Abstract
We present the results of a rapid ecological assessment conducted in 2012 in the community of Boanamo, in the Waorani Ethnic Reserve and Yasuní National Park, Orellana and Pastaza provinces, Ecuadorian Amazon. The study included surveys and observations of mammals by different methodologies over a 16-day sampling period. The results show the presence of 89 species of mammals, but there are several other mammal species expected in the area, increasing the projected diversity to 119 species, a high diverse community when compared with similar locations. Statistical analyses show that Boanamo is an area of high species richness and heterogeneity, consistent with comparable surveys in other areas of primary lowland rainforest in Amazonia. In addition, we documented nine distinct ways and 130 different usages in which 43 species are utilized in Boanamo. To estimate the importance of mammal diversity, we used a Cultural Importance Index, which shows that the species with the highest value are Panthera onca and Nasua nasua. However, the most frequently hunted species were Tayassu pecari and Lagothrix lagothricha. Our final conclusion is the community of Boanamo is entirely dependent on the surrounding forest, and mammals are an important part of their culture and subsistence.
Species and use of mammals recorded in the indigenous community of Boanamo, Yasuní National Park and Waorani Ethnic Reserve, Ecuador.
| No. | Order, family and species | Type of record | Number of records1 | Abundance | Kind of use | CI | Conservation category | Comments (S2 Text) | Pictures (S3 Plates) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ecuador | IUCN | |||||||||
| DIDELPHIMORPHIA | ||||||||||
| Didelphidae | ||||||||||
| 1 | Caluromys lanatus | RW | 0 | R2 | – | 0.0 | DD | LC | Yes | – |
| 2 | Didelphis marsupialis | DO | 1 | U | 1, 5, 7, 9 | 1.8 | LC | LC | Yes | – |
| 3 | Marmosa waterhousei | DO | 1 | U | – | 0.0 | LC | NE | Yes | – |
| 4 | Marmosops bishopi | DO | 1 | U | – | 0.0 | NE | LC | Yes | – |
| 5 | Philander andersoni | DO | 2 | U | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 1(a) |
| SIRENIA | ||||||||||
| Trichechidae | ||||||||||
| 6 | Trichechus inunguis | RW | 0 | K2 | – | 0.0 | CR | VU | Yes | – |
| CINGULATA | ||||||||||
| Chlamyphoridae | ||||||||||
| 7 | Priodontes maximus | TR | 1 | R2 | 1, 2, 4 | 2.5 | VU | VU | Yes | – |
| Dasypodidae | ||||||||||
| 8 | Dasypus novemcinctus | TR | 5 | F | 1, 4, 5 | 2.0 | LC | LC | Yes | – |
| PILOSA | ||||||||||
| Bradypodidae | ||||||||||
| 9 | Bradypus variegatus | DO | 1 | K | 1, 4, 8 | 1.3 | LC | LC | Yes | – |
| Megalonychidae | ||||||||||
| 10 | Choloepus didactylus | RW | 0 | K | 1, 4, 7, 8 | 1.5 | LC | LC | Yes | – |
| Cyclopedidae | ||||||||||
| 11 | Cyclopes ida | DO | 1 | R2 | 1 | 0.3 | DD | NE | Yes | – |
| Myrmecophagidae | ||||||||||
| 12 | Myrmecophaga tridactyla | DO, TR | 2 | U2 | 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 | 2.5 | VU | VU | Yes | S3 Plate 1(b) |
| 13 | Tamandua tetradactyla | RW | 0 | K | 1, 2, 9 | 1.0 | LC | LC | Yes | – |
| PRIMATES | ||||||||||
| Callitrichidae | ||||||||||
| 14 | Cebuella pygmaea | DO, VO | 1 | R2 | 1, 5, 7, 8 | 2.0 | VU | VU | Yes | – |
| 15 | Leontocebus tripartitus | DO | 2 | U | 1, 7, 8 | 2.3 | NT | NT | Yes | – |
| Cebidae | ||||||||||
| 16 | Cebus albifrons | DO | 3 | U | 1, 5, 7, 8 | 2.0 | NT | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 1(c) |
| 17 | Sapajus macrocephalus | RW | 0 | R | 1, 7 | 0.5 | NT | LC | No | – |
| 18 | Saimiri cassiquiarensis | DO, VO | 2 | F | 1, 7 | 1.5 | NT | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 1(d) |
