Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter March 24, 2016

Furfurylated wood: impact on Postia placenta gene expression and oxalate crystal formation

  • Gry Alfredsen EMAIL logo , Carl Gunnar Fossdal , Nina E. Nagy , Jody Jellison and Barry Goodell
From the journal Holzforschung

Abstract

Modified wood can provide protection against a range of wood deteriorating organisms. Several hypotheses have been put forward regarding the protection mechanisms against wood decaying fungi including fungal enzyme inefficiency due to non-recognition, lower micropore size, and insufficient wood moisture content. The aim of this study was to obtain new insight into the protection manner of furfuryl alcohol (FA) modified Scots pine sapwood (WFA), and to examine biochemical mechanisms and adaptive changes in gene expression utilised by Postia placenta during early colonisation of WFA. Samples were harvested after 2, 4, and 8 weeks of incubation. After 8 weeks, the mass loss (0.1%) and wood moisture content (21.0%) was lower inWFA, than in non-modified Scots pine sapwood samples (W), 26.1% and 46.1%, respectively. Microscopy revealed needle-shaped calcium oxalate crystals, at all harvesting points, most prominently present after 4 and 8 weeks, and only in the WFA samples. Among the findings based on gene profiles were indications of a possible shift toward increased expression, or at least no down regulation, of genes related to oxidative metabolism and concomitant reduction of several genes related to the breakdown of polysaccharides in WFA compared to W.


Corresponding author: Gry Alfredsen, Department of Wood Technology, Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway, e-mail:

Acknowledgments:

Sigrun Kolstad and Inger Heldal are acknowledged for the molecular analyses and Monica Fongen for TGA, pH and oxalate analysis. This project was financed by The Research Council of Norway (179482/I30 Wood degradation, 243663/E50 BioMim) and SGB No. 335008. Goodell was also supported in part by the USDA-HATCH Project S-1041 VA-136288.

References

AWPA (2001) Standard method of testing wood preservatives by laboratory soil-block cultures. American Wood Protection Association (E-10).Search in Google Scholar

Arantes, V., Goodell, B. (2014) Current understanding of brown-rot fungal biodegradation mechanisms: A Review. In: Deterioration and Protection of Sustainable Biomaterials. Eds. Nicholas, D.D., Goodell, B., Schultz, T. ACS Series. Oxford University Press, New York, USA, Vol. 1158, pp. 3–21.10.1021/bk-2014-1158.ch001Search in Google Scholar

Arantes, V., Milagres, A.M., Filly, T.R., Goodell, B. (2011) Lignocellulosic polysaccharides and lignin degradation by wood decay fungi: the relevance of nonenzymatic Fenton-based reactions. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biot. 38:541–555.10.1007/s10295-010-0798-2Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Arantes, V., Jellison, J., Goodell, B. (2012) Peculiarities of brown-rot fungi and biochemical Fenton reaction with regard to their potential as a model for bioprocessing biomass. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 94:323–338.10.1007/s00253-012-3954-ySearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Baldrian, P., Valaskova, V. (2008) Degradation of cellulose by basidiomycetous fungi. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 32:501–521.10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00106.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Bosshard, H.H., Hug, U.E. (1980) The anastomoses of the resin canal system in Picea abies (L.) Karst, Larix decidua Mill and Pinus sylvestris L. Holz Roh Werkst. 38:325–328.10.1007/BF02611082Search in Google Scholar

Boonstra, M.J., Tjeerdsma, B. (2006) Chemical analysis of heat treated softwoods. Holz. Roh. Werkst. 64:204–211.10.1007/s00107-005-0078-4Search in Google Scholar

Boonstra, M.J., Van Acker, J., Kegel, E., Stevens, M. (2007) Optimisation of a two-stage heat treatment process: durability aspects. Wood Sci. Technol. 41:31–57.10.1007/s00226-006-0087-4Search in Google Scholar

