Araştırma Makalesi
Gümüşhane İlinde Yayılış Gösteren Bazı Tıbbi Bitkilerin Antioksidan ve Antimikrobiyal Aktivitelerinin ve RP-HPLC-DAD ile Fenolik Bileşenlerinin Belirlenmesi
Öz
Bu çalışmada, çeşitli
rahatsızlıkların tedavisinde tıbbi amaç için kullanılan ve Gümüşhane ilinden
toplanan Hypericum scabrum, Laser trilobum, Turanecio hypochionaeus ve
Lactuca racemosa bitkilerinin antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal özelliklerinin
analizi ve fenolik bileşenlerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Fenolik
bileşenler diod tarama dedektörlü ters fazlı yüksek performanslı sıvı
kromatografisi (RP-HPLC-DAD) analizi ile belirlenmiştir. Bitki özütlerinde
belirlenen ana bileşenler, klorojenik ve kafeik asit olurken; miktarları ise
sırasıyla 14.08-0.90 ve 12.76-0.35 mg fenolik/g özüt aralığında tespit
edilmiştir. Antioksidan aktivite profiline bakıldığında; demir indirgeme
antioksidan gücünün (FRAP) 378.04-54.10 µM FeSO4.7H2O
eşdeğeri/g özüt aralığında, DPPH radikalini %50 oranında süpürmek için gereken
konsantrasyonun 483.33-45.64 µg/mL aralığında, total fenolik içeriklerinin
(TPC) 82.76-36.30 mg GAE/g özüt aralığında olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Antimikrobiyal analiz sonuçlarında ise test edilen mikroorganizmalara karşı
bitki özütlerinin düşük seviyede etki gösterdikleri belirlenmiştir. Edinilen
sonuçlara göre, bu bitkiler yeni farmasötik ilaçların geliştirilmesine katkıda
bulunabilirken; çeşitli hastalıkların tedavisindeki potansiyel kullanımları doz
bağımlı bir şekilde klinik çalışmalarda araştırılabilir kanaati ortaya
çıkmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Antimikrobiyal aktivite Antioksidan aktivite Fenolik Gümüşhane Tıbbi bitkiler
Kaynakça
- Albayrak, S., Aksoy, A., Yaşar, A., Yurtseven, L. ve Budak, Ü., 2017, Phytochemical ve Biological Activities of five Turanecio Hamzaoglu (Asteraceae) Species from Turkey, Current Enzyme Inhibition, 13, 49–55.
- Almeida, J. S., Benvegnu, D. M., Boufleur, N., Reckziegel, P., Barcelos, R. C., Coradini, K., de Carvalho, L. M., Bürger, M. E. ve Beck, R.C., 2012, Hydrogels containing rutin intended for cutaneous administration: efficacy in wound healing in rats, Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 38, 792–799.
- Ayan, A. K., Radušienė, J., Çirak, C., Ivanauskas, L. ve Janulis, V., 2009, Secondary metabolites of Hypericum scabrum ve Hypericum bupleuroides, Pharmaceutical Biology, 47, 847–853.
- Bhattacharyya, A., Chattopadhyay, R., Mitra, S. ve Crowe, S. E., 2014, Oxidative stress: an essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases, Physiological Reviews, 94, 329–354.
- Bektas, E., Kaltalioglu, K., Sahin, H., Turkmen, Z. ve Kandemir, A., 2018, Analysis of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of some endemic medicinal plants, International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 5, 75-86.
- Benzie, I. F. ve Strain, J. J., 1996, The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay, Analytical Biochemistry, 239, 70-76.
- Bulut, G., Tuzlacı, E., Doğan, A. ve Şenkardeş, İ., 2014, An ethnopharmacological review on the Turkish Apiaceae species, Journal of Faculty Pharmacy of Istanbul University, 44, 163–179.
- Chedia, A., Ghazghazi, H., Brahim, H. ve Abderrazak, M., 2013, Secondary Metabolite, antioxidant ve Antibacterial Activities of Teucrium polium L Methanolic Extract, International Journal of Agronomy ve Plant Production, 4, 1790–1797.
