Limitations of nanomaterials insights in green chemistry sustainable route: Review on novel applications

Kaushik Pal; Subhendu Chakroborty; Nibedita Nath

doi:10.1515/gps-2022-0081

Open Access Published by De Gruyter October 7, 2022

Limitations of nanomaterials insights in green chemistry sustainable route: Review on novel applications

Kaushik Pal , Subhendu Chakroborty and Nibedita Nath

From the journal Green Processing and Synthesis

https://doi.org/10.1515/gps-2022-0081

Abstract

“Nanotechnology” is an emerging as a significant development tool for the green synthesis of noble nanomaterial. Green synthesis is superior to conventional chemical methods as it is less expensive, reduced pollution, and enhances human health and the environment safety. Nanomaterial and their green synthesis from plants became an interesting aspect of nanotechnologies due to the many benefits they provide to living beings, as well as their low cost and minimal harm to humans and the environment. They also have a wide range of applications in biomedical research, diagnostics, and drug discovery and also in catalysis. The current review focuses on the synthesis of nanoparticle from plants using greener approach and their novel applications.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: green synthesis; nanomaterial; diagnostic; health; environment; plant extract

1 Introduction: global research background

Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field with diverse science and innovation applications that are rising rapidly [1–7]. The ever-increasing industrialization and population boom have a negative impact on the earth’s atmosphere, producing a massive amount of harmful and undesired elements. Green synthesis, which employs safe, cheap, nontoxic, and sustainable methods for synthesizing nanomaterial, is an emerging promise in nanotechnology to solve this issue [8].

In the literature, presently various chemical and physical ways for developing nanomaterials, with higher rates of production and well-controlled size and shape of nanomaterials, but the demerits of the methods are higher loss of energy and funds, use of toxic materials, and large amounts of waste production. These main issues have an economic and environmental impact on nanomaterials’ economic levels’ scale-up process. Compared to traditional methods, the greener approach to nanomaterial production provides cost-effective, eco-friendly, and benign ways [9]. In recent years, there has been a growth in the adoption of greener protocols for manufacturing nanomaterials. These methods offer significant advantages, such as having eco-friendly procedures, being less expensive, and producing small-sized nanomaterial [10]. Various natural resources, including microorganisms, plant Leaves, and extracts, have previously been employed to produce nanoparticles [11,12]. This comprehensive review mainly exploring on recent advances in the green synthesis of nanomaterial from plant extracts and leaves.

2 Green chemistry approaches

The idea of “green chemistry” for “sustainable development” has been extensively researched during the last decade [13]. Sustainable development is defined as development that meets present demands while balancing future generations’ ability to meet their requirements [14]. Green chemistry is a developing field that promotes implementing principles aimed at reducing the use and production of toxic chemical chemicals [15]. As a consequence, greener techniques minimize the environmental impact of industrial work. Researchers have developed these methods to provide potential remedies to the expensive processes and toxic materials found while employing traditional synthesis methods [16–19]. Green nanomaterial synthesis is the ideal method for reducing the adverse impacts of its manufacturing and utilization, reducing the risk level of nanotechnology [20]. While in the Figure 1 highlights the primary advantages of green chemistry approaches in simple and cost-effective routes.

Figure 1

The main advantages of green synthesis.

“Green nanotechnology” enables us to avoid unfavorable outcomes. This technique has a commercial impact on nanomaterials or product development by eliminating or lowering contaminants, which implies it addresses present environmental issues [21], as seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2

Diagrammatic representation of green chemistry in the development of nanomaterials.

“Green nanotechnology” provides tools for converting natural beings to environmentally friendly methods for synthesizing nanomaterials, offering a perfect way to lessen the negative effects of chemical and physical processes and use of nanomaterials to prevent any accompanying toxicity, thus reducing the riskiness of nanotechnology [22,23]. As shown in Figure 2, it deals with the 12 principles of green chemistry and engineering and how they can be applied to nanomaterials’ synthesis utilizing procedures that reduce waste, are eco-friendly, employ safe chemicals, use less energy, and minimize pollution. Again for the bioreduction of metal ions to their corresponding nanomaterials, the documented current green synthesis approaches involve plants or plant components in addition to microorganisms, including bacteria, algae, fungi, and yeast, among others [24].

There are a number of “greener” techniques to produce nanomaterials. It has been shown that using naturally occurring recyclable substances – such as vitamins, sugars, tea, or agricultural residues rich in polyphenols – as reducing and capping agents can help create less harmful nanomaterials [25]. At this early stage of the development of nanotechnology, using green chemistry 12 principles for developing new nanomaterials and applications is particularly important. It could result in new design guidelines that are eco-friendly and benign in the context of protecting the environment and human health [26].

3 Green synthesis and novel applications of nanomaterial

Green synthesis methods are more beneficial than traditional methods, although they are simpler and less expensive and do not contain toxic or environmentally unfriendly components; this technology has gained prominence in recent years as a result of the economic future for nanomaterial manufacturing [27]. A variety of microbes and plant and leaf extracts could be employed to produce nanomaterials effectively, and their applications are listed in Table 1.

