Korean J Health Promot > Volume 23(1); 2023 > Article |
|
Variable | Male (n=28,353)a | Female (n=26,595)a | P |
---|---|---|---|
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.3±0.03 | 20.6±0.03 | <0.001b |
School grade | |||
7 | 17.7 (0.5) | 18.0 (0.5) | 0.924 |
8 | 16.1 (0.5) | 16.3 (0.5) | |
9 | 15.6 (0.5) | 15.6 (0.5) | |
10 | 16.8 (0.5) | 16.9 (0.6) | |
11 | 17.1 (0.5) | 17.0 (0.6) | |
12 | 16.7 (0.5) | 16.3 (0.5) | |
Residential area | |||
Large city | 42.2 (1.4) | 42.3 (1.4) | 0.992 |
Small city | 51.9 (1.4) | 51.9 (1.4) | |
Rural area | 6.0 (0.7) | 5.8 (0.7) | |
Academic performance | |||
High | 13.7 (0.3) | 10.7 (0.2) | <0.001 |
Upper middle | 24.0 (0.3) | 25.4 (0.3) | |
Middle | 28.9 (0.3) | 31.5 (0.3) | |
Lower middle | 22.5 (0.3) | 23.6 (0.3) | |
Low | 11.1 (0.2) | 8.9 (0.2) | |
Economic status | |||
High | 12.7 (0.3) | 9.6 (0.3) | <0.001 |
Upper-middle | 29.3 (0.4) | 27.9 (0.4) | |
Middle | 45.2 (0.4) | 50.0 (0.4) | |
Lower-middle | 10.3 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.2) | |
Low | 2.4 (0.1) | 1.9 (0.1) | |
Economic deterioration caused by COVID-19 | |||
Very much | 6.4 (0.2) | 5.1 (0.2) | <0.001 |
Some | 23.5 (0.3) | 25.0 (0.3) | |
No | 70.1 (0.3) | 69.9 (0.4) | |
Health status | |||
Very good | 34.0 (0.4) | 19.9 (0.3) | <0.001 |
Good | 40.3 (0.3) | 44.7 (0.3) | |
Normal | 19.4 (0.3) | 26.1 (0.3) | |
Bad | 5.8 (0.1) | 8.8 (0.2) | |
Very bad | 0.6 (0.0) | 0.4 (0.0) | |
Usual stress | |||
Very high | 6.3 (0.2) | 10.4 (0.2) | <0.001 |
High | 21.7 (0.3) | 30.3 (0.3) | |
Some | 45.0 (0.3) | 43.9 (0.3) | |
Not much | 21.8 (0.3) | 13.5 (0.2) | |
Do not feel any | 5.1 (0.1) | 2.0 (0.1) | |
Sad and hopelessness | |||
Yes | 20.1 (0.3) | 30.7 (0.3) | <0.001 |
No | 79.9 (0.3) | 69.3 (0.3) | |
Drinking experience | |||
Yes | 37.5 (0.5) | 29.1 (0.5) | <0.001 |
No | 62.5 (0.5) | 70.9 (0.5) | |
Drinking status | |||
Yes | 12.1 (0.3) | 9.1 (0.3) | <0.001 |
No | 87.9 (0.3) | 90.9 (0.3) | |
Smoking experience | |||
Yes | 13.9 (0.4) | 6.3 (0.2) | <0.001 |
No | 86.1 (0.4) | 93.7 (0.2) | |
Cigarette status | |||
Yes | 5.3 (0.2) | 2.3 (0.1) | <0.001 |
No | 94.7 (0.2) | 97.7 (0.1) | |
Electronic cigarettes status | |||
Yes | 2.7 (0.1) | 1.1 (0.1) | <0.001 |
No | 97.3 (0.1) | 98.9 (0.1) | |
Heated tobacco products status | |||
Yes | 1.2 (0.1) | 0.4 (0.0) | <0.001 |
No | 98.8 (0.1) | 99.6 (0.0) | |
Secondhand smoke at home | |||
Yes | 23.3 (0.3) | 27.7 (0.4) | <0.001 |
No | 76.7 (0.3) | 72.3 (0.4) | |
