Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell behavior can be regulated through mechanical signaling, either by dynamic loading or through biomaterial properties. We developed intrinsically responsive tissue engineering scaffolds that can dynamically load cells. Porous collagen- and alginate-based scaffolds were functionalized with iron oxide to produce magnetically active scaffolds. Reversible deformations in response to magnetic stimulation of up to 50% were recorded by tuning the material properties. Cells could attach to these scaffolds and magnetically induced compressive deformation did not adversely affect viability or cause cell release. This platform should have broad application in the mechanical stimulation of cells for tissue engineering applications.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
World Health Organisation: Global Health and Ageing (2011). http://www.who.int
Arthritis Research UK: Osteoarthritis in General Practice (2013). http://www.arthritisresearchuk.org
Y. Jiang, B.N. Jahagirdar, R.L. Reinhardt, R.E. Schwartz, C.D. Keene, X.R. Ortiz-Gonzalez, M. Reyes, T. Lenvik, T. Lund, M. Blackstad, J. Du, S. Aldrich, A. Lisberg, W.C. Low, D.A. Largaespada, and C.M. Verfaillie: Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. Nature 418, 41 (2002).
F.J. O’Brien: Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering. Mater. Today 14, 88 (2011).
M.P. Lutolf and J.A. Hubbell: Synthetic biomaterials as instructive extracellular microenvironments for morphogenesis in tissue engineering. Nat. Biotechnol. 23, 47 (2005).
N. Plunkett and F.J. O’Brien: Bioreactors in tissue engineering. Technol. Health Care. 19, 55 (2011).
J.S. Temenoff and A.G. Mikos: Review: tissue engineering for regeneration of articular cartilage. Biomaterials 21, 431 (2000).
Y. Martin and P. Vermette: Bioreactors for tissue mass culture: design, characterization, and recent advances. Biomaterials 26, 7481 (2005).
S.V. Murphy and A. Atala: Organ engineering—combining stem cells, biomaterials, and bioreactors to produce bioengineered organs for transplantation. BioEssays 35, 163 (2013).
J. Hao, Y. Zhang, D. Jing, Y. Shen, G. Tang, S. Huang, and Z. Zhao: Mechanobiology of mesenchymal stem cells: perspective into mechanical induction of MSC fate. Acta Biomater. 20, 1 (2015).
I.L. Ivanovska, J.-W. Shin, J. Swift, and D.E. Discher: Stem cell mechanobiology: diverse lessons from bone marrow. Trends Cell Biol. 25, 523 (2015).
M.A. Brady, R. Vaze, H.D. Amin, D.R. Overby, and C.R. Ethier: The design and development of a high-throughput magneto-mechanostimulation device for cartilage tissue engineering. Tissue Eng C, Methods 20, 149 (2014).
O. Démarteau, D. Wendt, A. Braccini, M. Jakob, D. Schäfer, M. Heberer, and I. Martin: Dynamic compression of cartilage constructs engineered from expanded human articular chondrocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 310, 580 (2003).
C.A. Cezar, S.M. Kennedy, M. Mehta, J.C. Weaver, L. Gu, H. Vandenburgh, and D.J. Mooney: Biphasic ferrogels for triggered drug and cell delivery. Adv. Healthcare Mat. 3, 1869 (2014).
C.J. Kearney and D.J. Mooney: Macroscale delivery systems for molecular and cellular payloads. Nat. Mater. 12, 1004 (2013).
X. Zhao, J. Kim, C.A. Cezar, N. Huebsch, K. Lee, K. Bouhadir, and D.J. Mooney: Active scaffolds for on-demand drug and cell delivery. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 67 (2011).
C.A. Cezar, E.T. Roche, H.H. Vandenburgh, G.N. Duda, C.J. Walsh, and D.J. Mooney: Biologic-free mechanically induced muscle regeneration. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 113, 1534 (2016).
F.J. O’Brien, B.A. Harley, I.V. Yannas, and L.J. Gibson: The effect of pore size on cell adhesion in collagen-GAG scaffolds. Biomaterials 26, 433 (2005).
M.G. Haugh, M.J. Jaasma, and F.J. O’Brien: The effect of dehydrothermal treatment on the mechanical and structural properties of collagen-GAG scaffolds. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A 89A, 363 (2009).
A.D. Augst, H.J. Kong, and D.J. Mooney: Alginate hydrogels as biomaterials. Macromol. Biosc. 6, 623 (2006).
K.Y. Lee and D.J. Mooney: Alginate: properties and biomedical applications. Progr. Polym. Sci. 37, 106 (2012).
L.J. Gibson and M.F. Ashby: Cellular Solids (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1999).
B.A. Harley, J.H. Leung, E.C.C.M. Silva, and L.J. Gibson: Mechanical characterization of collagen–glycosaminoglycan scaffolds. Acta Biomater. 3, 463 (2007).
R.M. Delaine-Smith and G.C. Reilly: Mesenchymal stem cell responses to mechanical stimuli. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2, 169 (2012).
R.M. Schulz and A. Bader: Cartilage tissue engineering and bioreactor systems for the cultivation and stimulation of chondrocytes. Euro. Biophys. J. 36, 539 (2007).
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge support from the TCD MSc program in Bioengineering and Science Foundation Ireland (AMBER, SFI/12/RC/2278). C.J.K. and F.J.O’.B. acknowledge RCSI’s Office of Research and Innovation Seed Fund Award (Grant Number GR 14-0963) and the European Union for a Marie Curie European Reintegration Grant under H2020 (Project Reference 659715). V.N. and C.H. would like to thank the ERC (StG 2DNanocaps) and SFI (PIYRA and AMBER) for their support and the Advanced Microscopy Laboratory, TCD for the provision of their facilities.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Supporting Information
Supplementary material
Supplementary material
The supplementary material for this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2017.41.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gilroy, D.A., Hobbs, C., Nicolosi, V. et al. Development of magnetically active scaffolds as intrinsically-deformable bioreactors. MRS Communications 7, 367–374 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2017.41
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2017.41