Table 1

Various green nanomaterial and their applications

Nanomaterials	Natural beings	Synthesized by	Size	Application	Reference
ZnO	Bacteria	Aeromonas hydrophila	57–72 nm	Antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi	[28]
TiO₂		Bacillus mycoides	40–60 nm	Synthesis of solar cell	[29]
TiO₂		Bacillus subtilis	10–30 nm	Photocatalyst	[30]
PbS		Bacteria strains, NS2 and NS6 (bacterium)	40–70 nm	Bioremediation	[31]
AuNP	Fungi	Trichoderma harzianum	32–44 nm	Antimicrobial agent and catalyst	[32]
ZnO		Aspergillus niger	53–69 nm	Antimicrobial activity, dye degradation	[33]
AgNP		Fusarium oxysporum 405	10–50 nm	Colloidal stability	[34]
AgNP	Yeast	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	2–7 nm	—	[35]
AuNP		Saccharomyces cerevisiae	—	Enhancement of surface plasmon	[36]
ZnO		Pichia kudriavzevii	10–61 nm	Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities	[37]
CdTe		Saccharomyces cerevisiae		Bio-imaging and biolabeling	[38]
Ag NP	Algae	Polysiphonia algae	5–25 nm	Anticancer activity	[39]
AuNp		Marine algae extract	8–20 nm	Green synthesis	[40]
PdNP		Chlorella vulgaris	5–20 nm	—	[41]
CuO		Brown alga	6–7.8 nm	Photocatalytic and antibaterial study	[42]
CuO		Cystoseira trinodis	6–7.8 nm	Photocatalytic and antibaterial study	[42]
Au nanowires	Virus	Tobacco mosaic virus	50 nm (diameter)	—	[43]
Au nanowires		Tobacco mosaic virus	150–400 nm (length)	—	[43]
AuNP		Bacteriophage	20–50 nm	Antibiofilm activity	[44]
TiO₂		M13 virus	20–40 nm	Semiconducting network	[45]
AgNP	Plant	Oryza sativa L.	346.4 ± 36.8 nm	Inhibitor against pathogens	[46]
AgNP		Punica granatum L. (pomegranate)	50 nm	Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity	[47]
CuNP		Eclipta prostrata	23–57 nm	Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity	[48]
		Punica granatum	56–59 nm	—	[49]
AuNp		Justicia glauca	32.5 ± 0.25 nm	Inhibitor against pathogens	[50]
AuNP		Alternanthera philoxeroides	72.11 ± 2.87 nm	Antimicrobial activity	[51]

Tewari and his coworker used a two-stage thermal procedure to develop an innovative top-down approach for the useful sequential production of 2D/3D graphene-based materials (GM) from the Drepanostachyum falcatum plant extracts and fiber. In the presence of ethanol (Figure 3), D. falcatum extract exhibited the formation of a luminous 2D framework of GM that is metal-doped graphene oxide (MDGO) at low temperatures (150°C). In the N₂ atmosphere, decomposition of the fiber component at 300°C revealed the formation of a 3D graphene nanoribbons. Many conjugated linkages with oxidative functional groups in 2D-MDGOs are required for their luminous blue behavior when exposed to UV light at 365 nm. However, 2D-MDGOs appear to have a lot of possibilities as bio-imaging probes for RWPE-1 prostate cancer cells (Figure 4). The hydrophobic characteristic of 3D-GNR resulted in improved adsorption to the organic dye methylene blue (MB). As a result, it is a viable contender for water purification [52].

Figure 3

Figure 4

Nasrollahzadeh et al. established a simple, low-cost, and environmentally friendly approach for producing silver nanoparticle-supported nano aluminum oxide (AgNPs-nano Al₂O₃) using leaf extracts from Bryonia alba. As a moderate, durable, nontoxic reducing and stabilizing agent, the plant extract is vital in anchoring Ag NPs on nano Al₂O₃. At room temperature, the resultant NPs act as an efficient catalyst for the reduction of 4-hydroxy nitrobenzene (4-HNB) (Figure 5) and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) (Figure 6) and also for the degradation of dyes like congo red, methyl orange, MB, and rhodamine B. The catalyst can be recycled multiple times before losing its reactivity [53].

Figure 5

Reduction of 4-HNB using green AgNPs-nano Al₂O₃ catalyst.

Figure 6

Reduction of 2,4-DNPH using green AgNPs-nano Al₂O₃ catalyst.

The Han research group created palladiumlentinan (Pd-LNT) NPs by using lentinan (LNT) as both a reducing and stabilizing agent. This process was straightforward, environmentally benign, and easily scaled up. Regarding catalytic efficiency for the hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol, Pd-LNT NPs exceeded other catalysts [54]. The PdNPs were being prepared by Kadam and his worker using Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract and microwave method. The catalytic effectiveness of the NPs was investigated in the degradation of pollutant Cr⁶⁺ to nontoxic Cr³⁺ using a minimum amount of reducing agent. The probabilistic method for the reduction of PdNPs and the reduction of Cr⁶⁺ to Cr³⁺ is thoroughly explored in Figure 7 [55].

Figure 7

Possible process of Pd²⁺ reduction to Pd⁰ by flavonoids in Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract to produce GSE-PdNPs.

A novel, convenient green synthesis approach was applied under extreme basic conditions to synthesize CuO nanoparticles and CuO nanograins (CuONGs) utilizing CuCl₂·2H₂O as a copper salt precursor, curcumin as a conjugated agent with or without cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as a stabilizing agent. CuONGs were discovered to be suitable catalysts for the MB reduction, with higher catalytic activity than spherical nanoparticles [56].

Barzinjy et al. used a green technique to manufacture Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles from Rhus coriaria extract. Biosynthesized magnetite nanoparticles are both inexpensive and recyclable. As a result, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle catalyst can be used to synthesize several novel 2-naphthol bis-Betti bases via one-pot condensation of substituted aromatic aldehydes, 2-naphthol, and p-phenylenediamine (Figure 8). Betti bases are widely used in pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry [57].

Figure 8

Synthesis of bis-Betti bases.

Bioaugmented zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were developed by the Faisal research group using aqueous fruit extracts of Myristica fragrans. ZnO-NPs also efficiently degraded MB dye as depicted in Figure 9 [58].

Figure 9

The Naranthatta research group presents surface-modified CdS generated by a straightforward and sustainable approach that employs several pharmacological leaf extracts for reaction mixture (Figure 10). A simple wet chemical approach successfully manufactured CdS nanoparticles via green synthesis. Plectranthus amboinicus, Chromolaena odorata, and Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extracts were used to modify the properties of the CdS nanoparticle, which are available all year. Using the MTT assay, the cytotoxicity of the hybrid was assessed, and it was discovered that the CdSO tenuiflorum hybrid is less dangerous than unmodified CDs and other hybrid structures [59].