Secondhand smoke at school | |||
Yes | 7.7 (0.3) | 6.7 (0.2) | 0.005 |
No | 92.3 (0.3) | 93.3 (0.2) | |
Secondhand smoke at public | |||
Yes | 35.0 (0.4) | 50.0 (0.4) | <0.001 |
No | 65.0 (0.4) | 50.0 (0.4) |
Variable |
Male |
Female |
|||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Economic changes caused by COVID-19 |
P |
Economic changes caused by COVID-19 |
P | ||||||
No (n=19,644)a | Some (n=6,838)a | Very much (n=1,871)a | No (n=18,465)a | Some (n=6,745)a | Very much (n=1,385)a | ||||
BMI, kg/m2 | 22.21±0.03 | 22.47±0.05 | 22.49±0.11 | <0.001b | 20.5±0.03 | 20.88±0.04 | 21.19±0.10 | <0.001b | |
School grade | |||||||||
7 | 18.1 (0.5) | 16.3 (0.6) | 18.2 (1.0) | <0.001 | 19.1 (0.5) | 15.6 (0.6) | 15.8 (1.1) | <0.001 | |
8 | 16.3 (0.5) | 15.5 (0.6) | 16.0 (1.0) | 16.6 (0.5) | 15.7 (0.6) | 14.3 (1.0) | |||
9 | 15.8 (0.4) | 15.3 (0.6) | 14.0 (0.8) | 15.5 (0.5) | 15.9 (0.6) | 15.5 (1.1) | |||
10 | 17.0 (0.5) | 16.8 (0.6) | 15.1 (0.9) | 17.0 (0.6) | 16.7 (0.6) | 15.9 (1.0) | |||
11 | 16.9 (0.5) | 17.5 (0.6) | 17.6 (0.9) | 16.3 (0.5) | 18.5 (0.6) | 18.1 (1.1) | |||
12 | 15.9 (0.5) | 18.5 (0.6) | 19.0 (1.0) | 15.6 (0.5) | 17.6 (0.6) | 20.4 (1.2) | |||
Residential area | |||||||||
Large city | 41.8 (1.2) | 42.4 (1.2) | 45.2 (1.6) | 0.081 | 17.6 (0.6) | 43.3 (1.3) | 43.8 (1.9) | 0.382 | |
Small city | 52.1 (1.3) | 51.6 (1.3) | 49.6 (1.7) | 52.4 (1.2) | 50.8 (1.3) | 50.5 (1.9) | |||
Rural area | 6.0 (0.6) | 6.0 (0.6) | 5.1 (0.6) | 5.8 (0.6) | 5.9 (0.7) | 5.7 (0.8) | |||
Academic performance | |||||||||
High | 14.6 (0.4) | 6.7 (0.3) | 15.0 (0.9) | <0.001 | 11.8 (0.3) | 4.0 (0.3) | 7.3 (0.8) | <0.001 | |
Upper middle | 32.8 (0.4) | 22.2 (0.6) | 17.3 (0.9) | 32.4 (0.4) | 18.6 (0.5) | 11.3 (0.9) | |||
Middle | 44.5 (0.5) | 50.4 (0.6) | 33.9 (1.1) | 48.6 (0.5) | 56.5 (0.6) | 38.0 (1.3) | |||
Lower middle | 6.8 (0.2) | 17.4 (0.5) | 22.1 (0.9) | 6.2 (0.2) | 18.4 (0.5) | 31.1 (1.3) | |||
Low | 1.3 (0.1) | 3.4 (0.2) | 11.6 (0.8) | 1.0 (0.1) | 2.5 (0.2) | 12.3 (0.9) | |||
Economic status | |||||||||
High | 14.7 (0.4) | 10.2 (0.4) | 15.2 (0.9) | <0.001 | 11.5 (0.3) | 8.5 (0.3) | 9.7 (0.8) | <0.001 | |
Upper-middle | 25.0 (0.3) | 22.2 (0.5) | 18.5 (0.9) | 26.2 (0.4) | 24.1 (0.6) | 20.0 (1.1) | |||
Middle | 18.8 (0.3) | 30.0 (0.6) | 24.8 (1.0) | 32.4 (0.4) | 30.3 (0.6) | 25.4 (1.1) | |||
Lower-middle | 21.5 (0.3) | 25.2 (0.6) | 23.2 (1.0) | 22.0 (0.4) | 27.1 (0.5) | 27.5 (1.2) | |||
Low | 10.0 (0.3) | 12.4 (0.4) | 18.4 (1.0) | 7.9 (0.2) | 10.0 (0.4) | 17.4 (1.0) | |||