| Aotidae | ||||||||||
| 19 | Aotus vociferans | VO | 1 | R | 1, 7, 8 | 1.8 | NT | LC | Yes | – |
| Pitheciidae | ||||||||||
| 20 | Plecturocebus discolor | DO, VO | 4 | U | 1, 7 | 1.5 | NT | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 1(e) |
| 21 | Pithecia napensis | DO | 1 | R2 | 1, 7, 8 | 2.3 | NT | LC | Yes | – |
| Atelidae | ||||||||||
| 22 | Alouatta seniculus | DO, CT, VO | 10 | F | 1, 4, 7, 8 | 2.8 | NT | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 2(a, b) |
| 23 | Ateles belzebuth | DO | 5 | U2 | 1, 5, 7, 8 | 2.5 | EN | EN | Yes | S3 Plate 2(c) |
| 24 | Lagothrix lagothricha | DO | 3 | U2 | 1, 5, 7, 8 | 2.5 | EN | VU | Yes | S3 Plate 2(d) |
| RODENTIA | ||||||||||
| Sciuridae | ||||||||||
| 25 | Hadrosciurus spadiceus | DO | 2 | U | 1, 8 | 1.0 | LC | LC | Yes | – |
| 26 | Microsciurus flaviventer | DO | 3 | U2 | 1 | 0.3 | LC | DD | Yes | S3 Plate 2(e) |
| Cricetidae | ||||||||||
| 27 | Hylaeamys yunganus | Captured | 1 | R | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | Yes | – |
| 28 | Neacomys rosalindae | Captured | 1 | R2 | – | 0.0 | LC | NE | Yes | S3 Plate 3(a) |
| 29 | Oecomys bicolor | Captured | 1 | R | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 3(b) |
| Erethizontidae | ||||||||||
| 30 | Coendou prehensilis | DO, CT | 2 | R | 1, 2 | 0.5 | DD | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 3(c) |
| Caviidae | ||||||||||
| 31 | Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris | DO, TR | 7 | F | 1, 2, 4, 6, 7 | 2.0 | DD | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 3(d–e) |
| Dasyproctidae | ||||||||||
| 32 | Dasyprocta fuliginosa | DO, TR | 3 | U | 1, 7, 9 | 2.3 | LC | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 3(f) |
| 33 | Myoprocta pratti | DO, TR | 3 | U | 1, 5, 7 | 2.0 | LC | LC | Yes | – |
| Cuniculidae | ||||||||||
| 34 | Cuniculus paca | DO, TR | 2 | U | 1, 4, 7, 8 | 2.5 | NT | LC | Yes | – |
| Echimyidae | ||||||||||
| 35 | Proechimys brevicauda | DO | 1 | R | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | – |
| LAGOMORPHA | ||||||||||
| Leporidae | ||||||||||
| 36 | Sylvilagus defilippi | DO | 2 | U | 1 | 0.5 | LC | NE | Yes | – |
| CHIROPTERA | ||||||||||
| Emballonuridae | ||||||||||
| 37 | Rhynchonycteris naso | DO, captured | 14 | F2 | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 4(a, b) |
| 38 | Saccopteryx bilineata | Captured | 1 | U2 | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 4(c, d) |
| Phyllostomidae | ||||||||||
| 39 | Desmodus rotundus | Captured | 1 | U | 8, 9 | 1.0 | LC | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 5(a) |
| 40 | Glossophaga soricina | Captured | 2 | U | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 5(b) |
| 41 | Micronycteris megalotis | Captured | 1 | R2 | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 5(c) |
| 42 | Micronycteris minuta | Captured | 1 | R2 | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 5(d) |
| 43 | Chrotopterus auritus | Captured | 1 | R2 | – | 0.0 | NT | LC | No | S3 Plate 5(e) |
| 44 | Gardnerycteris crenulatum | Captured | 2 | U | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 5(f) |
| 45 | Lophostoma carrikeri | Captured | 1 | R2 | – | 0.0 | DD | LC | No | S3 Plate 6(a) |
| 46 | Macrophyllum macrophyllum | Captured | 1 | R2 | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 6(b) |
| 47 | Phylloderma stenops | Captured | 1 | R2 | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 6(c) |
| 48 | Phyllostomus elongatus | Captured | 8 | F | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 6(d) |