Bravery, A.F. A miniaturised wood-block test for the rapid evaluation of preservative fungicides. Proceedings of a special seminar held in association with the 10th annual meeting of the IRG, Peebles, Rep. No. 136. Swedish Wood Preservation Institute, Stockholm, 1979.Search in Google Scholar

Chuang, I.S., Maciel, G.E., Myers, G.E. (1984) Carbon-13 NMR study of curing in furfuryl alcohol resins. Macromolecules 17:1087–1090.10.1021/ma00135a019Search in Google Scholar

Connolly, J.H., Jellison, J. (1995) Calcium translocation, calcium oxalate accumulation, and hyphal sheath morphology in the white-rot fungus Resinicium bicolor. Can. J. Bot. 73:927–936.10.1139/b95-101Search in Google Scholar

Connolly, J.H., Arnott, H.J., Jellison, J. (1996) Patterns of calcium oxalate crystal production by three species of wood decay fungi. Scanning Microsc. 10:385–400.Search in Google Scholar

Daniel, G., Volc, J., Filonova, L., Plihal, O., Kubatova, H.P. (2007) Characteristics of Gloeophyllum trabeum alcohol oxidase, an extracellular source of H2O2 in brown rot decay of wood. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:62416253.10.1128/AEM.00977-07Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Eastwood, D.C., Floudas, D., Binder, M., Majcherczyk, A., Schneider, P., Aerts, A., Asiegbu, F.O., Baker, S.E., Barry, K., Bendiksby, M., Blumentritt, M., Coutinho, P.M., Cullen, D., de Vries, R.P., Gathman, L., Goodell, B., Henrissat, B., Ihrmark, K., Kauserud, H., Kohler, A., LaButti, K., Lapidus, A., Lavin, J.L., Lee, Y.-H., Lindquist, E., Lilly, W., Lucas, S., Morin, E., Murat, C., Oguiza, J.A., Park, J., Pisabarro, A.G., Riley, R., Rosling, A., Salamov, A., Schmidt, O., Schmutz, J., Skrede, I., Stenlid, J., Wiebenga, A., Xie, X., Kües, U., Hibbett, D.S., Hoffmeister, D., Högberg, N., Martin, F., Grigoriev, I.V., Watkinson, S.C. (2011) The plant cell wall–decomposing machinery underlies the functional diversity of forest fungi. Science 333:762–765.10.1126/science.1205411Search in Google Scholar

Eriksson, K.-E.L., Blanchette, R.A., Ander, P. Microbial and Enzymatic Degradation of Wood and Wood Components. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 1990.10.1007/978-3-642-46687-8Search in Google Scholar

CEN (1996a) EN 113. Wood preservatives – Test method for determining the protective effectiveness against wood destroying basidiomycetes – Determination of toxic values. Brussels, Belgium, European Committee for Standardization.Search in Google Scholar

CEN EN 84. Wood preservatives. Accelerated ageing of treated wood prior to biological testing – Leaching procedure. Brussels: European Committee for Standardisation.Search in Google Scholar

Esteves, B., Pereira, H.M. (2009) Wood modification by heat treatment: a review. Bioresources 4:370–404.10.15376/biores.4.1.EstevesSearch in Google Scholar

Goodell, B. (2003) Brown rot degradation of wood: Our evolving view. In: Wood Deterioration and Preservation: Advances in Our Changing World. Eds: Goodell, B., Nicholas, D., Schultz, T. American Chemical Society Series. Oxford University Press, New York, USA, pp. 97–118.10.1021/bk-2003-0845.ch006Search in Google Scholar

Goodell, B., Jellison, J., Liu, G., Daniel, A., Paszczynski, F., Fekete, Krishnamurthy, S., Jun, L., Xu, G. (1997a) Low molecular weight chelators and phenolic compounds isolated from wood decay fungi and their role in the fungal biodegradation of wood. J. Biotechnol. 53:133–162.10.1016/S0168-1656(97)01681-7Search in Google Scholar

Goodell, B., Daniel, G., Liu, J., Mott, L., Frank, R. (1997b) Decay resistance and microscopic analysis of wood-cement composites. Forest Prod. J. 47:75–80.Search in Google Scholar