Health status | |||||||||
Very good | 34.7 (0.4) | 30.2 (0.6) | 40.1 (1.3) | <0.001 | 21.0 (0.4) | 16.5 (0.5) | 21.4 (1.2) | <0.001 | |
Good | 40.5 (0.4) | 42.0 (0.6) | 30.9 (1.1) | 45.8 (0.4) | 43.7 (0.6) | 35.3 (1.3) | |||
Normal | 19.0 (0.3) | 20.6 (0.5) | 19.2 (1.0) | 25.2 (0.3) | 28.2 (0.6) | 28.2 (1.3) | |||
Bad | 5.2 (0.2) | 6.7 (0.3) | 8.6 (0.6) | 7.5 (0.2) | 11.3 (0.4) | 13.7 (0.9) | |||
Very bad | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.1) | 1.3 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.0) | 0.2 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.3) | |||
Usual stress | |||||||||
Very high | 5.5 (0.2) | 6.4 (0.3) | 15.6 (1.0) | <0.001 | 9.1 (0.2) | 11.6 (0.4) | 21.7 (1.1) | <0.001 | |
High | 20.3 (0.3) | 25.0 (0.5) | 25.3 (1.0) | 28.7 (0.4) | 33.9 (0.6) | 35.0 (1.2) | |||
Some | 45.2 (0.4) | 46.2 (0.6) | 37.8 (1.1) | 45.0 (0.4) | 32.6 (0.7) | 35.3 (1.2) | |||
Not much | 23.5 (0.3) | 18.8 (0.5) | 15.0 (0.8) | 15.0 (0.3) | 10.6 (0.4) | 6.0 (0.6) | |||
Do not feel any | 5.5 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.2) | 6.3 (0.6) | 2.2 (0.1) | 1.3 (0.1) | 2.0 (0.4) | |||
Sad and hopelessness | |||||||||
Yes | 18.1 (0.3) | 23.2 (0.6) | 30.3 (1.1) | <0.001 | 27.6 (0.4) | 35.9 (0.7) | 47.6 (1.3) | <0.001 | |
No | 81.9 (0.3) | 76.8 (0.6) | 69.7 (1.1) | 72.4 (0.4) | 64.1 (0.7) | 52.4 (1.3) | |||
Drinking status | |||||||||
Yes | 10.9 (0.3) | 14.4 (0.5) | 17.3 (0.9) | <0.001 | 8.2 (0.3) | 10.7 (0.4) | 13.5 (1.0) | <0.001 | |
No | 89.1 (0.3) | 85.6 (0.5) | 82.7 (0.9) | 91.8 (0.3) | 89.3 (0.4) | 86.5 (1.0) | |||
Smoking experience | |||||||||
Yes | 12.9 (0.4) | 15.3 (0.5) | 19.5 (1.0) | <0.001 | 5.6 (0.2) | 7.1 (0.4) | 11.0 (0.9) | <0.001 | |
No | 87.1 (0.4) | 84.7 (0.5) | 80.5 (1.0) | 94.4 (0.2) | 92.9 (0.4) | 89.0 (0.9) | |||
Cigarette status | |||||||||
Yes | 4.7 (0.2) | 6.2 (0.4) | 8.5 (0.6) | <0.001 | 1.8 (0.1) | 2.9 (0.2) | 5.6 (0.7) | <0.001 | |
No | 91.5 (0.6) | 93.8 (0.4) | 95.3 (0.2) | 98.2 (0.1) | 97.1 (0.2) | 94.4 (0.7) | |||
Electronic cigarettes status | |||||||||
Yes | 2.3 (0.1) | 3.1 (0.2) | 4.7 (0.6) | <0.001 | 0.8 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.2) | 2.8 (0.5) | <0.001 | |
No | 97.7 (0.1) | 96.9 (0.2) | 95.3 (0.6) | 99.2 (0.1) | 98.6 (0.2) | 97.2 (0.5) | |||
Heated tobacco products status | |||||||||
Yes | 0.9 (0.1) | 1.4 (0.2) | 2.7 (0.4) | <0.001 | 0.3 (0.0) | 0.4 (0.1) | 1.3 (0.3) | <0.001 | |
