Czech J. Anim. Sci., 2013, 58(6):243-252 | DOI: 10.17221/6822-CJAS

Evaluating the effects of six essential oils on fermentation and biohydrogenation in in vitro rumen batch culturesOriginal Paper

M. Gunal2, A. Ishlak1, A.A. Abughazaleh1
1 Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA
2 Department of Animal Science, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey

The effects of six essential oils (EO) on rumen fermentation and biohydrogenation were evaluated under in vitro conditions. Three doses (125, 250, and 500 mg/l) of EO were evaluated using in vitro 24 h batch culture of rumen fluid with a 55 : 45 forage : concentrate diet. Treatments were control (CON), control with Siberian fir needle oil (FNO), citronella oil (CTO), rosemary oil (RMO), sage oil (SAO), white thyme oil (WTO), and clove oil (CLO). Treatments were incubated in triplicate in 125 ml flasks containing 500 mg of finely ground total mixed ration (TMR), 25 mg of soybean oil, 10 ml of the strained ruminal fluid, 40 ml of media, and 2 ml of reducing solution. After 24 h, the pH was determined and samples were collected to analyze ammonia N, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and fatty acids (FA). Cultures pH was not affected by EO averaging 6.6 ± 0.2. In general, high EO doses reduced the total VFA concentration except for SAO and RMO. Relative to CON, all EO decreased (P < 0.05) ammonia N concentrations except for the highest dose of WTO. Except for SAO, EO did not modify acetate to propionate ratio. Relative to CON, the addition of CTO and FNO increased (P < 0.05) the proportions of isobutyrate and decreased (P < 0.05) the proportions of valerate and isovalerate. The concentrations (mg/culture) of C18:0 and C18:1 trans FA decreased (P < 0.05) with CTO, FNO, RMO, and SAO relative to CON. Most tested EO in this study had little to no effects on conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), and linoleic and linolenic acids concentrations. In conclusion, results from this study showed that except for effects on ammonia N, EO tested in this study had moderate effects on rumen fermentation. The reduction in the formation of trans FA and C18:0 with some EO may indicate shifts in the biohydrogenation pathways toward the formation of other unidentified intermediate FA.

