Abstract
In this paper, we give an account of dative functions in a number of Iranian languages from a typological perspective. To analyze the functionality of dative markers in the selected languages, we follow a semantic map approach and take Haspelmath’s map of dative functions as a typological grid to examine our data. We collected our data from descriptive grammars and, for Ossetic and Wakhi, from interviews. The data show that five additional connections should be added to the semantic map of dative functions; these connections are confirmed by data from at least three languages within the Iranian language family. The main semantic property for the dative in Iranian languages is indirect affectedness. Moreover, in some languages spatial functions of the dative are also attested. The distribution of dative functions is mainly explained by the preservation of the oblique case and the areal distribution. In addition, in some languages, a grammaticalization cycle is observed, as a result of which purportedly beneficiary markers are transforming into dative markers.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Arseniy Vydrin, and Jaroslava Obertelova for their help with data gathering on Ossetic and Wakhi, respectively. We would also like to thank Thomas Jügel, Heiko Narrog, Silvia Luraghi, and the anonymous reviewer, who offered comments and criticism on the earlier versions of this paper. Masoud Mohammadirad’s work was enabled by the funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 665850.
Abbreviations
- acc
accusative
- add
additive
- adp
adposition
- advlz
adverbilizer
- aor
aorist
- asp
verbal aspectual particle
- attr
attributive
- aug
augment
- aux
auxiliary
- caus
causative
- clc
clitic
- clf
classifier
- com
comitative
- comp
complementizer
- cop
copula
- dat
dative
- def
definite
- dem
demonstrative
- dimin
diminutive
- dir
direct
- dist
distal
- drct
directional
- ep
epenthesis
- evid
evidentiality
- ez
ezafeh
- f
feminine
- fut
future
- gen
genitive
- imp
imperative
- ind
indicative
- indf
indefinite
- inf
infinitive
- ins
instrumental
- io
indirect object
- ipfv
imperfective
- loc
locative
- m
masculine
- na
not analyzed
- neg
negative
- nmlz
nominalizer
- obj
object
- obl
oblique
- pass
passive
- pc
personal clitic
- phb
prohibitive
- pl
plural
- pn
proper noun
- poss
possessive
- post
postposition
- pprf
pluperfect
- prog
progressive
- prox
proximal deixis
- prf
perfect
- prs
present
- pst
past
- ptc
particle
- ptcp
participle
- pvb
preverb
- rch
relative clause head marker
- recp
reciprocal
- rel
relativizer
- refl
reflexive
- sbjv
subjunctive
- str
strong
- sg
singular
- top
topic
- tr
transitive
- vpfx
verbal prefix
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