. Environmental Evidence, 7(1), p.17.
  • Kettunen, M., Terry, A., Tucker, G. and Jones, A., 2007. Guidance on the maintenance of landscape connectivity features of major importance for wild flora and fauna. Guidance on the implementation of Article, 3.
  • Laurance, W.F., Goosem, M. and Laurance, S.G., 2009. Impacts of roads and linear clearings on tropical forests. Trends in ecology & evolution, 24(12), pp.659-669.
  • Lawton, J.H., Brotherton, P.N.M., Brown, V.K., Elphick, C., Fitter, A.H.,Forshaw, J., Haddow, R.W., Hilborne, S., Leafe, R.N., Mace, G. M., Southgate, M.P., Sutherland, W.J., Tew, T.E., Varley, J. & Wynne, G.R., 2010. Making Space for Nature: a review of England‟s wildlife sites and ecological network. Report to Defra.
  • Leitão, A.B., Miller, J., Ahern, J. and McGarigal, K., 2012. Measuring landscapes: A planner's handbook. Island press.
  • Li, H. and Wu, J., 2004. Use and misuse of landscape indices. Landscape ecology, 19(4), pp.389-399.
  • McGarigal, K., Cushman, S.A. and Ene, E., 2012. FRAGSTATS v4: Spatial pattern analysis program for categorical and continuous maps. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA. goo. gl/aAEbMk.
  • McGarigal, K., 2014. FRAGSTATS help. Documentation for FRAGSTATS, 4.
  • Moseley, D., Marzano, M., Chetcuti, J. & Watts, K., 2013. Green networks for people: Application of a functional approach to support the planning and management of greenspace. Landscape and Urban Planning. 116 (2013). p. 1-12.
  • O'Sullivan, O.S., Holt, A.R., Warren, P.H. and Evans, K.L., 2017. Optimising UK urban road verge contributions to biodiversity and ecosystem services with cost-effective management. Journal of environmental management, 191, pp.162-171.
  • Plaut, P.O. and Shmueli, D.F., 2000. Sustainable Transport-A Comparative Analysis of Israel, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom Pnina O. Plaut & Deborah F. Shmueli. Editorial board, 6(1), pp.40-58.
  • Ribeiro, M.C., de Lara Muylaert, R., Dodonov, P., Ciocheti, G., Magioli, M., Martello, F., Rocha, A., Borges, B.D., Carvalho, C., Kanda, C.Z. and Rodriguez-Castro, K.G., 2016. 4. Dealing with fragmentation and road effects in highly degraded and heterogeneous landscapes. In Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes of Southeastern Brazil (pp. 43-64). Sciendo Migration.
  • Riitters, K., Wickham, J. and Coulston, J., 2004. Use of road maps in national assessments of forest fragmentation in the United States. Ecology and Society, 9(2).
  • Sweeney, S., Engindeniz, E. and Gündüz, S., 2007. Ecological concepts necessary to the conservation of biodiversity in urban environments. A| Z ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 4(1), pp.56-72.
  • TUIK, 2018. Konularına Göre İstatistikler, Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi. Retrieved January 25, 2018, from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1059
  • Uuemaa, E., Antrop, M., Roosaare, J., Marja, R. and Mander, Ü., 2009. Landscape metrics and indices: an overview of their use in landscape research. Living reviews in landscape research, 3(1), pp.1-28.
  • Watts, K., Handley, P., Scholefield, P. and Norton, L., 2008. Habitat Connectivity–Developing an indicator for UK and country level reporting. Phase 1 Pilot Study contract report to Defra. Forest Research & Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.
  • With, K.A., 2002. Landscape Connectivity and Metapopulation Dynamics. 08-227, In Learning landscape ecology: A practical guide to concepts and techniques. (Eds) S.E. Gergel and M.G. Turner. Springer- Verlag. New York.
  • Yang, X., Wang, L., Wu, T. and Qiu, Q., 2018. Ecological risk assessment based on road network development analysis of Xiamen city, China. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 25(5), pp.458-467.
  • Zhang, L., Dong, T., Xu, W. and Ouyang, Z., 2015. Assessment of habitat fragmentation caused by traffic networks and identifying key affected areas to facilitate rare wildlife conservation in China. Wildlife Research, 42(3), pp.266-279.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ebru Ersoy 0000-0002-2945-3885

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ekim 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Mart 2019
Kabul Tarihi 11 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Ersoy, E. (2019). Assessment of Road-Induced Landscape Fragmentation and Implications for Landscape Planning: the case of İzmir Province. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(4), 699-709. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.544540