Figure 10

Chand et al. used a green tool to generate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which have a wide range of applications, including food preservation, cosmetic items, electronic parts, sensing material, cryogenics, dental materials, and drug delivery. In this study, a green synthesis technique was used to synthesize AgNPs utilizing neem extracts (NE) and a mixture of neem, onion, and tomato (NOT) plant extracts as a combined reducing and stabilizing agent at different pH levels. This is the first study to report on the green production and antibacterial activity of AgNPs utilizing extracts from various combinations at various pH values. The antibacterial activity of all produced AgNPs was tested by using the Kirby disk diffusion method in the growth of SA microorganisms, as shown in Figure 11 [60].

Figure 11

The Khan research group describes the green ZnONP generation using C. equisetifolia leaf extract and UV-A and UV-C irradiation. Antibacterial activity of green nanoparticles against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains was investigated. ZnONP shows potent anticancer effects (Figure 12) and are biocompatible in nature [5].

Figure 12

ZnONPs have anticancer properties: (a) HepG2 cell survival measurement, (b) ROS/RNS production measurement, and (c) HepG2 mitochondrial membrane potential measurement in response to green-synthesized-ZnONP therapy [5]. Copyright © 2021; MDPI.

The green approach was used by Shah et al. to synthesize silver AgNPs from seeds and wild Silybum plants. Highly crystalline and stable NPs with sizes ranging from 18.12 to 13.20 nm were prepared from wild plants (NP-1) and seeds (NP-3). The produced NPs and extracts demonstrated a wide range of biological activities, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and antiaging properties [61]. The Srihasam research group use stevia extract as a reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of NiO-NPs. These NPs were much more potent against Gram-negative bacteria than Gram-positive bacteria. The antifungal activity of these NPs has been tested in the area of biopesticides as a replacement for ecologically destructive synthetic pesticides. NiO-NPs enter the microbial cell and enhance microbial suppression by having contact with electron transport, which damage the DNA by breaking the phosphate and hydrogen bond and denaturing the protein by modifying the 3D structure, damaging the mitochondria by oxidative ROS generated by metal and NiO-NP interactions, which eventually leads to cell death as explored in Figure 13 [62].

Figure 13

Anjum and his coworker reported the green synthesis of AgNPs, ZnONPs, and bimetallic Ag–ZnONPs from M. macroura leaf extract using UV-C irradiation. These nanoparticles have exceptional antiaging, anti-diabetic, and anticancer activities and are also biocompatible in nature [7]. AgNPs synthesized from onion peel is a by-product of onion processing reported by the Santhosh research group. In addition, the antibacterial properties of AgNPs were investigated against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium. These NPs are also employed in constructing sensors for detecting dangerous metals like mercury [63].

The green approach created a new antibody-conjugated chitosan-gold nanoparticles (Ab-CS-AuNPs). This is employed by three kinds of optical biosensing systems (colorimetric, localized surface plasmon resonance, and paper-based dot-blot) to detect the target antigen (Ag) [64].

George et al. developed a green nanohybrid hydrogel-based composition for a photo-extracted quercetin (QE) medicine. Through crosslinking chitosan using dialdehyde cellulose, a bio-polysaccharide-based medication carrier was created and employed as a nontoxic alternative to the conventional chemicals. Green ZnO NPs were inserted into the hydrogel matrix, which was photo-synthesized utilizing musk melon seeds. Conventional QE and QE in onion peel drug (OPD)-loaded nanohybrid hydrogel’s inhibited bacterial growth. The QE/OPD-loaded nanohybrid hydrogels were compatible and showed anticancer properties was proved toward normal L929 mouse fibroblast cells and A431 human skin cancer cell lines [65]. The bioactive ZnO NPs were synthesized using Pandanus odorifer leaf extract MTT, and neutral red uptake assays were used to assess the anticancer activity of ZnO NPs in MCF-7, HepG2, and A-549 cells at various concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg·mL⁻¹) [66].

Meahdizadeh et al. analyzed the influence of green-synthesized ZnONPs on the level of apoptotic cell death mostly in vitro (MCF7 and mouse mammary carcinoma [TUBO] cell lines) and in vivo (murine breast cancer model) investigations to determine whether ZnONPs can be employed as an anticancer agent as shown in Figure 14 [67].

Figure 14

Flow cytometry detection of the morphology and cell cycle status of treated cell lines. (a) MCF7 cell line morphology at various ZnONPs treatment doses compared to untreated control cells. At high concentrations, their morphology shows apoptotic death. (b) The morphology of the TUBO cell line after various doses of ZnONPs treatment in comparison to untreated control cells. At high ZnONPs concentrations, apoptotic death might also be observed in the MCF7 cell line [67]. Copyright © 2019; Wiley Online Library.

Cheng’s research group reported the synthesis of ZnONPs from Rehmanniae radix (RR) shows anticancer activities toward osteosarcoma cell line MG-63 must be examined to assess the chemotherapeutic, cytotoxic, and apoptotic efficiency of ZnONPs from RR against MG-63 cells. Taking everything into consideration, it appears that ZnONPs derived from RR can be used as a therapeutic regimen in chemotherapy [68].

Ferula assa-foetida used to green synthesize ZnONPs diagrammatically identified in Figure 15. These green-synthesized NPs had anticancer properties against human breast (MCF7 and MDA-MB231) and colon (HT-29) cancer cell lines [69].

Figure 15

At room temperature, ZnMn₂O₄ nanoparticles were produced from corolla carpus epigeaus plant extract. The cyclic voltammetry investigations demonstrated the capacitor’s property and its increased charging and recharging capabilities. The electrochemical impedance investigation revealed that the produced nanoparticles have a high conductivity. These findings suggest that the preparation of ZnMn₂O₄ nanomaterials was well suited for electrical and electronic applications, particularly energy storage systems [70].

Shaheen et al. performed the hydrothermal synthesis of spherical-shaped CoMoO4 electrode materials using an inorganic–organic template. Organic substances have been extracted from Euphorbia cognata Boiss. Assisted by organic compounds, CoMoO₄ revealed the stability of octodrine and cyclobutanol and supported the development of electrical sites for energy storage systems. To improve the electrochemical characteristics of CoMoO₄-fabricated electrodes for supercapacitor applications, E. cognate nanofeatures and organic compounds were identified [71].