No | 99.1 (0.1) | 98.6 (0.2) | 97.3 (0.4) | 99.7 (0.0) | 99.6 (0.1) | 98.7 (0.3) | |||
Secondhand smoke at home | |||||||||
Yes | 21.4 (0.3) | 26.7 (0.5) | 30.8 (1.2) | <0.001 | 25.1 (0.4) | 32.5 (0.6) | 39.8 (1.4) | <0.001 | |
No | 78.6 (0.3) | 73.3 (0.5) | 69.2 (1.2) | 74.9 (0.4) | 67.5 (0.6) | 60.2 (1.4) | |||
Secondhand smoke at school | |||||||||
Yes | 7.0 (0.3) | 8.4 (0.5) | 12.5 (0.9) | <0.001 | 5.8 (0.2) | 8.4 (0.4) | 11.6 (0.9) | <0.001 | |
No | 93.0 (0.3) | 91.6 (0.5) | 87.5 (0.9) | 94.2 (0.2) | 91.6 (0.4) | 88.4 (0.9) | |||
Secondhand smoke at public | |||||||||
Yes | 34.2 (0.5) | 37.9 (0.6) | 33.4 (1.2) | <0.001 | 48.3 (0.4) | 53.8 (0.7) | 54.4 (1.3) | <0.001 | |
No | 65.8 (0.5) | 62.1 (0.6) | 66.9 (1.2) | 51.7 (0.4) | 46.2 (0.7) | 45.6 (1.3) |
Variable |
Male |
Female |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Economic changes caused by COVID-19 |
Economic changes caused by COVID-19 |
|||||
No (n=19,644)a | Some (n=6,838)a | Very much (n=1,871)a | No (n=18,465)a | Some (n=6,745)a | Very much (n=1,385)a | |
Drinking experience | 1 | 1.113 (1.042-1.189) | 1.146 (1.020-1.288) | 1 | 1.103 (1.027-1.184) | 1.181 (1.044-1.184) |
Drinking status | 1 | 1.260 (1.149-1.382) | 1.355 (1.175-1.563) | 1 | 1.187 (1.075-1.311) | 1.199 (0.987-1.457) |
Smoking experience | 1 | 1.108 (1.018-1.206) | 1.328 (1.150-1.533) | 1 | 1.082 (0.962-1.218) | 1.299 (1.055-1.600) |
Cigarette status | 1 | 1.264 (1.113-1.435) | 1.435 (1.180-1.745) | 1 | 1.385 (1.150-1.670) | 1.809 (1.331-2.457) |
Electronic cigarettes status | 1 | 1.269 (1.045-1.541) | 1.649 (1.227-2.215) | 1 | 1.404 (1.048-1.882) | 1.626 (1.043-2.534) |
Heated tobacco products status | 1 | 1.521 (1.193-1.938) | 2.040 (1.470-2.832) | 1 | 1.559 (1.041-2.335) | 2.289 (1.302-4.027) |
Secondhand smoke at home | 1 | 1.198 (1.126-1.275) | 1.397 (1.239-1.574) | 1 | 1.242 (1.159-1.330) | 1.440 (1.263-1.641) |
Secondhand smoke at school | 1 | 1.166 (1.027-1.323) | 1.705 (1.427-2.036) | 1 | 1.422 (1.267-1.596) | 1.716 (1.418-2.076) |
Secondhand smoke at public | 1 | 1.099 (1.038-1.164) | 0.891 (0.800-0.992) | 1 | 1.179 (1.108-1.254) | 1.150 (1.022-1.294) |
Values are presented as odd ratio (95% confidence interval) of variables according to economic deterioration caused by COVID-19.
Analysis was adjusted by body mass index, school grade, academic performance, economic status, heath status, usual stress, and sad and hopelessness.
Abbreviation: COVID 19, coronavirus disease 2019.