Abstract
There are many different ways to reduce the construction industry’s impact on environment. The incorporation of waste in the fabrication of construction materials may be beneficial for both the waste management sector and the construction industry. The aim of this research was to investigate the use of three different waste materials (construction and demolition waste, brick powder and fly ash) as filler in asphalt mixtures. Limestone filler was used as reference material. The materials were characterized in terms of their geometrical, physical and chemical properties, and the interaction with bitumen was assessed with two mastic test methods using four different bitumens. The specific surface of waste materials shows a wide-ranging variation due to material specific shape and texture of particles. However, the Rigden voids and bitumen number tests adequately measure the stiffening effect of these materials. The delta ring and ball test results showed there is a good relation with the filler content when the results are affected by the bitumen type. The f/b ratio for a specific bitumen–filler combination can be determined from the maximum filler-to-bitumen ratio and the recommended stiffening increase. The mastics with these waste materials showed strong resistance to water damage.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Eurostat (2015) Eurostat—data explorer. http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do. Accessed 11 April 2016
E.-E.P. and Council (2008) Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC of 19 November, 2008
B.I. Service (2011) Service contract on management of construction and demolition waste—SR1 (project under the Framework contract ENV.G.4/FRA/2008/0112), Paris, France
European Commission (2016) Studies—environment—European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/mixed_waste.htm. Accessed 11 April 2016
EAPA (2014) Asphalt in figures 2014. European Asphalt Pavement Association, Belgium
González-Fonteboa B, Carro-López D, de Brito J, Martínez-Abella F, Seara-Paz S, Gutiérrez-Mainar S (2017) Comparison of ground bottom ash and limestone as additions in blended cements. Mater Struct 50:84. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0954-x
Environment Agency (2013) Aggregates from inert waste. End of waste criteria for the production of aggregates from inert waste, Oxon, UK
Airey GD, Collop AC, Zoorob SE, Elliott RC (2008) The influence of aggregate, filler and bitumen on asphalt mixture moisture damage. Constr Build Mater 22:2015–2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.07.009
Curtis CW (1990) A literature review of liquid antistripping agents, mineral additives and test for measuring stripping. National Academy of Science, USA
Khodaii A, Mousavi ES, Khedmati M, Iranitalab A (2016) Identification of dominant parameters for stripping potential in warm mix asphalt using response surface methodology. Mater Struct 49:2425–2437. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0658-7
Lesueur D, Petit J, Ritter H-J (2013) The mechanisms of hydrated lime modification of asphalt mixtures: a state-of-the-art review. Road Mater Pavement Des 14:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2012.743669
Bahia HU, Faheem A, Hintz C, Al-Qadi I, Reinke G, Dukatz E (2010) Test methods and specification criteria for mineral filler used in HMA. Transportation Research Board, USA
Jakarni FM (2012) Adhesion of asphalt mixtures. PhD Thesis, University of Nottingham, UK
Read J, Whiteoak D (2003) The shell bitumen handbook, 5th edn. Thomas Telford, London
Little DN, Epps JA (2006) The benefits of hydated lime in hot mix asphalt. National Lime Association, USA
Kim YR (2008) Modeling of asphalt concrete. McGraw Hill, New York
Antunes V, Freire AC, Quaresma L, Micaelo R (2016) Effect of the chemical composition of fillers in the filler–bitumen interaction. Constr Build Mater 104:85–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.042
ASTM D242-95 (Reapproved 2000) Standard specification for mineral filler for bituminous paving mixtures. ASTM International, USA
EP (2012) Construction specifications book. 14.03—Materials (in Portuguese). Estradas de Portugal, Lisbon
Petho L (2013) Mastic performance assessment in stone mastic asphalt. Austroads Ltd, Sydney
Chen M, Lin J, Wu S (2011) Potential of recycled fine aggregates powder as filler in asphalt mixture. Constr Build Mater 25:3909–3914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.04.022