MnO₂ nanoparticles were created using plant extracts and are being used as a catalyst for biofuel production. The plants chosen for this study were Rosmarinus officinalis, Origanum vulgare, and Artemisia dracunculus. These extracts reduce Mn⁷⁺ from KMnO₄ to Mn⁴⁺ in the final MnO₂ product as catalysts in the generation of biofuel from grape residue and seed oil investigated [72].

AgNPs were created by reducing silver nitrate (AgNO₃) with various leaf extracts. The Ag NPs have a spherical form and are very stable. The sensing properties of Ag NPs were tested using the agrofungicide mancozeb (MCZ). The surface plasmon resonance peak position showed a linear response with the concentration of MCZ. It is also used as a photocatalyst using a 0.5 mM MCZ solution under UV-visible irradiation. Surface plasmon-based biosensors were created using green-synthesized Ag NPs and MCZ as a paradigm [73]. To investigate the applicability of Butea monosperma seed extract for pressure sensors, a high yield of single-phase orthorhombic vanadium oxide (V₂O₅) nanoparticles is generated in very short succession at 500°C using a solution combustion approach [74].

Over the last decades, anthraquinone (AQ) process of manufacturing has dominated H₂O₂ production [75]. AQ is a waste- and energy-intensive oxidant that is effective, environment-friendly, adaptable, and green. Because it releases greenhouse gases and harmful organic waste and uses hydrogen as a feedstock, the AQ process is inexorably linked to low sustainability [76,77]. For direct, ambient, and efficient H₂O₂ synthesis in distributed electrolysis cells, electrochemical oxygen reduction following a two-electron (2e) pathway is a viable option that ideally only needs water, oxygen, and renewable electricity [78].

The energy-intensive AQ process, which is now the industry standard, might be replaced by the electroreduction of O₂ into H₂O₂, but this still needs materials with high catalytic efficiencies [79]. Dong and his coworker have demonstrated that a co-tetra-methoxyphenyl porphyrin-carbon nanotube (CoTMPP/CNT) nanohybrid functions as a high-performance catalyst with quick electron delivery to active sites toward electrochemically producing H₂O₂ under acidic aqueous conditions, attaining an H₂O₂ selectivity from over 95% and achieving strong stability [80].

4 Limitation of nanomaterial

Green synthesis of nanomaterial has tremendous opportunities; however, it faces challenges in selecting raw materials, reaction conditions, control of product quality, and applicability. These factors provide obstacles to the development of green nanomaterial for its manufacturing and large-scale use. These shortcomings are discussed in greater detail indicated in Figure 16 [81].

Figure 16

Researchers investigated various locally accessible plants and discovered they are viable materials for producing green NPs. These investigations suggest that it is possible to utilize native plants completely, but substantial worldwide nanomaterial synthesis is difficult [82]. Time restrictions may make using raw ingredients in real production challenging. The cotton leaf should be used to obtain the materials needed to prepare Ag NPs throughout the flowering period [83].

Coffea arabica is also utilized; however, arabica trees take roughly 7 years to completely grow and are often planted at an altitude of 1,500 m [84]. So that the limitation period for getting leaves has been extended. Moreover, a few raw materials are supplementary products that require additional processing, increasing the technique’s complexity and cost until they can be used in the green synthesis of nanomaterials. As a result, the usefulness, economic viability, and cost of these substances must be shown.

The optimum temperature for several greener synthetic methods is quite high, and the synthesizing period is protracted, necessitating enormous energy consumption that may harm the environment. Despite using environmentally acceptable starting ingredients, the process does not always adhere to the principles of sustainable synthesis [85]. Another significant barrier to green synthesis is a lack of understanding of the synthesis pathway, which makes obtaining actual chemical reactions to illustrate the synthesis process difficult [86]. The shape and size of nanoparticles produced by different extracts vary widely, and the quality assessed is insufficient. According to current sources, particle diameter varies greatly, making green technology unsuitable for large-scale manufacturing and particle size management a significant challenge throughout the manufacturing process [87]. The impact of plant extracts on synthesis could only be demonstrated in a recent investigation, but the specific chemical pathways involved are still unable to explain. The shape and size of nanoparticles synthesized by various extracts vary greatly, and the qualities determined are inadequate. According to current sources, there are large variances in particle size, making green technology unsuitable for large-scale manufacturing and regulating particle size during manufacturing great trouble [88].

5 Conclusions, outlook, and future prospective

This review summarizes the current progress in green nanomaterial production and their potential uses. Green nanotechnology has emerged as a key technique for synthesizing nanomaterials in past years. Compared to other conventional methods, green synthesis methods give a safe, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly approach to nanomaterial synthesis. Furthermore, low yield, irregular particle size, complicated separation processes, periodical, local raw material accessibility, and many other obstacles must be solved before the sustainable synthesis of nanomaterial and its applications can be realized. There is already a diverse range of green nanomaterial synthesis methods and procedures available, with more on the way in the future. In today’s culture, advanced approaches to the issue, which involve automotive and stationary systems, are becoming more essential. As a result, the first component of green nanotechnology is to use more environmentally friendly or energy-efficient manufacturing procedures. The second stage entails creating ecologically friendly things. Indeed, environmental pollution and diseases like the COVID-19 pandemic are currently big problems in every country and can be partially resolved through nanotechnology. Due to its affordability and eco-friendliness, green nanomaterial production has enormous significance. This opens the door for numerous uses of nanomaterials inside the disciplines of environmental cleanup, medicinal applications, sensing technology, energy storage, and catalysis. Future researchers have been given some guidance through talks of knowledge gaps and potential applications of green nanomaterial. Green is likely to produce a lot of positive outcomes in a variety of applications.