- Chen, W. C., Liou, S. S., Tzeng, T. F., Lee, S. L. ve Liu, I. M., 2013, Effect of Topical Application of Chlorogenic Acid on Excision Wound Healing in Rats, Planta Medica, 79, 616–621.
- Cuendel, M., Hostettmann, K. ve Potterat, O., 1997, Iridoid glucosides with free radical scavenging properties from Fagraea blumei. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 80, 1144–1152.
- Çirak, C., Radušienė, J., Janulis, V., Ivanauskas, L., Çamaş, N. ve Ayan, A. K., 2011, Phenolic constituents of Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra (Guttiferae) growing in Turkey : variation among populations ve plant parts, Turkish Journal of Biology, 35, 449–456.
- Doğan, A., Bulut, G., Tuzlacı, E. ve Şenkardeş, İ., 2014, A review of edible plants on the Turkish Apiaceae species, Journal of Faculty Pharmacy of Istanbul University, 44, 251–262.
- Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Nabavi, S.M., Nabavi, S.F., Eslami, B. ve Rahmani, Z., 2010, Antioxidant ve antihaemolytic activities of the leaves of Kefe cumin (Laser trilobum L) Umbelliferae, Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 9, 441–449.
- Eslami, B., Nabavi, S. F., Nabav, S. M., Ebrahimzadeh, M. A. ve Mahmoudi, M., 2011, Pharmacological activities of Hypericum scabrum L, European Review for Medical ve Pharmacological Sciences, 15, 532–537.
- Faydaoğlu, E ve Sürücüoğlu, M. S., 2011, Geçmişten Günümüze Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkilerin Kullanılması ve Ekonomik Önemi, Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 11, 52-67.
- Gan, Y.Z. ve Azrina, A., 2016, Antioxidant properties of selected varieties of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) commercially available in Malaysia, International Food Research Journal, 23, 2357–2362.
- Gopalakrishnan, A., Ram, M., Kumawat, S., Tvean, S. ve Kumar, D., 2016, Quercetin accelerated cutaneous wound healing in rats by increasing levels of VEGF ve TGF-β1, Indian Journal of Experimental Biolology, 54, 187–195.
- Greeson, J. M., Sanford, B. ve Monti, D. A., 2001, St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the current pharmacological, toxicological, ve clinical literature, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 153, 402–414.
- Guarino, C., De Simone, L. ve Santoro, S., 2008, Ethnobotanical study of the Sannio area, Campania, Southern Italy, Ethnobotany Research ve Applications, 6, 255–317.
- Güllüce, M., Sökmen, M., Daferera, D., Aǧar, G., Özkan, H., Kartal, N., Polissiou, M., Sökmen, A. ve Şahin, F., 2003, In vitro antibacterial, antifungal, ve antioxidant activities of the essential oil ve methanol extracts of herbal parts ve callus cultures of Satureja hortensis L, Journal of Agricultural ve Food Chemistry, 51, 3958–3965.
- Hamzaoğlu, E., Budak, Ü. ve Aksoy, A., 2011, A new genus , Turanecio , of the Asteraceae (tribe Senecioneae ), Turkish Journal of Botany, 35, 479–508.
- Jan, G., Khan, M. ve Jan, F., 2009, Medicinal Value of the Asteraceae of Dir Kohistan Valley, NWFP, Pakistan, Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 13, 1205–1215.
- Janbaz, K.H., Latif, M.F., Saqib, F., Imran, I., Zia-Ul-Haq, M. ve De Feo, V., 2013, Pharmacological Effects of Lactuca serriola L. in Experimental Model of Gastrointestinal, Respiratory, ve Vascular Ailments, Evidence-Based Complementary ve Alternative Medicine, 2013, 1–9.
- Jürgenliemk, G. ve Nahrstedt, A., 2002, Phenolic Compounds from Hypericum perforatum, Planta Medica, 68, 88–91.
- Kang, J. W. ve Lee, S. M., 2014, Protective effects of chlorogenic acid against experimental reflux esophagitis in rats, Biomolecules ve Therapeutics, 22, 420–425.