Goodell, B., Jellison, J. Loferski, S.L. Quarles (2007) Brown-rot decay of ACQ and CA-B treated lumber. Forest Prod. J. 57:31–33.Search in Google Scholar

González, R., Martinez, R., Ortiz, P. (1992) Polymerization of furfuryl alcohol with trifluoroacetic-acid – the influence of experimental conditions. Macromol. Chem. 193:1–9.10.1002/macp.1992.021930101Search in Google Scholar

González, R., Figueroa, J.M., González, H. (2002) Furfuryl alcohol polymerization by iodine in methylene chloride. Eur. Polym. J. 38:287–297.10.1016/S0014-3057(01)00090-8Search in Google Scholar

Hietala A.M., Stefańczyk, E., Nagy, N.E., Fossdal C.G., Alfredsen G. (2014). Influence of wood durability on the suppressive effect of increased temperature on wood decay by the brown-rot fungus Postia placenta. Holzforschung 68:123–131.10.1515/hf-2012-0157Search in Google Scholar

Hill, C.A.S. Wood modification: chemical, thermal and other processes. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Sussex, UK, 2006.10.1002/0470021748Search in Google Scholar

Hill, C.A.S. (2009) Why does acetylation protect wood from microbiological attack? Wood Mater. Sci. Eng. 4:37–45.10.1080/17480270903249409Search in Google Scholar

Hill, C.A.S. (2011) Wood modification: an update. BioResources 6: 918–919.Search in Google Scholar

Hill, C.A.S., Forster, S.C., Farahani, M.R.M., Hale, M.D.C., Ormondroyd, G.A., Williams, G.R. (2005) An investigation of cell wall micropore blocking as a possible mechanism for the decay resistance of anhydride modified wood. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr. 55:69–76.10.1016/j.ibiod.2004.07.003Search in Google Scholar

Hoegger, P.J., Kilaru, S., James, T.Y., Thacker, J.R., Kües, U. (2006) Phylogenetic comparison and classification of laccase and related multicopper oxidase protein sequences. FEBS J. 273:2308–2326.10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05247.xSearch in Google Scholar

Hyde, S.M., Wood, P.M. (1997) A mechanism for production of hydroxyl radicals by the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana: Fe(III) reduction by cellobiose dehydrogenase and Fe(II) oxidation at a distance from the hyphae. Microbiology 143:259–266.10.1099/00221287-143-1-259Search in Google Scholar

Jarosz-Wilkołazka, A., Gadd, G.M. (2003). Oxalate production by wood-rotting fungi growing in toxic metal-amended medium. Chemosphere 52:541–547.10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00235-2Search in Google Scholar

Kang, Y.M., Prewitt, L., Diehl, S. (2009) Gene expression of selected decay enzymes produced during biodeterioration of three wood types. International Research Group on Wood Preservation, 40th Annual Conference, Beijing, China, IRG/WP 09-10702.Search in Google Scholar

Lande, S. (2008) Furfurylation of wood – Wood modification by the use of furfuryl alcohol. PhD thesis. Norwegian University of Life Science. Ås, Norway. ISBN 978-82-575-0814-2. ISSN 0802-3220.Search in Google Scholar

Lande, S., Westin, M., Schneider, M. (2004) Eco-efficient wood protection-furfurylated wood as alternative to traditional wood preservation. Management of Environmental Quality: An Int. J. 15:529–540.10.1108/14777830410553979Search in Google Scholar

Lande, S., Eikenes, M., Westin, M., Schneider, M. (2008) Furfurylation of wood: chemistry; properties and commercialization. In: Development of Commercial Wood Preservatives. Eds. Schultz, T.P., Militz, H., Freemann, M.H., Goodell, B., Nicholas D.D. ACS Symposium Series 982, pp 337–355.10.1021/bk-2008-0982.ch020Search in Google Scholar