| 49 | Phyllostomus hastatus | Captured | 1 | R | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 6(e) |
| 50 | Tonatia maresi | Captured | 1 | R2 | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 6(f) |
| 51 | Trachops cirrhosus | DO, captured | 3 | U2 | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 7(a) |
| 52 | Vampyrum spectrum | DO | 1 | R2 | – | 0.0 | VU | NT | No | – |
| 53 | Trinycteris nicefori | Captured | 1 | R2 | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 7(b) |
| 54 | Carollia brevicauda | Captured | 17 | C | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 7(c) |
| 55 | Carollia castanea | Captured | 11 | C | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 7(d) |
| 56 | Carollia perspicillata | Captured | 24 | C | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 7(e) |
| 57 | Rhinophylla fischerae | Captured | 6 | F | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 7(f) |
| 58 | Rhinophylla pumilio | Captured | 17 | C | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 8(a) |
| 59 | Sturnira magna | Captured | 1 | R | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 8(b) |
| 60 | Artibeus obscurus | Captured | 9 | F | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 8(c) |
| 61 | Artibeus planirostris | Captured | 26 | C | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 8(d) |
| 62 | Artibeus anderseni | Captured | 2 | U | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 8(e) |
| 63 | Mesophylla macconnelli | Captured | 1 | R | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 8(f) |
| 64 | Platyrrhinus infuscus | Captured | 3 | U | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 9(a) |
| 65 | Vampyressa thyone | Captured | 3 | U | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 9(b–c) |
| 66 | Vampyriscus bidens | Captured | 2 | U | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 9(d) |
| Noctilionidae | ||||||||||
| 67 | Noctilio albiventris | DO, captured | 3 | U2 | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 10(a) |
| Furipteridae | ||||||||||
| 68 | Furipterus horrens | Captured | 1 | R2 | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 10(b) |
| Vespertilionidae | ||||||||||
| 69 | Myotis albescens | Captured | 1 | R | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | No | S3 Plate 10(c) |
| 70 | Myotis nigricans | Captured | 8 | F | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 10(d) |
| 71 | Myotis riparius | Captured | 1 | R | – | 0.0 | LC | LC | Yes | S3 Plate 10(e) |
| CARNIVORA | ||||||||||
| Felidae | ||||||||||
| 72 | Herpailurus yagouaroundi | RW | 0 | R | 6 | 0.3 | NT | LC | Yes | – |
| 73 | Leopardus pardalis | CT, TR | 2 | U | 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 | 1.8 | NT | LC | Yes | – |
| 74 | Leopardus wiedii | RW | 0 | K2 | 2 | 0.3 | VU | NT | Yes | – |
| 75 | Puma concolor | RW | 0 | K | 2, 6 | 0.5 | VU | LC | Yes | – |
| 76 | Panthera onca | TR | 1 | R2 | 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9 | 4.3 | EN | NT | Yes | – |
| Canidae | ||||||||||
| 77 | Atelocynus microtis | RW | 0 | K2 | – | 0.0 | NT | NT | No | – |
| 78 | Speothos venaticus | RW | 0 | K2 | – | 0.0 | VU | NT | Yes | – |
| Procyonidae | ||||||||||
| 79 | Nasua nasua | DO | 1 | R | 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 | 3.0 | LC | LC | Yes | – |
| 80 | Potos flavus | DO, VO | 6 | F | 1, 7, 8 | 2.0 | LC | LC | Yes | – |
| Mustelidae | ||||||||||
| 81 | Lontra longicaudis | DO | 1 | R | 7 | 0.3 | VU | NT | Yes | – |