- Kedare, S. B. ve Singh, R. P., 2011, Genesis and development of DPPH method of antioxidant assay, Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48, 412–422.
- Korkmaz, M. ve Karakurt, E., 2015, An ethnobotanical investigation to determine plants used as folk medicine in Kelkit (Gümüşhane/Turkey) district, Biological Diversity ve Conservation, 8, 290–303.
- Lee, C. H., Yoon, S. J. ve Lee, S. M., 2013, Chlorogenic acid attenuates high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) ve enhances host defense mechanisms in murine sepsis. Molecular Medicine, 18, 1437–1448.
- Lende, A. B., Kshirsagar, A. D., Deshpvee, A. D., Muley, M. M., Patil, R. R., Bafna, P. A. ve Naik, S. R., 2011, Anti-inflammatory ve analgesic activity of protocatechuic acid in rats ve mice, Inflammopharmacology, 19, 255–263.
- Liu, X., Ardo, S., Bunning, M., Parry, J., Zhou, K., Stushnoff, C., Stoniker, F., Yu, L. ve Kendall, P., 2007, Total phenolic content ve DPPH radical scavenging activity of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in Colorado, LWT - Food Science ve Technology, 40, 552–557.
- Mahmoudi, S., Khali, M., Benkhaled, A., Benamirouche, K. ve Baiti, I., 2016, Phenolic ve flavonoid contents, antioxidant ve antimicrobial activities of leaf extracts from ten Algerian Ficus carica L. varieties, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6, 239–245.
- Maver, T., Maver, U., Stana Kleinschek, K., Smrke, D. M., ve Kreft, S., 2015, A review of herbal medicines in wound healing, International Journal of Dermatology, 54, 740–751.
- Mazvearani, M., Yassaghi, S., Rezaei, M., Mansourian, A. ve Ghaemi, E., 2007, Ethnobotany ve Antibacterial Activities of Two Endemic Species of Hypericum in North-East of Iran, Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 6, 354–358.
- Mükemre, M., Behçet, L. ve Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2015, Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants in villages of Çatak (Van-Turkey), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 166, 361–374.
- Parlatan, A., Sariçoban, C. ve Özcan, M. M., 2009, Chemical composition ve antimicrobial activity of the extracts of Kefe cumin (Laser trilobum L.) fruits from different regions, International Journal of Food Sciences ve Nutrition, 60, 606–617.
- Pereira, D. M., Valentão, P., Pereira, J. A. ve Verade, P. B., 2009, Phenolics: From Chemistry to Biology, Molecules, 14, 2202–2211. Shafaghat, A., 2011, Antioxidant, antimicrobial activities ve fatty acid components of flower, leaf, stem ve seed of Hypericum scabrum, Natural Product Communications, 6, 1739–1742.
- Shimoyama, A. T., Santin, J. R., Machado, I. D., de Oliveira e Silva, A. M., de Melo, I. L., Mancini-Filho, J. ve Farsky, S.H, 2013, Antiulcerogenic activity of chlorogenic acid in different models of gastric ulcer, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacolog, 386, 5–14.
- Singh, K. N., 2012, Traditional knowledge on ethnobotanical uses of plant biodiversity: a detailed study from the Indian western Himalaya, Biodiversity Research ve Conservation, 28, 63–77.
- Singleton, V. L. ve Rossi, J. A., 1965, Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic–phosphotungstic acid reagents, American Journal of Enology ve Viticulture, 16, 144–158.
- Terencio, M. C., Sanz, M. J., Fonseca, M. L., Manez, S. ve Ríos, J. L., 1992, Phenolic Compounds from Lactuca viminea L., Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C, 47, 17–20.
- Trivedi, P., 2006, Medicinal Plants: Traditional Knowledge, IK International, New Delhi, 258p.
- Ye, Z., Henderson, A., Liu, Z., Lee, K., Lee, S. O. ve Wannemuehler, M. J., 2007, Anti-inflammatory effect of caffeic acid, rutin ve hypoxoside in C3H mouse model of colitis, Faseb Journal, 21, A361.
