Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory noninvasive brain stimulation tool with potential to increase or reduce regional and remote cortical excitability. Numerous studies have shown the ability of this technique to induce neuroplasticity and to modulate cognition and behavior in adults. Clinical studies have also demonstrated the ability of tDCS to induce therapeutic effects in several central nervous system disorders. However, knowledge about its ability to modulate brain functions in children or induce clinical improvements in pediatrics is limited. The objective of this review is to describe relevant data of some recent studies that may help to understand the potential of this technique in children with specific regard to effective and safe treatment of different developmental disorders in pediatrics. Overall, the results show that standard protocols of tDCS are well tolerated by children and have promising clinical effects. Nevertheless, treatment effects seem to be partially heterogeneous, and a case of a seizure in a child with previous history of infantile spasms and diagnosed epilepsy treated with tDCS for spasticity was reported. Further research is needed to determine safety criteria for tDCS use in children and to elucidate the particular neurophysiological changes induced by this neuromodulatory technique when it is applied in the developing brain.
About the authors
Guadalupe Nathzidy Rivera-Urbina was born in Mexico city. She is a psychologist, she graduated summa cum laude with her European PhD in Neuroscience in the University of Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain with the the study: Plasticity of the interregional connectivity of the primary motor cortex: A neurophysiological study by non-invasive brain stimulation. Now she is a full profesor in the Autonomous University of Baja California. Her research interests include understanding the physiological and cognitive effects of the transcranial direct current stimulation.
Michael A. Nitsche is Scientific Director of the Department of Psychology and Neurosciences of the Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors in Dortmund, Germany. He studied Psychology and Medicine in Goettingen, and worked before as Neurologist at the Department of Clinical Neurophysiology of the University Medical Hospital in Goettingen. His scientific interests are focused on human systems neuroscience, with special dedication to plasticity induction in the human brain by non-invasive brain stimulation tools, neuropsychopharmacology, the motor system, cognition, and work-relevant modulators of brain physiology and cognition.
Carmelo M. Vicario is European Doctor in “Neuroplasticity and Rehabilitation of Cognitive Functions”. He is currently Research Fellow at the University of Tasmania, (AU) and Honorary Lecture, at Bangor University (UK). He is also member of the Expert Evaluators panel of the Research Executive Agency, European Commission. Among his main scientific interest we can include the study of the Reward System, Movement Disorders; Decisional Processes; Time Keeping Mechanisms and the application of non-invasive brain stimulation protocols in neural rehabilitation of adults and pediatric populations.
Andrés Molero-Chamizo is a lecturer in the Psychobiology Department of the University of Huelva, Spain. Indexed in PubMed as Molero-Chamizo, and Andrés Molero or A Molero. Author and co-author of scientifc articles in Journals as: Nutritional Neuroscience, European Journal of Neuroscience (x2), Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (x2), Learning and Memory, Developmental Psychobiology, Chemical Senses, Brain Research, Neuroscience Research, Journal of Neuroscience Resarch, Reviews in the Neurosciences, Learning and Behavior, Rev Neurol (x3), etc. Reviewer for Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, Journal of Neuroscience Research, Psychology and Neuroscience, Current Research in Psychology. Doctor of the Editorial Board of Neuroscience Communications.
Acknowledgments
Michael A. Nitsche receives support from the EC Horizon 2020 Program, FET Grant, 686764-LUMINOUS, grants from the German ministry of Research and Education (GCBS grant 01EE1403C and TRAINSTIM grant 01GQ1424E) and is a member of the advisory board of Neuroelectrics. The remaining authors declare no conflict of interest.
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