Acknowledgment

SC is grateful to the Department of Basic Sciences, IES University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.
Author contributions: Kaushik Pal: writing – review and editing; Subhendu Chakroborty: writing, supervision, and formal analysis; Nibedita Nath: writing – original draft.
Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

References

[1] Jadoun S, Arif R, Jangid NK, Meena RK. Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts: A review. Env Chem Lett. 2021;19:355–74. 10.1007/s10311-020-01074-x.Search in Google Scholar

[2] Andleeb A, Andleeb A, Asghar S, Zaman G, Tariq M, Mehmood A, et al. A systematic review of biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles as a promising anti-cancer-strategy. Cancers. 2021;13:2818. 10.3390/cancers13112818.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[3] Anjum S, Hashim M, Malik SA, Khan M, Lorenzo JM, Abbasi BH, et al. Recent advances in zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for cancer diagnosis, target drug delivery, and treatment. Cancers. 2021;13:4570. 10.3390/cancers13184570.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[4] Anjum S, Ishaque S, Fatima H, Farooq W, Hano C, Abbasi BH, et al. Emerging applications of nanotechnology in healthcare systems: Grand challenges and perspectives. Pharmaceuticals. 2021;14:707. 10.3390/ph14080707.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[5] Khan AK, Renouard S, Drouet S, Blondeau JP, Anjum I, Hano C, et al. Effect of UV irradiation (A and C) on casuarina equisetifolia-mediated biosynthesis and characterization of antimicrobial and anticancer activity of biocompatible zinc oxide nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13:1977. 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111977.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[6] Kumar R, Roopan SM, Prabhakarn A, Khanna VG, Chakroborty S. Agricultural waste Annona squamosa peel extract: Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2012;9:173–6. 10.1016/j.saa.2012.01.029.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Abbasi BH, Fazal H, Ahmad N, Ali M, Giglioli-GuivarchN, Hano C. Nanomaterials for cosmeceuticals: nanomaterials-induced advancement in cosmetics, challenges, and opportunities. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 2020. ISBN: 9780128222867.10.1016/B978-0-12-822286-7.00005-XSearch in Google Scholar

[8] Pugazhendhi A, Prabakar D, Jacob JM, Karuppusamy I, Saratale RG. Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Gelidiumamansii and its antimicrobial property against variouspathogenic bacteria. Microb Pathog. 2018;114:41–5. 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.013.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[9] Fariq A, Khan T, Yasmin A. Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles and their potential applications in biomedicine. J Appl Biomed. 2017;15:241–8. 10.1016/j.jab.2017.03.004.Search in Google Scholar

[10] Herlekar M, Barve S, Kumar R. Plant-mediated green synthesis of iron nanoparticles. J Nanopart. 2014;2014:1–9. 10.1155/2014/140614.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Harshiny M, Matheswaran M, Arthanareeswaran G, Kumaran S, Rajasree S. Enhancement of antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles-ceftriaxone conjugate through Mukiamaderaspatana leaf extract mediated synthesis. Ecotoxicol Env Saf. 2015;121:135–41. 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.04.041.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Begum SJP, Pratibha S, Rawat JM, Venugopal D, Sahu P, Gowda A, et al. Recent advances in green synthesis, characterization,and applications of bioactive metallic nanoparticles. Pharmaceuticals. 2022;15(4):455. 10.3390/ph15040455.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[13] Clark JH, Macquarrie DJ. Handbook of green chemistry and technology. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons; 2008.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Robert KW, Parris TM, Leiserowitz AA. What is sustainable development? Goals, indicators, values, and practice. Env Sci Policy Sustain Dev. 2005;47:8–21. 10.1080/00139157.2005.10524444.Search in Google Scholar

[15] Varma RS. Greener approach to nanomaterials and their sustainable applications. Curr Opin Chem Eng. 2012;1:123–8. 10.1016/j.coche.2011.12.002.Search in Google Scholar

[16] Nogueira LFB, Guidelli ÉJ, Jafari SM, Ramos AP. 7–Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles by plant extracts and biopolymers. In: Jafari SM, editor. In handbook of food nanotechnology. Cambridge, MA, USA: Academic Press; 2020. p. 257–78. ISBN: 978-0-12-815866-1.10.1016/B978-0-12-815866-1.00007-8Search in Google Scholar

[17] Hekmati M, Hasanirad S, Khaledi A, Esmaeili D. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using extracts of Allium rotundum l, Falcaria vulgaris Bernh, and Ferulago angulate Boiss, and their antimicrobial effects in vitro. Gene Rep. 2020;19:100589. 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100589.Search in Google Scholar

[18] Khalaj M, Kamali M, Costa MEV, Capela I. Green synthesis of nanomaterials–A scientometric assessment. J Clean Prod. 2020;267:122036. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122036.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Yadi M, Mostafavi E, Saleh B, Davaran S, Aliyeva I, Khalilov R, et al. Current developments in green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extracts: A review. Artif Cell Nanomed Biotechnol. 2018;46:S336–43. 10.1080/21691401.2018.1492931.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[20] Hutchison JE. Greener nanoscience: A proactive approach to advancing applications and reducing implications of nanotechnology. ACS Nano. 2008;2(3):395–402. 10.1021/nn800131j.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[21] Nath D. Safer nanoformulation for the next decade. Green Process Nanotechnol. 2015;9(12):327–52. 10.1007/978-3-319-15461-9_12.Search in Google Scholar

[22] Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajjadi M, Sajadi SM, Issaabadi Z. Chapter 5 – green nanotechnology. In: Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajadi SM, Sajjadi M, Issaabadi Z, Atarod MBT-IS, editors. An introduction to green nanotechnology. Vol. 28. Cambridge, MA, USA: Elsevier; 2019. p. 145–98.10.1016/B978-0-12-813586-0.00005-5Search in Google Scholar

[23] El Shafey AM. Green synthesis of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles from plant leaf extracts and their applications: A review. Green Process Synth. 2020;9:304–39. 10.1515/gps-2020-0031.Search in Google Scholar