- Yun, N., Kang, J. W. ve Lee, S. M., 2012, Protective effects of chlorogenic acid against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat liver: molecular evidence of its antioxidant ve anti-inflammatory properties, Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 23, 1249–1255
Determination of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities, and Phenolics Compounds by RP-HPLC-DAD of Some Medicinal Plants from Gümüşhane (Turkey)
Öz
This study was designed to determine antioxidant and antimicrobial
properties and phenolic constitutes of Hypericum scabrum, Laser trilobum,
Turanecio hypochionaeus and Lactuca racemosa which are collected in Gümüşhane
(Turkey) and are used as a traditional complementary therapy for various
disorders. RP-HPLC-DAD (reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography
with a diode array detector) was applied for quantitative and qualitative
analysis of phenolic compounds. Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid were found in
all samples as the dominant compound ranged from 14.08 to 0.90 and 12.76 to
0.35 mg phenolic/g extract, respectively. The antioxidant activity profile was,
ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) ranged from 378.04 to 54.10 µM FeSO4.7H2O/g
extract, the concentration desired for scavenging of DPPH radicals by 50%
ranged from 483.33 to 45.64 µg/mL, while total phenolic content (TPC) ranged
from 82.76 to 36.30 mg GAE/g extract. According to antimicrobial results, plant
extracts showed a weak effect against tested microorganisms. In conclusion,
their potential use in treating various diseases in a dose-dependent manner
might also be explored in clinical trials and obtained results might contribute
to the development of new pharmaceutical drugs.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Antimicrobial activity Antioxidant activity Gümüşhane Medicinal plants Phenolics
Kaynakça
- Albayrak, S., Aksoy, A., Yaşar, A., Yurtseven, L. ve Budak, Ü., 2017, Phytochemical ve Biological Activities of five Turanecio Hamzaoglu (Asteraceae) Species from Turkey, Current Enzyme Inhibition, 13, 49–55.
- Almeida, J. S., Benvegnu, D. M., Boufleur, N., Reckziegel, P., Barcelos, R. C., Coradini, K., de Carvalho, L. M., Bürger, M. E. ve Beck, R.C., 2012, Hydrogels containing rutin intended for cutaneous administration: efficacy in wound healing in rats, Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 38, 792–799.
- Ayan, A. K., Radušienė, J., Çirak, C., Ivanauskas, L. ve Janulis, V., 2009, Secondary metabolites of Hypericum scabrum ve Hypericum bupleuroides, Pharmaceutical Biology, 47, 847–853.
- Bhattacharyya, A., Chattopadhyay, R., Mitra, S. ve Crowe, S. E., 2014, Oxidative stress: an essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases, Physiological Reviews, 94, 329–354.
- Bektas, E., Kaltalioglu, K., Sahin, H., Turkmen, Z. ve Kandemir, A., 2018, Analysis of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of some endemic medicinal plants, International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 5, 75-86.
- Benzie, I. F. ve Strain, J. J., 1996, The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay, Analytical Biochemistry, 239, 70-76.
- Bulut, G., Tuzlacı, E., Doğan, A. ve Şenkardeş, İ., 2014, An ethnopharmacological review on the Turkish Apiaceae species, Journal of Faculty Pharmacy of Istanbul University, 44, 163–179.
- Chedia, A., Ghazghazi, H., Brahim, H. ve Abderrazak, M., 2013, Secondary Metabolite, antioxidant ve Antibacterial Activities of Teucrium polium L Methanolic Extract, International Journal of Agronomy ve Plant Production, 4, 1790–1797.
- Chen, W. C., Liou, S. S., Tzeng, T. F., Lee, S. L. ve Liu, I. M., 2013, Effect of Topical Application of Chlorogenic Acid on Excision Wound Healing in Rats, Planta Medica, 79, 616–621.
- Cuendel, M., Hostettmann, K. ve Potterat, O., 1997, Iridoid glucosides with free radical scavenging properties from Fagraea blumei. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 80, 1144–1152.