Maciel, G.E., Chuang, I.S., Myers, G.E. (1982) Carbon-13 NMR study of cured furfuryl alcohol resins using cross polarization and magic-angle spinning. Macromolecules 15:1218–1220.10.1021/ma00232a058Search in Google Scholar

Martinez, D., Challacombea, J., Morgensternc, I., Hibbettc, D., Schmolld, M., Kubicekd, C.P., Ferreirae, P., Ruiz-Duenase, F.J., Martineze, A.T., Kerstenf, P., Hammelf, K.E., Vanden Wymelenberg, A., Gaskellf, J., Lindquisth, E., Sabati, G., BonDuranti, S.S., Larrondoj, L. F., Canessaj, P., Vicunaj, R., Yadavk, J., Doddapanenik, H., Subramaniank, V., Pisabarrol, A. G., Lavínl, J.L., Oguizal, J.A., Masterm, E., Henrissatn, B., Coutinhon, P.M., Harriso, P., Magnusonp, J.K., Bakerp, S.E., Brunop, K., Kenealyq, W., Hoegger, P.J., Kuesr, U., Ramaiyao, P., Lucash, S., Salamovh, A., Shapiroh, H., Tuh, H., Cheeb, C.L., Misraa, M., Xiea, G., Tetero, S., Yavero, D., Jamess, T., Mokrejst, M., Pospisekt, M., Grigorievh, I.V., Brettina, T., Rokhsarh, D., Berkao, R., Cullenf, D. (2009) Genome, transcriptome, and secretome analysis of wood decay fungus Postia placenta supports unique mechanisms of lignocellulose conversion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 106:1954–1959.10.1073/pnas.0809575106Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Niemenmaa, O., Uusi-Rauva, A., Hatakka, A. (2007) Demethoxylation of [O(14)CH (3)]-labelled lignin model compounds by the brown-rot fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum and Poria (Postia) placenta. Biodegradation 19:555–565.10.1007/s10532-007-9161-3Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Papadopoulos, A.N. (2010) Chemical modification of solid wood and wood raw material for composites production with linear chain carboxylic acid anhydrides: a brief review. BioResources 5:499–506.10.1002/chin.201026276Search in Google Scholar

Pfaffl, M.W. (2001) A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 29:2002–2007.10.1093/nar/29.9.e45Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Pilgård, A., Alfredsen, G., Hietala, A. (2010) Quantification of fungal colonization in modified wood – qPCR as a tool for studies on Trametes versicolor. Holzforschung 64:645–651.10.1515/hf.2010.074Search in Google Scholar

Pilgård, A., Alfredsen, G., Björdal, C.G., Børja, I., Fossdal, C.G. (2011) qPCR as a tool to study basidiomycete colonization in wooden field stakes. Holzforschung 65:889–895.10.1515/HF.2011.079Search in Google Scholar

Punja, Z.K., Huang, J.-S., Jenkins, S.F. (1985) Relationship of mycelial growth and production of oxalic acid and cell wall degrading enzymes to virulence in Sclerotium rolfsii. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 7:109–117.10.1080/07060668509501485Search in Google Scholar

Rahman, M.M., Niimi, M., Kawamura, O. (2007) Simple method for determination of oxalic acid in forages using high-performance liquid chromatography. JPN Soc. Grassland Sci. 53:201–204.10.1111/j.1744-697X.2007.00093.xSearch in Google Scholar

Ringman, R., Pilgård, A., Brischke, C., Richter, K. (2014a) Mode of action of brown rot decay resistance in modified wood: a review. Holzforschung 68:239–246.10.1515/hf-2013-0057Search in Google Scholar

Ringman, R., Pilgård, A. Richter, K. (2014b) Effect of wood modification on gene expression during incipient Postia placenta decay. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr. 86:86–91.10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.09.002Search in Google Scholar

Rowell, R.M. Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites. Taylor & Francis 2005.10.1201/9780203492437Search in Google Scholar

Rowell, R.M., Ibach, R.E., McSweeny, J., Nilsson, T. (2009a) Understanding decay resistance, dimensional stability and strength changes in heat-treated and acetylated wood. Wood Mater. Sci. Eng. 4:14–22.10.1080/17480270903261339Search in Google Scholar