Keywords: plant extracts; volantile fatty acids; trans fatty acids; in vitro

Published: June 30, 2013  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Gunal M, Ishlak A, Abughazaleh AA. Evaluating the effects of six essential oils on fermentation and biohydrogenation in in vitro rumen batch cultures. Czech J. Anim. Sci.. 2013;58(6):243-252. doi: 10.17221/6822-CJAS.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. AbuGhazaleh A.A., Jacobson B.N. (2007): The effect of pH and polyunsaturated C18 fatty acid source on the production of vaccenic acid and conjugated linoleic acids in ruminal cultures incubated with docosahexaenoic acid. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 136, 11-22. Go to original source...
    2. Baratta M.T., Damien Dorman H.J., Deans S.G., Figueiredo A.C., Barroso J.G., Ruberto G. (1998): Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of some commercial essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 13, 235-244. Go to original source...
    3. Benchaar C., Petit H.V., Berthiaume R., Whyte T.D., Chouinard P.Y. (2006): Effects of addition of essential oils and monensin premix on digestion, ruminal fermentation, milk production, and milk composition in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 4352-4364. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Benchaar C., Petit H.V., Berthiaume R., Ouellet D.R., Chiquette J., Chouinard P.Y. (2007): Effects of essential oils on digestion, ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial populations, milk production, and milk composition in dairy cows fed alfalfa silage or corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 886-897. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Brochers R. (1965): Proteolytic activity of rumen fluid in vitro. Journal of Animal Science, 24, 1033-1038. Go to original source...
    6. Burdock G.A. (2002): Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients. 4th Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA. Go to original source...
    7. Burt S. (2004): Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods - a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94, 223-253. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Busquet M., Calsamiglia S., Ferret A., Kamel C. (2006): Plant extracts affect in vitro rumen microbial fermentation. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 761-771. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Calsamiglia S., Castillejos L., Busquet M. (2006): Alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters in cattle. In: Garnsworthy P.C.,Wiseman J. (eds): Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition. Notthingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, 129-167. Go to original source...
    10. Castillejos L., Calsamiglia S., Ferret A. (2006): Effect of essential oils active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow in in vitro systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 2649-2658. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Castillejos L., Calsamiglia S., Martin-Tereso J., Ter Wijlen H. (2008): In vitro evaluation of effects of ten essential oils at three doses on ruminal fermentation of high concentrate feedlot-type diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145, 259-270. Go to original source...
    12. Chao S.C., Young D.G., Oberg C.J. (2000): Screening for inhibitory activity of essential oils on selected bacteria, fungi and viruses. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 12, 639-649. Go to original source...
    13. Cotta M.A., Russell J.B. (1982): Effects of peptides and amino acids on efficiency of rumen bacterial protein synthesis in continuous culture. Journal of Dairy Science, 65, 226-234. Go to original source...
    14. Crumb D.J. (2011): Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) - an overview. International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products, 4, 12-18.
    15. Davidson P.M., Naidu A.S. (2000): Phyto-phenols. In: Naidu A.S. (ed.): Natural Food Antimicrobial Systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, 265-294.
    16. Dean S.G., Ritchie G. (1987): Antibacterial properties of plant essential oils. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 5, 165-180. Go to original source...
    17. Dorman H.J.D., Deans S.G. (2000): Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88, 308-316. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Durmic Z., McSweeney C.S., Kemp G.W., Hutton P., Wallace R.J., Vercoe P.E. (2008): Australian plants with potential to inhibit bacteria and processes involved in ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145, 271-284. Go to original source...
    19. Evans J.D., Martin S.A. (2000): Effects of thymol on ruminal microorganisms. Current Microbiology, 41, 336-340. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Goering H.K.,Van Soest P.J. (1970): Forage fiber analysis (apparatus reagents, procedures, and some applications). Agriculture Handbook No. 379, ARS-USDA, Washington, USA.
    21. Greathead H. (2003): Plants and plant extracts for improving animal productivity. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 62, 279-290. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Griinari J.M., Bauman D.E. (1999): Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid and its incorporation into meat and milk in ruminants. In: Yurawecz M.P., Mossoba M.M., Kramer J.K.G., Pariza M.W., Nelson G.J. (eds): Advances in Conjugated Linoleic Acid Research, Volume 1. AOCS Press, Champaign, USA, 180-200.
    23. Harfoot C.G., Hazlewood G.P. (1997): Lipid metabolism in the rumen. In: Hobson P.N., Stewart C.S. (eds): The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem. Blackie and Prof., London, UK, 382-426. Go to original source...
    24. Jenkins T.C. (1987): Effect of fats and fatty acid combinations on ruminal fermentation in semicontinuous in vitro cultures. Journal of Animal Science, 64, 1526-1532. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Jenkins T.C., AbuGhazaleh A.A., Freeman S., Thies E.J. (2006): The production of 10-hydroxystearic and 10-ketostearic acids is an alternative route of oleic acid transformation by the ruminal microbiota in cattle. The Journal of Nutrition, 136, 926-931. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Kay J.K., Mackle T.R., Auldist M.J., Thomson N.A., Bauman D.E. (2004): Endogenous synthesis of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in dairy cows fed fresh pasture. Journal of Dairy Science, 87, 369-378. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    27. Kennedy A., Martinez K., Schmidt S., Mandrup S., LaPoint K., McIntosh M. (2010): Antiobesity mechanisms of action of conjugated linoleic acid. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 21, 171-179. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Kramer J.K.G., Fellner V., Dugan M.E.R., Sauer F.D., Mosoba M.M., Yurawecz M.P. (1997): Evaluating acid and base catalysts in the methylation of milk and rumen fatty acids with special emphasis on conjugated dienes and total trans fatty acids. Lipids, 32, 1219-1228. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Krauze-Baranowska M., Mardarowicz M., Wiwart M., Poblocka L., Dynowska M. (2002): Essential oils: pinus antifungal activity. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung, 57, 478-482. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Lawrence B., Reynolds R. (1984): Progress in essential oils. Perfumer and Flavorist, 9, 23-31.
    31. Lee Y.J., Jenkins T.C. (2011): Biohydrogenation of linolenic acid to stearic acid by the rumen microbial population yields multiple intermediate conjugated diene isomers. The Journal of Nutrition, 141, 1445-1450. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    32. Lourenco M., Falchero L., Tava A., Fievez V. (2009): Alpine vegetation essential oils and their effect on rumen lipid metabolism in vitro. In: Chilliard Y., Glasser F., Faulconnier Y., Bocquier F., Veissier I., Doreau M. (eds): Ruminant Physiology: Digestion, Metabolism, and Effects of Nutrition on Reproduction and Welfare. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 88-89.
    33. Marino M., Bersani C., Gomi G. (2001): Impedance measurement to study the antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Lamiaceae and Compositae. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 67, 187-195. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. McIntosh F.M., Williams P., Losa R., Wallace R.J., Beever D.A., Newbold C.J. (2003): Effect of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 5011-5014. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Piperova L.S., Sampugna J., Teter B.B., Kalscheur K.F., Yurawecz M.P., Ku Y., Morehouse K.M., Erdman R.A. (2002): Duodenal and milk trans octadecenoic acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers indicate that postabsorptive synthesis is the predominant source of cis-9-containing CLA in lactating dairy cows. The Journal of Nutrition, 132, 1235-1241. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Roshchin V.I., Raldugin V.A., Baranova R.A., Pentegova V.A. (1998): New triterpen acids from Abies sibirica needles. Khim Prir Soedin, 22, 648-649.
    37. Russell J.B., Houlihan A.J. (2003): Ionophore resistance of ruminal bacteria and its potential impact on human health. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 27, 65-74. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    38. Sauvant D., Bas P. (2001): La digestion des lipids chez le ruminants. INRA Productions Animales, 14, 303-310. Go to original source...
    39. Sivropoulou A., Papanikolaou E., Nikolaou C., Kokkini S., Lanaras T., Arsenakis M. (1996): Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of origanum essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44, 1202-1205. Go to original source...
    40. Soliva C.R., Widmer S., Kreuzer M. (2008): Ruminal fermentation of mixed diet supplemented with St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) flowers and pine (Pinus mugo) oil or mixtures containing these preparations. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 17, 352-362. Go to original source...
    41. Van de Braak S.A.A.J., Leijten G.C.J.J. (1999): Essential Oils and Oleoresins: a Survey in the Netherlands and Other Major Markets in the European Union. CBI, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
    42. Van Nevel C.J., Demeyer D.I. (1988): Manipulation of rumen fermentation. In: Hobson P.N. (ed.): The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London, UK, 387-443.

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content