- Çirak, C., Radušienė, J., Janulis, V., Ivanauskas, L., Çamaş, N. ve Ayan, A. K., 2011, Phenolic constituents of Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra (Guttiferae) growing in Turkey : variation among populations ve plant parts, Turkish Journal of Biology, 35, 449–456.
- Doğan, A., Bulut, G., Tuzlacı, E. ve Şenkardeş, İ., 2014, A review of edible plants on the Turkish Apiaceae species, Journal of Faculty Pharmacy of Istanbul University, 44, 251–262.
- Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Nabavi, S.M., Nabavi, S.F., Eslami, B. ve Rahmani, Z., 2010, Antioxidant ve antihaemolytic activities of the leaves of Kefe cumin (Laser trilobum L) Umbelliferae, Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 9, 441–449.
- Eslami, B., Nabavi, S. F., Nabav, S. M., Ebrahimzadeh, M. A. ve Mahmoudi, M., 2011, Pharmacological activities of Hypericum scabrum L, European Review for Medical ve Pharmacological Sciences, 15, 532–537.
- Faydaoğlu, E ve Sürücüoğlu, M. S., 2011, Geçmişten Günümüze Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkilerin Kullanılması ve Ekonomik Önemi, Kastamonu Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 11, 52-67.
- Gan, Y.Z. ve Azrina, A., 2016, Antioxidant properties of selected varieties of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) commercially available in Malaysia, International Food Research Journal, 23, 2357–2362.
- Gopalakrishnan, A., Ram, M., Kumawat, S., Tvean, S. ve Kumar, D., 2016, Quercetin accelerated cutaneous wound healing in rats by increasing levels of VEGF ve TGF-β1, Indian Journal of Experimental Biolology, 54, 187–195.
- Greeson, J. M., Sanford, B. ve Monti, D. A., 2001, St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): a review of the current pharmacological, toxicological, ve clinical literature, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 153, 402–414.
- Guarino, C., De Simone, L. ve Santoro, S., 2008, Ethnobotanical study of the Sannio area, Campania, Southern Italy, Ethnobotany Research ve Applications, 6, 255–317.
- Güllüce, M., Sökmen, M., Daferera, D., Aǧar, G., Özkan, H., Kartal, N., Polissiou, M., Sökmen, A. ve Şahin, F., 2003, In vitro antibacterial, antifungal, ve antioxidant activities of the essential oil ve methanol extracts of herbal parts ve callus cultures of Satureja hortensis L, Journal of Agricultural ve Food Chemistry, 51, 3958–3965.
- Hamzaoğlu, E., Budak, Ü. ve Aksoy, A., 2011, A new genus , Turanecio , of the Asteraceae (tribe Senecioneae ), Turkish Journal of Botany, 35, 479–508.
- Jan, G., Khan, M. ve Jan, F., 2009, Medicinal Value of the Asteraceae of Dir Kohistan Valley, NWFP, Pakistan, Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 13, 1205–1215.
- Janbaz, K.H., Latif, M.F., Saqib, F., Imran, I., Zia-Ul-Haq, M. ve De Feo, V., 2013, Pharmacological Effects of Lactuca serriola L. in Experimental Model of Gastrointestinal, Respiratory, ve Vascular Ailments, Evidence-Based Complementary ve Alternative Medicine, 2013, 1–9.
- Jürgenliemk, G. ve Nahrstedt, A., 2002, Phenolic Compounds from Hypericum perforatum, Planta Medica, 68, 88–91.
- Kang, J. W. ve Lee, S. M., 2014, Protective effects of chlorogenic acid against experimental reflux esophagitis in rats, Biomolecules ve Therapeutics, 22, 420–425.
- Kedare, S. B. ve Singh, R. P., 2011, Genesis and development of DPPH method of antioxidant assay, Journal of Food Science and Technology, 48, 412–422.
- Korkmaz, M. ve Karakurt, E., 2015, An ethnobotanical investigation to determine plants used as folk medicine in Kelkit (Gümüşhane/Turkey) district, Biological Diversity ve Conservation, 8, 290–303.