Rowell, R.M., Ibach, R.E., McSweeny, J. Nilsson, T. (2009b) Understanding decay resistance, dimensional stability and strength changes in heat treated and acetylated wood. In: Proceedings of The Fourth European Conference on Wood Modification (ECWM4), Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 489–502.10.1080/17480270903261339Search in Google Scholar

Rozen, S., Skaletsky, H. (2000) Primer3 on the WWW for general users and for biologist programmers. Methods Mol. Biol. 132:365–86.10.1385/1-59259-192-2:365Search in Google Scholar

Sayer, J.A., Raggett, S.L., Gadd, G.M. (1995) Solubilization of insoluble metal compounds by soil fungi: development of a screening method for solubilizing ability and metal tolerance. Mycol. Res. 99:987–993.10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80762-4Search in Google Scholar

Schilling, J.S., Jellison, J. (2004) High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of soluble and total oxalate in Ca- and Mg-amended liquid cultures of three wood decay fungi. Holzforschung 58:682–687.10.1515/HF.2004.124Search in Google Scholar

Tang, J.D., Parker, L.A., Perkins, A.D., Sonstegard, T.S., Schroeder, S.G., Nicholas, D.D., Diehl, S.V. (2013) Gene expression analysis of copper tolerance and wood decay in brown rot fungus Fibroporia radiculosa. App. Environ. Microbiol. 79:1523–1533.10.1128/AEM.02916-12Search in Google Scholar

van Riel, S., Lande, S., Larnøy, E., Eikenes, M. (2007) Quality control of furfurylated Scots pine by TGA. Proceedings of The Third European Conference on Wood Modification (ECWM3), Cardiff, UK, pp. 423–430.Search in Google Scholar

Vanden Wymelenberg, A., Gaskell, J., Mozuch, M., Sabat, G., Ralph, J., Skyba, O., Mansfield, S.D., Blanchette, R.A., Martinez, D., Grigoriev, I., Kersten, P.J., Cullen, D. (2010) Comparative transcriptome and secretome analysis of wood decay fungi Postia placenta and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76:3599–3610.10.1128/AEM.00058-10Search in Google Scholar

Vanden Wymelenberg, A., Gaskell, J., Mozuch, M., BonDurant. S.S., Sabat, G., Ralph, J., Skyba, O., Mansfield, S.D., Blanchette, R.A., Grigoriev, I.V., Kersten, P.J., Cullen, D. (2011) Significant alteration of gene expression in wood decay fungi Postia placenta and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77:4499–4507.10.1128/AEM.00508-11Search in Google Scholar

Venås, T.M. (2008) A study of mechanisms related to the fungal decay protection rendered by wood furfurylation. PhD thesis, University of Copenhagen.Search in Google Scholar

Verma, P., Mai, C. (2010) Hydrolysis of cellulose and wood powder treated with DMDHEU by a hydrolase enzyme complex, Fenton’s reagent, and in a liquid culture of Trametes versicolor. Holzforschung 64:69–75.10.1515/hf.2010.007Search in Google Scholar

Weil, C.E., Burch, R.J., Van Dyk, J.W. (1954) An α-amyloglucosidase that produces β-glucose. Cereal. Chem. 31:150–158.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, G., Goodell, B. (2001) Mechanisms of wood degradation by brown-rot fungi: Chelator-mediated cellulose degradation and binding of iron by cellulose. J. Biotechnol. 87:43–57.10.1016/S0168-1656(00)00430-2Search in Google Scholar

Yelle, D.J., Ralph, J., Lu, F., Hammel, K.E. (2008) Evidence for cleavage of lignin by a brown rot basidiomycete. Environ. Microbiol. 10:1844–1849.10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01605.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2015-9-25
Accepted: 2016-2-20
Published Online: 2016-3-24
Published in Print: 2016-10-1

©2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 29.3.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/hf-2015-0203/html
Scroll to top button