[24] Hussain I, Singh NB, Singh A, Singh H, Singh SC. Green synthesis of nanoparticles and its potential application. Biotechnol Lett. 2016;38:545–60. 10.1007/s10529-015-2026-7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[25] Varma RS. Greener approach to nanomaterials and their sustainable applications. Curr Opin Chem Eng. 2012;1:123–8. 10.1016/j.coche.2011.12.002.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Tran TV, Nguyen DTC, Ponnusamy Senthil Kumar P, Mohd Din AT, Abdul Jalil A, Vo D-VN. Green synthesis of ZrO2 nanoparticles and nanocomposites for biomedical and environmental applications: A review. Env Chem Lett. 2022;20:1309–31. 10.1007/s10311-021-01367-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[27] Pal G, Rai P, Pandey A. Green synthesis of nanoparticles: A greener approach for a cleaner future. In: Shukla AK, Iravani S, editors. Green synthesis, characterization and applications of nanoparticles. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 2019. p. 1–26. 10.1016/B978-0-08-102579-6.00001-0.Search in Google Scholar

[28] Jayaseelana C, Rahumana AA, Kirthi AV, Marimuthua S, Santhoshkumara T, Bagavana A, et al. Novel microbial route to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles using Aeromonas hydrophila and their activity against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Spectrochim Acta Part A. 2012;90:78–84. 10.1016/j.saa.2012.01.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[29] Aenishanslins NAO, Saona LA, Dura’n-Toro VM, Monra’s JP, Bravo DM, Donoso JMP. Use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles biosynthesized by Bacillus mycoides in quantum dot sensitized solar cells. Microb Cell Fact. 2014;13:90. 10.1186/s12934-014-0090-7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[30] Dhandapani P, Maruthamuthu S, Rajagopal G. Bio-mediated synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles and its photocatalytic effect on aquatic biofilm. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2012;110:43–9. 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.03.003.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[31] Singh N, Naraa S. Biological synthesis and characterization of lead sulfide nanoparticles using bacterial isolates from heavy metal-rich sites. Int J Agric Food Sci Technol. 2013;4:16–23.Search in Google Scholar

[32] Tripathi RM, Shrivastav BR, Shrivastav A. Antibacterial and catalytic activity of biogenic gold nanoparticles synthesized by Trichoderma harzianum. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2018;12:509–13. 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0105.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[33] Kalpana V, Kataru BAS, Sravani N, Vigneshwari T, Panneerselvam A, Rajeswari VD. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using culture filtrates of Aspergillus niger: Antimicrobial textiles and dye degradation studies. Open Nano. 2018;3:48–55. 10.1016/j.onano.2018.06.001.Search in Google Scholar

[34] Rajput S, Werezuk R, Lange RM, McDermott MT. Fungal isolate optimized for biogenesis of silver nanoparticles with enhanced colloidal stability. Langmuir. 2016;32:8688–97. 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01813.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[35] Iravani S, Korbekandi H, Mirmohammadi SV, Zolfaghari B. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: chemical, physical and biological methods. Res Pharm Sci. 2014;9:385–406.Search in Google Scholar

[36] Yang Z, Li Z, Lu X, He F, Zhu X, Ma Y, et al. Controllable biosynthesis and properties of gold nanoplates using yeast extract. Nano Lett. 2017;9:5. 10.1007/s40820-016-0102-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[37] Moghaddam AB, Moniri M, Azizi S, Rahim RA, Ariff AB, Saad WZ, et al. Biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by a new Pichia kudriavzevii yeast strain and evaluation of their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Molecules. 2017;22:872. 10.3390/molecules22060872.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[38] Luo QY, Lin Y, Li Y, Xiong LH, Cui R, Xie ZX, et al. Nanomechanical analysis of yeast cells in CdSe quantum dot biosynthesis. Small. 2014;10:699–704. 10.1002/smll.201301940.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[39] Moshfegh A, Jalali A, Salehzadeh A, Jozani AS. Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles by cell-free extract of Polysiphonia algae and their anticancer activity against breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines. Micro Nano Lett. 2019;14:581–4. 10.1049/mnl.2018.5260.Search in Google Scholar

[40] Colin JA, Pech-Pech I, Oviedo M, Águila SA, Romo-Herrera JM, Contreras OE. Gold nanoparticles synthesis assisted bymarine algae extract: Biomolecules shells from a green chemistry approach. Chem Phys Lett. 2018;708:210–5. 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.08.022.Search in Google Scholar

[41] Arsiya F, Sayadi MH, Sobhani S. Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using Chlorella vulgaris. Mater Lett. 2017;186:113–5. 10.1016/j.matlet.2016.09.101.Search in Google Scholar

[42] Gu H, Chen X, Chen F, Zhou X, Parsaee Z. Ultrasoundassisted biosynthesis of CuO-NPs using brown alga Cystoseiratrinodis: Characterization, photocatalytic AOP, DPPH scavenging and antibacterial investigations. Ultrason Sonochem. 2018;41:109–19. 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.09.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[43] Kurgan N, Karbivskyy V. Properties of nanowires based on the tobacco mosaic virus and gold nanoparticles. Appl Nanosci. 2020;10:2685–9. 10.1007/s13204-019-01010-8.Search in Google Scholar

[44] Ahiwale S, Bankar A, Tagunde S, Kapadnis B. A bacteriophage mediated gold nanoparticles synthesis and their antibiofilm activity. Indian J Microbiol. 2017;57:188–94. 10.1007/s12088-017-0640-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[45] Chen P-Y, Dang X, Klug MT, Courchesne N-MD, Qi J, Hyder MN, et al. Hammond PT, M13 virus-enabled synthesis of titanium dioxide nanowires for tunable mesoporous semiconducting networks. Chem Mater. 2015;27:1531–40. 10.1021/cm503803u.Search in Google Scholar

[46] Suwan T, Khongkhunthian S, Okonogi S. Green synthesis and inhibitory effects against oral pathogens of silver nanoparticles mediated by rice extracts. Drug Discov Ther. 2018;12:189–96. 10.5582/ddt.2018.01034.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[47] Souza JA, Barbosa DB, Berretta AA, Do Amaral JG, Gorup LF, de Souza Neto FN, et al. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles combined to calcium glycerophosphate: Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. Future Microbiol. 2018;13:345–57. 10.2217/fmb-2017-0173.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[48] Chung IM, Abdul Rahuman A, Marimuthu S, Vishnu Kirthi A, Anbarasan K, Padmini P, et al. Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Eclipta prostrate leaves extract and their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Exp Ther Med. 2017;14:18–24. 10.3892/etm.2017.4466.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[49] Padma P, Banu S, Kumari S. Studies on green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Punica granatum. Annu Res Rev Biol. 2018;23:1–10. 10.9734/ARRB/2018/38894.Search in Google Scholar

