Abstract
Objectives
Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a group of various eye and vision-related problems from prolonged use of mobile devices. Symptoms include dry eyes, blurred vision, eye strain, headache, and also neck and shoulder pain. This study was carried out to analyze the correlation between the exposure time of High Energy Visible (HEV) from mobile devices’ use and the prevalence of evaporative dry eyes in young age.
Methods
An observational cross-sectional study was done using quota sampling method for 100 High School students. Data collection was performed using questionnaire to identify daily use of mobile devices (hours) and duration for using mobile devices (years). A classification was determined as mild, moderate, and heavy HEV exposure. Evaporative dry eyes were diagnosed using tear break-up time test (TBUT) of less than 10 s for both eyes.
Results
Ninety-four students participated in this study. A total of 82 students (87.2%) experienced evaporative dry eyes. There were 11 students (11.7%) who had dry eyes with mild exposure, 18 students (19.1%) had dry eyes with moderate exposure, and 53 students (56.4%) had dry eyes with heavy exposure. A chi square analysis showed all HEV exposures have similar risk to the prevalence of dry eyes among High School students (p<0.05).
Conclusions
The risk of developing evaporative dry eyes, as one of the symptoms of CVS in young age with normal tear production, could be induced even with minimal exposure to mobile devices.
Acknowledgement
Gratitude is due to the Faculty of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga and two Senior High Schools in rural area in East Java, Indonesia.
-
Research funding: None.
-
Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
-
Competing interests: Authors state no conflict of interest.
-
Informed consent: Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study.
-
Ethical approval: Our study was approved by the Ethical Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga.
References
1. Novitasari, W, Khotimah, N. Dampak penggunaan gawai terhadap interaksi sosial anak usia 5-6 tahun. J PAUD Teratai 2016;5:1–4.Search in Google Scholar
2. American Optometric Association. Computer vision syndrome. Available from: https://www.aoa.org/patients-and-public/caringforyourvision/protecting-your-vision/computer-vision-syndrome [Accessed 15 Oct 2020].Search in Google Scholar
3. Jaiswal, S, Asper, L, Long, J, Lee, A, Harrison, K, Golebiowski, B. Ocular and visual discomfort associated with smartphones, tablets and computers: what we do and do not know. Clin Exp Optom 2019;102:463–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12851.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
4. Blehm, C, Vishnu, S, Khattak, A, Mitra, S, Yee, RW. Computer vision syndrome: a review. Surv Ophthalmol 2005;50:253–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.02.008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
5. Ranasinghe, P, Wathurapatha, WS, Perera, YS, Lamabadusuriya, DA, Kulatunga, S, Jayawardana, N, et al.. Computer vision syndrome among computer office workers in a developing country: an evaluation of prevalence and risk factors. BMC Res Notes 2016;9:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-1962-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
6. Akinbinu, TR, Mashalla, YJ. Knowledge of computer vision syndrome among computer users in the workplace in Abuja, Nigeria. J Physiol Pathophysiol 2013;4:58–63. https://doi.org/10.5897/jpap2013.0078.Search in Google Scholar
7. Reddy, SC, Low, C, Lim, Y, Low, L, Mardina, F, Nursaleha, M. Computer vision syndrome: a study of knowledge and practices in university students. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2013;5:161–8. https://doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v5i2.8707.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
8. Divy, M, Anat, G. Digital screen use and dry eye: a review. Asia-Pacific J Ophthalmol 2020;9:491–7.10.1097/APO.0000000000000328Search in Google Scholar PubMed
9. The Vision Council. Digiteyezed: the daily impact of digital screens on the eye health of Americans. Diakses dari; 2014. Available from: https://www.thevisioncouncil.org/.Search in Google Scholar
10. Kumar, P, Kumar, M, Mishra, A, Bhargava, R, Kaur, A. The diagnostic value and accuracy of conjunctival impression cytology, dry eye symptomatology, and routine tear function tests in computer users. J Lab Phys 2014;6:102–8.10.4103/0974-2727.141507Search in Google Scholar
11. Puspa, AK, Loebis, R, Nuswantoro, D. Pengaruh penggunaan gadget terhadap penurunan kualitas penglihatan siswa sekolah dasar. Global Med Health Commun 2018;6:28–33.Search in Google Scholar
12. Rosenfield, M. Computer vision syndrome: a review of ocular causes and potential treatments. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011;31:502–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00834.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
13. Savini, G, Prabhawasat, P, Kojima, T, Grueterich, M, Espana, E, Goto, E. The challenge of dry eye diagnosis. Clin Ophthalmol 2008;2:31–55. https://doi.org/10.2147/opth.s1496.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
14. Hanyuda, A, Sawada, N, Uchino, M, Kawashima, M, Yuki, K, Tsubota, K, et al.. Physical inactivity, prolonged sedentary behaviors, and use of visual display terminals as potential risk factors for dry eye disease: JPHC-NEXT study. Ocul Surf 2020;18:56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtos.2019.09.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
15. Uchino, M, Schaumberg, DA, Dogru, M, Uchino, Y, Fukagawa, K, Shimmura, S, et al.. Prevalence of dry eye disease among Japanese visual display terminal users. Ophthalmology 2008;115:1982–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.06.022.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
16. Dana, R, Bradley, JL, Guerin, A, Pivneva, I, Stillman, IÖ, Evans, AM, et al.. Estimated prevalence and incidence of dry eye disease based on coding analysis of a large, all-age United States health care system. Am J Ophthalmol 2019;202:47–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2019.01.026.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
17. Al Tawil, L, Aldokhayel, S, Zeitouni, L, Qadoumi, T, Hussein, S, Ahamed, SS. Prevalence of self-reported computer vision syndrome symptoms and its associated factors among university students. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020;30:189–95. https://doi.org/10.1177/1120672118815110.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
18. Kim, DJ, Lim, CY, Gu, N, Park, CY. Visual fatigue induced by viewing a tablet computer with a high-resolution display. Kor J Ophthalmol 2017;31:388–93. https://doi.org/10.3341/kjo.2016.0095.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
19. Doguizi, S, Sekeroglu, MA, Inanc, M, Yilmazbas, P. Evaluation of tear meniscus dimensions using anterior segment optical coherence tomography in video terminal display workers. Clin Exp Optom 2019;102:478–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12872.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
20. Moon, JH, Kim, KW, Moon, NJ. Smartphone use is a risk factor for pediatric dry eye disease according to region and age: a case control study. BMC Ophthalmol 2016;16:188. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-016-0364-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