| 82 | Pteronura brasiliensis | DO | 1 | K2 | – | 0.0 | CR | EN | Yes | – |
| 83 | Eira barbara | RW | 0 | K | 1, 9 | 0.8 | LC | LC | Yes | – |
| PERISSODACTYLA | ||||||||||
| Tapiridae | ||||||||||
| 84 | Tapirus terrestris | CT, TR | 3 | U2 | 1, 2, 4, 7, 8 | 2.3 | EN | VU | Yes | S3 Plate 10(f) |
| ARTIODACTYLA | ||||||||||
| Tayassuidae | ||||||||||
| 85 | Pecari tajacu | DO | 2 | U | 1, 2, 7 | 1.8 | NT | LC | Yes | – |
| 86 | Tayassu pecari | DO | 2 | U2 | 1, 2, 7, 8 | 2.8 | EN | VU | Yes | S3 Plate 11(a–d) |
| Cervidae | ||||||||||
| 87 | Mazama murelia | DO | 1 | R2 | 1 | 0.5 | NT | NE | Yes | – |
| 88 | Mazama zamora | DO, CT | 3 | U | 1, 6, 7, 8 | 2.0 | NT | NE | Yes | S3 Plate 11(e) |
| Iniidae | ||||||||||
| 89 | Inia geoffrensis | DO | 1 | U2 | 2 | 0.3 | EN | EN | Yes | – |
1Groups of animals of a same species were recorded as a single individual.
2Indicator species of good environmental quality.
Type of record: CT = Camera trap. DO = Direct observation. RW = Reported only by residents of the Waorani Community of Boanamo. TR = Tracks (footprints and other traces). VO = Vocalization record. Abundance: C = Common (species abundant and easy to find). F = Frequent (species found periodically even at low densities). U = Uncommon (species difficult to find). R = Rare (species very difficult to find). K = Unknown (species for which there is no information to determine their relative abundance). Kind of use or relation to Waorani: 1 = Food. 2 = Artisanal. 3 = Commercial. 4 = Material. 5 = Medicinal. 6 = Ornamental. 7 = Recreational (as a pet). 8 = Ritual and spiritual beliefs. 9 = Social conflict. CI = Conservation Importance Index. Conservation category (Red lists of Ecuador (Tirira, 2011), and IUCN (2020)): CR = Critically Endangered. DD = Data Deficient. EN = Endangered. LC = Least Concern. NE = Not Evaluated. NT = Near Threatened. VU = Vulnerable.
Acknowledgments
Our research was part of a larger biotic inventory created and funded by Pollywog Productions as part of the documentary feature film, Yasuni Man, and carried out in cooperation with the Waorani communities of Boanamo and Bameno, to whom we wish to express our gratitude, especially to Ñama Baihua and Omayuhue Huane Baihua. To Tomi Sugahara for her invaluable logistical support. We also want to thank Larry Evans, Domingo Gualinga, Diana Medina, Cecilia Puertas, and Morley Read as members of the research team. We are grateful to Ministry of Environment for supporting our requests for all permits (entry permit: 007-2012-FC-MAE-DPO-PNY, and research permit: 005-2012-IC-FAU-MAE-DPO-PNY). To Museum of Zoology QCAZ for allowing us to review the specimens for a correct identification. To Leo Zurita for creating the map of our study site included in Figure 1. We are grateful to Mandy Haywood and Melinda Hoffman for their helpful comments on the manuscript.
Author contributions: DGT wrote the text, field data collection, analysis, and identification of specimens. HFG wrote the text and field data collection. RPK: funding project, field support, logistic organization, and field data collection. CO and OB contributed to field observations and logistical support for the survey.
Research funding: Our research was part of a larger biotic inventory created and funded by Pollywog Productions as part of the documentary feature film Yasuni Man.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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Supplementary Material
Supplementary material to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2019-0144.
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