[50] Emmanuel R, Saravanan M, Ovais M, Padmavathy S, Shinwari ZK, Prakash P. Antimicrobial efficacy ofdrug blended biosynthesized colloidal gold nanoparticles from Justicia glauca against oral pathogens: a nanoantibiotic approach. Microb Pathog. 2017;113:295–302. 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.10.055.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[51] Bhattacherjee A, Ghosh T, Datta A. Green synthesis and characterisation of antioxidant-tagged gold nanoparticle (X-GNP) and studies on its potent antimicrobial activity. J Exp Nanosci. 2018;13:50–61. 10.1080/17458080.2017.1407042.Search in Google Scholar

[52] Tewari C, Tatrari G, Kumar S, Pandey S, Rana A, Pal M, et al. Green and cost-effective synthesis of 2D and 3D graphene-based nanomaterials from Drepanostachyumfalcatum for bio-imaging and water purification applications. Chem Eng J Adv. 2022;10:100265. 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100265.Search in Google Scholar

[53] Nasrollahzadeh M, Issaabadi Z, Sajadi SM. Green synthesis of the Ag/Al2O3 nanoparticles using Bryonia alba leaf extract and their catalytic application for the degradation of organic pollutants. J Mater Sci Mater Electron. 2019;30:3847–59. 10.1007/s10854-019-00668-8.Search in Google Scholar

[54] Han Z, Dong L, Zhang J, CuiT, Chen S, Ma G, et al. Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using lentinan for catalytic activity and biological applications. RSC Adv. 2019;9:38265–70. 10.1039/C9RA08051A.Search in Google Scholar

[55] Kadam J, Madiwale S, Bashte B, Dindorkar S, Dhawal P, More P. Green mediated synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Gymnemasylvestre for catalytic reduction of Cr (VI). SN Appl Sci. 2020;2:1854. 10.1007/s42452-020-03663-5.Search in Google Scholar

[56] Qasem M, El Kurdi R, Patra D. Green synthesis of curcumin conjugated CuO nanoparticles for catalytic reduction of methylene blue. Chem Select. 2020;5:1694. 10.1002/slct.201904135.Search in Google Scholar

[57] Barzinjy AA, Abdul DA, Hussain FH, Hamad SM. Green synthesis of the magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticle using Rhus coriaria extract: A reusable catalyst for efficient synthesis of some new 2-naphthol bis-Betti bases. Inorg Nano-Met Chem. 2020;50(8):620–9. 10.1080/24701556.2020.1723027.Search in Google Scholar

[58] Faisal S, Jan H, Shah SA, Shah S, Khan A, Akbar MA, et al. Green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using aqueous fruit extracts of Myristica fragrans: Their characterizations and biological and environmental applications. ACS Omega. 2021;6(14):9709–22. 10.1021/acsomega.1c00310.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[59] Naranthatta S, Janardhanan P, Pilankatta R, Nair SS. Green synthesis of engineered CdS nanoparticles with reduced cytotoxicity for enhanced bioimaging application. ACS Omega. 2021;6:8646–55. 10.1021/acsomega.1c00519.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[60] Kumar K, Abro MI, Aftab U, Shah A, Lakhan M, Cao D, et al. Green synthesis characterization and antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus of silver nanoparticles using extracts of neem, onion and tomato. RSC Adv. 2019;9:17002–15.10.1039/C9RA01407ASearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[61] Shah M, Nawaz S, Jan H, Uddin N, Ali A, Anjum S, et al. Synthesis of bio-mediated silver nanoparticles from Silybum marianum and their biological and clinical activities. Mater Sci Eng C. 2020;112:110889. 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110889.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[62] Srihasam S, Thyagarajan K, Korivi M, Lebaka VR, Mallem SPR. Phytogenic generation of NiO nanoparticles using stevia leaf extract and evaluation of their in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Biomolecules. 2020;10:89. 10.3390/biom10010089.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[63] Santhosh A, Theertha V, Prakash P, Smitha Chandran S. From waste to a valueadded product: Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from onion peels together with its diverse applications. Mater Today Proc. 2021;46:4460–3. 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.680.Search in Google Scholar

[64] Majdi H, Salehi R, Pourhassan-Moghaddam M, Mahmoodi S, Poursalehi Z, Vasilescu S. Antibody conjugated green synthesized chitosan-gold nanoparticles for optical biosensing. Colloid Interface Sci Commun. 2019;33:100207. 10.1016/j.colcom.2019.100207.Search in Google Scholar

[65] George D, Maheswari PU, Begum KMMS. Synergic formulation of onion peel quercetin loaded chitosan-cellulose hydrogel with green zinc oxide nanoparticles towards controlled release, biocompatibility, antimicrobial and anticancer activity. Int J Biol Macromol. 2019;132:784–94. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[66] Hussain A, Oves M, Alajmi MF, Hussain I, Samira Amir S, Ahmed J, et al. Biogenesis of ZnO nanoparticles using Pandanus odorifer leaf extract: Anticancer and antimicrobial activities. RSC Adv. 2019;9:15357–69. 10.1039/C9RA01659G.Search in Google Scholar

[67] Mahdizadeh R, Homayouni-Tabrizi M, Neamati A, Seyedi SMR, Tavakkol Afshari HS. Green synthesized-zinc oxide nanoparticles, the strong apoptosis inducer as an exclusive antitumor agent in murine breast tumor model and human breast cancer cell lines (MCF7). J Cell Biochem. 2019;120(10):17984–93. 10.1002/jcb.29065.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[68] Cheng J, Wang X, Qiu L, Li Y, MarraikiN, Elgorban AM, et al. Green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles regulates the apoptotic expression in bone cancer cells MG-63 cells. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2020;202:111644. 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111644.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[69] Prasad KS, Prasad SK, Veerapur R, Lamraoui G, Prasad A, Prasad MNN, et al. Antitumor potential of green synthesized ZnONPs using root extract of Withaniasomnifera against human breast cancer cell line. Separations. 2021;8:8. 10.3390/separations8010008.Search in Google Scholar

