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Urinary sodium excretion in a young to middle-aged adults urban population: a pilot study in Ecuador
Excreción de sodio urinario en una población ecuatoriana de adultos jóvenes y de mediana edad
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v20n5.73019Palabras clave:
Sodium Dietary, Ecuador, 24-hr urinary excretion, cardiovascular disease (en)Sodio dieta, Ecuador, Orina de 24-hr, enfermedad cardiovascular (es)
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Objective High sodium consumption is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the leading cause of mortality in Ecuador, which may be caused in part by unhealthy eating habits. Currently, there are no data on the consumption of sodium using 24-hr urine samples. The aims of the study were to provide preliminary data of sodium intake in an urban population sample consisting of adults between 25 and 64 years old, and to explore the feasibility to conduct a population-level sodium intake determination by using 24-hr urine samples.
Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 129 adults living in an urban setting. 24-hr urinary samples were collected and the WHO STEPS instrument was used to collect the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of participants. A reference value of 2.0 g/day was used to differentiate between normal and high sodium intake groups.
Results Participants’ median age was 39 years, 91% of them identified themselves as belonging to the mestizo race, and 60% were female. The average sodium intake was 2 655(±1 185) mg/d (range: 1 725 to 3 404), which is equivalent to a salt intake of 6.8 g/d (range: 4.4 to 8.7). Sodium intake was significantly higher in males than in females: 3 175(±1 202) mg/d vs. 2 304(±1 042) mg/d, respectively, (p<.01).
Conclusions Sodium consumption in two-thirds of the participants was higher than the WHO recommended level. These results should help to support the execution of a national sodium intake survey that, in turn, would provide information to guide and plan public health strategies seeking to decrease cardiovascular diseases occurrence rates in Ecuador.
Objetivo Un exceso de sodio dietético se asocia con enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV). Las ECV son la principal causa de mortalidad en el Ecuador, tal vez por patrones dietéticos no saludables en su población. Al momento no existe información del consumo de sodio usando orina de 24-hr. Los objetivos del estudio fueron proveer información preliminar de la ingesta de sodio en una muestra urbana de adultos de 25-64 años, y explorar la factibilidad de realizar un estudio a nivel nacional.
Métodos Estudio de corte-transversal de 129 adultos residentes en un entorno urbano. Se recolectó muestras urinarias de 24-hr y se recolectaron características socio-demográficas y clínicas usando los cuestionarios STEPS de la OMS. Un valor de referencia de 2.0 g/día fue utilizado para discriminar entre consumidores normales y altos de sodio.
Resultados La mediana de edad de la población estudiada fue de 39 años, 91% se autodefinió de raza mestiza, y 60% fueron femeninas. La ingesta promedio de sodio fue de 2 655(±1 185) mg/d (rango: 1 725 to 3 404), que es equivalente a una ingesta de sal de 6.8 g/d (rango: 4.4 to 8.7). La ingesta masculina fue significativamente mayor que el de las mujeres 3 175(±1 202) mg/d vs. 2 304(±1 042) mg/d, respectivamente, (p<.01).
Conclusiones Dos tercios de la población estudiada consume sodio mayor al recomendado por la OMS. Estos resultados apoyan la ejecución de un estudio nacional que guíe la planificación en salud pública e informe estrategias para mejorar la salud cardiovascular en el Ecuador.
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CrossRef Cited-by
1. Paolo Alfredo Bobbio Gonzáles, Diego Azañedo, Akram Hernández-Vásquez. (2023). Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors Associated with the Influence of the Food Traffic Light Labeling on the Decision of the Adult Population of Ecuador to Purchase Processed Foods, 2018. Nutrients, 15(4), p.885. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040885.
2. Mónica Villar, Martha Cecilia Yépez García, María Belén Ocampo, Georgina Gómez. (2023). Intake and food sources of sodium in the population residing in urban areas of Ecuador: results from ELANS study. Global Health Action, 16(1) https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2022.2156110.
3. Isabel Valero-Morales, Monique Tan, Yu Pei, Feng J He, Graham A MacGregor. (2022). 24-hour sodium and potassium excretion in the Americas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 46, p.1. https://doi.org/10.26633/RPSP.2022.199.
4. Maria Elisa Herrera Fontana, Ivan Sisa , Karen Mosquera, Maria Elisa Celi, Enrique Teran. (2021). Knowledge, attitudes and practices surrounding sodium intake in Ecuador: a pilot study. Revista de Salud Pública, 23(1), p.1. https://doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v23n1.88379.
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