Ekblad J, Lundström R, Simonsen E (2015) Water susceptibility of asphalt mixtures as influenced by hydraulically active fillers. Mater Struct 48:1135–1147. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0220-4
Androjić I, Dimter S (2016) Properties of hot mix asphalt with substituted waste glass. Mater Struct 49:249–259. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0492-3
Chen M, Lin J, Wu S, Liu C (2011) Utilization of recycled brick powder as alternative filler in asphalt mixture. Constr Build Mater 25:1532–1536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.08.005
Al-Hdabi A (2016) Laboratory investigation on the properties of asphalt concrete mixture with Rice Husk Ash as filler. Constr Build Mater 126:544–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.070
Modarres A, Rahmanzadeh M (2014) Application of coal waste powder as filler in hot mix asphalt. Constr Build Mater 66:476–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.002
Azzam MOJ, Al-Ghazawi Z (2015) Evaluation of incorporating oil shale filler aggregate into hot mix asphalt using Superpave mix design. Constr Build Mater 101(Part):359–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.071
Sangiorgi C, Tataranni P, Simone A, Vignali V, Lantieri C, Dondi G (2016) Assessment of waste bleaching clay as alternative filler for the production of porous asphalts. Constr Build Mater 109:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.052
Pasandín AR, Pérez I, Ramírez A, Cano MM (2016) Moisture damage resistance of hot-mix asphalt made with paper industry wastes as filler. J Clean Prod 112(Part 1):853–862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.016
Freire AC, Neves J, Roque A, Martins I, Antunes ML, Faria G (2013) Use of construction and demolition recycled materials (C&DRM) in road pavements validated on experimental test sections. In: 2nd International conference on WASTES—solutions, treatments and opportunities, pp 91–96
IPQ, NP EN 771-1 + A1:2016-pt (2016) Specification for masonry units. Part 1: clay masonry units. Instituto Português da Qualidade, Caparica
IPQ, NP EN 450-1:2012-pt (2012) Fly ash for concrete. Part 1: definition, specifications and conformity criteria. Instituto Português da Qualidade, Caparica
JAE (1998) Construction specifications book. 14.03—Materials (in Portuguese), Junta Autónoma de Estradas, Almada
IPQ, NP EN 13043:2004/AC:2010 (2010) Aggregates for bituminous mixtures and surface treatments for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas. Instituto Português da Qualidade, Caparica
CEN, EN 933-10:2009 (2009) Test for geometrical properties of aggregates. Part 10: Assessment of fines—grading of filler aggregates (air jet sieving). European Committee for Standardization, Belgium
ASTM, ASTM E986-04 (2010) Standard practice for scanning electron microscope beam size characterization. American Society for Testing and Materials, USA
Pereira E (1995) Grading analysis of cement with the laser diffraction method (in Portuguese). National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Lisbon
IPQ, NP EN 1097-5:2011 (2011) Test for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates—part 5: determination of the water content by drying in a ventilated oven. Instituto Português da Qualidade, Caparica
IPQ, NP EN 1097-7:2012 (2012) Determination of the particle density of filler—Pyknometer method. Instituto Português da Qualidade, Caparica
IPQ, NP EN 196-6:2010 (2010) Methods of testing cement—part 6: determination of fineness. Instituto Português da Qualidade, Caparica
IPQ, NP EN 196-2:2006 (2006) Methods of testing cement. Chemical analysis of cement. Instituto Português da Qualidade, Caparica
IPQ, NP EN 933-9:2011 (2011) Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates—part 9: assessment of fines—methylene blue test. Instituto Português da Qualidade, Caparica
IPQ, NP EN 1097-4:2012 (2012) Tests for mechanical and physical properties of aggregates—part 4: determination of the voids of dry compacted filler. Instituto Português da Qualidade, Caparica
IPQ, NP EN 13179-2:2010 (2010) Tests for filler aggregate used in bituminous mixtures. Part 2: Bitumen number. Instituto Português da Qualidade, Caparica
CEN, EN 1744-4:2005 (2005) Tests for chemical properties of aggregates. Part 4: determination of water susceptibility of filler for bituminous mixtures. European Committee for Standardization, Belgium.