[70] Uma J, Banumathi S, Maheswaran R, Senthilkumar N, Balraj B. Green synthesis of ZnMn2O4 nanoparticles for supercapacitor applications. J Supercond Nov Magn. 2021;34:817–23. 10.1007/s10948-020-05792-9.Search in Google Scholar

[71] Shaheen I, Ahmad KS, Zequine C, Gupta RK,Thomas A, Malik MA. Organic template-assisted green synthesis of CoMoO4 nanomaterials for the investigation ofenergy storage properties. RSC Adv. 2020;10:8115. 10.1039/C9RA09477F.Search in Google Scholar

[72] Stegarescu A, Lung I, Leoștean C, Kacso I, Opriș O, Lazăr MD, et al. Green synthesis, characterization and test of MnO2 nanoparticles as catalyst in biofuel production from grape residue and seeds oil. Waste Biomass Valor. 2020;11:5003–13. 10.1007/s12649-019-00805-8.Search in Google Scholar

[73] Alex KV, Pavai PT, Rugmini R, Prasad MS, Kamakshi K, Sekhar KC. Green synthesized Ag nanoparticles for bio-sensing and photocatalytic applications. ACS Omega. 2020;5:13123–29. 10.1021/acsomega.0c01136.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[74] Chand TRK, Kalpana HM, Lalithamba HS. Green synthesis of vanadium oxide nanoparticles for thin filmbased sensor application. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2022;1225:012062. 10.1088/1757-899X/1225/1/012062.Search in Google Scholar

[75] Ciriminna R, Albanese L, Meneguzzo F, Pagliaro M. Hydrogen peroxide: A key chemical for today’s sustainable development. Chem Sus Chem. 2016;9:3374–81. 10.1002/cssc.201600895.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[76] Campos-Martin JM, Blanco-Brieva G, Fierro JLG. Hydrogen peroxide synthesis: an outlook beyond the anthraquinone process. Angew Chem Int Ed. 2006;45:6962–84. 10.1002/anie.200503779.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[77] Chen Q. Development of an anthraquinone process for the production of hydrogen peroxide in a trickle bed reactor-from bench scale to industrial scale. Chem Eng Process Process Intensif. 2008;47:787–92. 10.1016/j.cep.2006.12.012.Search in Google Scholar

[78] Dong K, Liang J, Wang Y, Zhang L, Xu Z, Sun S, et al. Conductive two-dimensional magnesium metal–organic frameworks for high-efficiency O2 electroreduction to H2O2. ACS Catal. 2022;12:6092–9. 10.1021/acscatal.2c00819.Search in Google Scholar

[79] Dong K, Lei Y, Zhao H, Liang J, Ding P, Liu Q, et al. Noble-metal-free electrocatalysts toward H2O2 production. J Mater Chem A. 2020;8:23123–41. 10.1039/D0TA08894C.Search in Google Scholar

[80] Dong K, Liang J, Ren Y, Wang Y, Xu Z, Yue L, et al. Electrochemical two-electron O2 reduction reaction toward H2O2 production: using cobalt porphyrin decorated carbon nanotubes as a nanohybrid catalyst. J Mater Chem A. 2021;9:26019. 10.1039/D1TA07989A.Search in Google Scholar

[81] Ying S, Guan Z, Ofoegbu PC, Clubb P, Rico C, He F, et al. Green synthesis of nanoparticles: Current developments and limitations. Env Technol Innov. 2022;26:102336. 10.1016/j.eti.2022.102336.Search in Google Scholar

[82] Turunc E, Binzet R, Gumus I, Binzet G, Arslan H. Green synthesis of silver and palladium nanoparticles using Lithodorahispidula (Sm.) Griseb. (Boraginaceae) and applicationto the electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Mater Chem Phys. 2017;202:310–9. 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.09.032.Search in Google Scholar

[83] Sana SS, Dogiparthi LK. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Givotiamoluccana leaf extract and evaluation of their antimicrobialactivity. Mater Lett. 2018;226:47–51. 10.1016/j.matlet.2018.05.009.Search in Google Scholar

[84] Dhand V, Soumya L, Bharadwaj S, Chakra S, Bhatt D, Sreedhar B. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Coffea arabica seed extract and its antibacterial activity. Mater Sci Eng. 2016;58:36–43. 10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.018.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[85] Muthuvel A, Jothibas M, Manoharan C. Synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles by chemical and biogenic methods: Photocatalytic degradationand in vitro antioxidant activity. Nanotechnol Env Eng. 2020;5:14. 10.1007/s41204-020-00078-w.Search in Google Scholar

[86] Kora AJ, Rastogi L. Catalytic degradation of anthropogenic dye pollutants using palladium nanoparticles synthesized by gum olibanum, aglucuronoarabinogalactan biopolymer. Indus Crop Products. 2016;81:1–10. 10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.11.055.Search in Google Scholar

[87] Chahardoli A, Karimi N, Fattahi A. Nigella arvensis leaf extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Their characteristic propertiesand biological efficacy. Adv Powder Technol. 2018;29(1):202–10. 10.1016/j.apt.2017.11.003.Search in Google Scholar

[88] Turakhia B, Turakhia P, Shah S. Green synthesis of zero valent iron nanoparticles from Spinacia oleracea (spinach) and its application in waste water treatment. J Adv Res Appl Sci. 2018;5(1):46–51.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2022-06-07

Revised: 2022-08-10

Accepted: 2022-08-22

Published Online: 2022-10-07

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Limitations of nanomaterials insights in green chemistry sustainable route: Review on novel applications

Abstract

Graphical abstract

1 Introduction: global research background

2 Green chemistry approaches

3 Green synthesis and novel applications of nanomaterial

4 Limitation of nanomaterial

5 Conclusions, outlook, and future prospective

Acknowledgment

References

Journal and Issue

Articles in the same Issue