Abstract
Background
To assess the effectiveness and harms of music to reduce anxiety and pain in cystoscopy.
Methods
We searched MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE, LILACS and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) from inception to nowadays. We included clinical trials, involving the assessment of the effect of music in cystoscopy. The primary outcomes were pain and anxiety measured by any scale and the secondary outcomes were length of stay, physiological parameters (blood pressure or heart rate) and adverse effects. Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias. We performed the statistical analysis in R and reported information about mean difference (MD) with 95% CI. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 test.
Results
We included six studies in our qualitative and quantitative analysis. Five studies used a flexible cystoscope and the other one performed the procedure with a rigid cystoscope. Music was played during the procedure in five studies, while the other was before it. All studies compared music vs. no intervention. Almost all items were assessed as low risk of bias; however, the allocation concealment was unclear in all the studies. We found a MD of −1.33 (95% CI −2.45 to −0.21) (I2=97.2%) favoring music for pain and a MD of −8.42 (95% CI −15.02, −1.82) (I2=99.6%) was found, favoring music for anxiety.
Conclusions
Playing music might be an effective intervention that lowers pain and anxiety in patients who undergo cystoscopy.
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
Competing interests: The funding organization(s) played no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the report for publication.
A Appendix
Search Strategy
Medline (Ovid)
Exp Music
Music.mp
Exp Music therapy
(Music adj2 therapy).mp
Or/
Exp Surgical Procedures, Operative
Surger$.mp
Operation.mp
(surg* adj2 procedure*).mp
(surg* adj2 intervention).mp
(interventional adj2 method*).mp
(invasive adj2 procedure*).mp
(invasive adj2 intervention).mp
Exp cystoscopy
Cystoscopy.mp
Exp biopsy
Biopsy.mp
Instrumentation.fs
Instrumentation.mp
Or/
randomized controlled trial.pt
controlled clinical trial.pt
clinical trial.pt
randomized.ab
placebo.ab
randomly.ab
trial.ab
(clinical adj2 trial).mp
(randomi*ed adj2 controlled adj2 trial).mp
exp double-blind method
or/
Embase
‘music’/exp
music:ti,ab
‘music therapy’/exp
(music next/2 therapy):ti,ab
or/
‘surgery’/exp
surger*:ti,ab
Operation:ti,ab
(surg* next/2 procedure):ti,ab
(surg* next/2 intervention*):ti,ab
(interventional next/2 method*):ti,ab
‘invasive procedure’/exp
(invasive next/2 procedure):ti,ab
(invasive next/2 intervention):ti,ab
‘cystoscopy’/exp
Cystoscopy:ti,ab
‘biopsy’/exp
Biopsy:ti,ab
Instrumentation:ti,ab
Or/
‘randomized controlled trial’/exp
(randomi*ed NEXT/2 controlled NEXT/2 trial):ti,ab
‘clinical trial’/exp
(clinical NEXT/2 trial):ti,ab
‘controlled clinical trial’/exp
‘double blind procedure’/exp
or/
Central (Ovid)
Exp Music
Music.mp
Exp Music therapy
(Music adj2 therapy).mp
Or/
Exp Surgical Procedures, Operative
Surger$.mp
Operation.mp
(surg* adj2 procedure*).mp
(surg* adj2 intervention).mp
(interventional adj2 method*).mp
(invasive adj2 procedure*).mp
(invasive adj2 intervention).mp
Exp cystoscopy
Cystoscopy.mp
Exp biopsy
Biopsy.mp
Instrumentation.fs
Instrumentation.mp
LILACS
(mh:”Música” OR tw:”Música”) AND (mh:”/cirugía” OR tw:”cirugía”)
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