AFNOR, NF P 98-256-1 (2005) Tests relating to pavements—tests on constituants of bituminous mixtures—part 1: determination of fines particles absorbing capacity (in French). Association Française de Normalisation, France
IPQ, NP EN 1427:2010 (2010) Bitumen and bituminous binders—determination of softening point: Ring and Ball method. Instituto Português da Qualidade, Caparica
Hesami E, Birgisson B, Kringos N (2014) Numerical and experimental evaluation of the influence of the filler–bitumen interface in mastics. Mater Struct 47:1325–1337. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-013-0237-8
Buttlar W, Bozkurt D, Al-Khateeb G, Waldhoff A (1999) Understanding asphalt mastic behavior through micromechanics. Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board 1681:157–169. https://doi.org/10.3141/1681-19
Antunes V, Freire AC, Quaresma L, Micaelo R (2015) Influence of the geometrical and physical properties of filler in the filler–bitumen interaction. Constr Build Mater 76:322–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.008
Taylor R (2007) Surface interactions between bitumen and mineral fillers and their effects on the rheology of bitumen–filler mastics, PhD Thesis, University of Nottingham, UK
Curtis CW, Ensley K, Epps J (1993) Fundamental properties of asphalt–aggregate interactions including adhesion and absorption. National Academy of Science, USA
Grenfell J, Apeagyei A, Airey G (2015) Moisture damage assessment using surface energy, bitumen stripping and the SATS moisture conditioning procedure. Int J Pavement Eng 16:411–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2015.1007235
Little D, Epps J (2006) The benefits of hydrated lime in hot mix asphalt (Updated version by Peter E. Sebaaly in 2006), 5th ed. National Lime Association, USA
Clopotel C, Bahia H (2013) The effect of bitumen polar groups adsorption on mastics properties at low temperatures. Road Mater Pavement Des 14:38–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2013.774745
Hamedi GH, Nejad FM, Oveisi K (2016) Estimating the moisture damage of asphalt mixture modified with nano zinc oxide. Mater Struct 49:1165–1174. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0566-x
Apeagyei AK, Grenfell JRA, Airey GD (2014) Observation of reversible moisture damage in asphalt mixtures. Constr Build Mater 60:73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.033
Lesueur D, Little D (1999) Effect of hydrated lime on rheology, fracture, and aging of bitumen. Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board 1661:93–105
Matos P, Micaelo R, Duarte C, Quaresma L (2014) Influence of bitumen and filler on the selection of appropriate mixing and compaction temperatures. Int J Pavement Res Technol 7:237–246
Kandhal P (1981) Evaluation of baghouse fines in bituminous paving mixtures. J Assoc Asph Paving Technol 50:150–203
Sanders P, Nunn M (2005) The application of Enrobé à Module Elévé in flexible pavements, UK
Grabowski W, Wilanowicz J (2008) The structure of mineral fillers and their stiffening properties in filler–bitumen mastics. Mater Struct 41:793–804. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9283-4
EP (2009) Construction specifications book. 15.03—Paving methods (in Portuguese), Estradas de Portugal, S.A., Almada, Portugal
Zaumanis M, Mallick RB, Frank R (2014) 100% recycled hot mix asphalt: a review and analysis. Resour Conserv Recycl 92:230–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.07.007
Quaresma L, Antunes M de L (2002) Granitic filler in bituminous mixtures (in Portuguese). National Laboratory for Civil Engineering, Portugal
Stafford FN, Dias AC, Arroja L, Labrincha JA, Hotza D (2016) Life cycle assessment of the production of Portland cement: a Southern Europe case study. J Clean Prod 126:159–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.110
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Antunes, V., Freire, A.C., Quaresma, L. et al. Evaluation of waste materials as alternative sources of filler in asphalt mixtures. Mater Struct 50, 254 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1126-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1126-3