- Lee, C. H., Yoon, S. J. ve Lee, S. M., 2013, Chlorogenic acid attenuates high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) ve enhances host defense mechanisms in murine sepsis. Molecular Medicine, 18, 1437–1448.
- Lende, A. B., Kshirsagar, A. D., Deshpvee, A. D., Muley, M. M., Patil, R. R., Bafna, P. A. ve Naik, S. R., 2011, Anti-inflammatory ve analgesic activity of protocatechuic acid in rats ve mice, Inflammopharmacology, 19, 255–263.
- Liu, X., Ardo, S., Bunning, M., Parry, J., Zhou, K., Stushnoff, C., Stoniker, F., Yu, L. ve Kendall, P., 2007, Total phenolic content ve DPPH radical scavenging activity of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in Colorado, LWT - Food Science ve Technology, 40, 552–557.
- Mahmoudi, S., Khali, M., Benkhaled, A., Benamirouche, K. ve Baiti, I., 2016, Phenolic ve flavonoid contents, antioxidant ve antimicrobial activities of leaf extracts from ten Algerian Ficus carica L. varieties, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6, 239–245.
- Maver, T., Maver, U., Stana Kleinschek, K., Smrke, D. M., ve Kreft, S., 2015, A review of herbal medicines in wound healing, International Journal of Dermatology, 54, 740–751.
- Mazvearani, M., Yassaghi, S., Rezaei, M., Mansourian, A. ve Ghaemi, E., 2007, Ethnobotany ve Antibacterial Activities of Two Endemic Species of Hypericum in North-East of Iran, Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 6, 354–358.
- Mükemre, M., Behçet, L. ve Çakılcıoğlu, U., 2015, Ethnobotanical study on medicinal plants in villages of Çatak (Van-Turkey), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 166, 361–374.
- Parlatan, A., Sariçoban, C. ve Özcan, M. M., 2009, Chemical composition ve antimicrobial activity of the extracts of Kefe cumin (Laser trilobum L.) fruits from different regions, International Journal of Food Sciences ve Nutrition, 60, 606–617.
- Pereira, D. M., Valentão, P., Pereira, J. A. ve Verade, P. B., 2009, Phenolics: From Chemistry to Biology, Molecules, 14, 2202–2211. Shafaghat, A., 2011, Antioxidant, antimicrobial activities ve fatty acid components of flower, leaf, stem ve seed of Hypericum scabrum, Natural Product Communications, 6, 1739–1742.
- Shimoyama, A. T., Santin, J. R., Machado, I. D., de Oliveira e Silva, A. M., de Melo, I. L., Mancini-Filho, J. ve Farsky, S.H, 2013, Antiulcerogenic activity of chlorogenic acid in different models of gastric ulcer, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacolog, 386, 5–14.
- Singh, K. N., 2012, Traditional knowledge on ethnobotanical uses of plant biodiversity: a detailed study from the Indian western Himalaya, Biodiversity Research ve Conservation, 28, 63–77.
- Singleton, V. L. ve Rossi, J. A., 1965, Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic–phosphotungstic acid reagents, American Journal of Enology ve Viticulture, 16, 144–158.
- Terencio, M. C., Sanz, M. J., Fonseca, M. L., Manez, S. ve Ríos, J. L., 1992, Phenolic Compounds from Lactuca viminea L., Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C, 47, 17–20.
- Trivedi, P., 2006, Medicinal Plants: Traditional Knowledge, IK International, New Delhi, 258p.
- Ye, Z., Henderson, A., Liu, Z., Lee, K., Lee, S. O. ve Wannemuehler, M. J., 2007, Anti-inflammatory effect of caffeic acid, rutin ve hypoxoside in C3H mouse model of colitis, Faseb Journal, 21, A361.
- Yun, N., Kang, J. W. ve Lee, S. M., 2012, Protective effects of chlorogenic acid against ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat liver: molecular evidence of its antioxidant ve anti-inflammatory properties, Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 23, 1249–1255
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Mühendislik |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Nisan 2019 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 24 Aralık 2017 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 4 Aralık 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2019 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2 |
