Skip to content
BY-NC-ND 3.0 license Open Access Published by De Gruyter Open Access June 19, 2015

Oxidative stress and volatile organic compounds: interplay in pulmonary, cardio-vascular, digestive tract systems and cancer

  • Bogdan Calenic , Daniela Miricescu , Maria Greabu , Andrey V. Kuznetsov , Jakob Troppmair , Vera Ruzsanyi and Anton Amann
From the journal Open Chemistry

Abstract

Oxidative stress (OS) can be defined as an imbalance between antioxidant systems and various pro-oxidants. This loss of balance is closely associated with initiation and development of a wide range of systemic or organ specific diseases.

Exhaled breath of healthy humans contains a large number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derived from cellular metabolism, released by microorganisms or taken up from the environment. Qualitative or quantitative changes in their composition are associated with diseases and various pathological conditions, also characterized by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl anion, peroxinitrite, etc. Several volatile organic compounds such as ethane and pentane are direct end-products of the reaction of ROS with various biological compounds (e.g., lipid peroxidation, DNA or protein damage). Being able to accurately identify ROS-generated VOCs could be of particular importance in devising sensitive tests that can diagnose and follow-up oxidative stress-related diseases.

This review describes current knowledge on the associations between oxidative stress and free radicals and the release of several marker volatile organic compounds in a number of diseases. A special focus will be placed on such VOCs in the cardiovascular pathologies, pulmonary diseases and gastro-intestinal tract affections.

Graphical Abstract

References

[1] Agapiou A, Mochalski P, Schmid A, Amann A. Potential applications of volatile organic compounds in safety and security, In: Amann A, Smith D, (Eds.). Volatile Biomarkers: Non-invasive Diagnosis in Physiology and Medicine, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2013. Search in Google Scholar

[2] Amann A, Corradi M, Mazzone P, Mutti A. Lung cancer biomarkers in exhaled breath. Expert Rev Mol Diagn, 2011, 11, 207-217. 10.1586/erm.10.112Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[3] Amann A, Mochalski P, Ruzsanyi V, Broza YY, Haick H. Assessment of the exhalation kinetics of volatile cancer biomarkers based on their physicochemical properties. J Breath Res, 2014, 8, 016003. 10.1088/1752-7155/8/1/016003Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[4] Aoyama I, Calenic B, Imai T, Ii H, Yaegaki K. Oral malodorous compound causes caspase‐8 and‐9 mediated programmed cell death in osteoblasts. J Periodontal Res, 2012, 47, 365-373. 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01442.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[5] Bajtarevic A, Ager C, Pienz M, Klieber M, Schwarz K, Ligor M, et al.; Noninvasive detection of lung cancer by analysis of exhaled breath. BMC Cancer, 2009, 9, 348. 10.1186/1471-2407-9-348Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[6] Baranska A, Tigchelaar E, Smolinska A, Dallinga JW, Moonen EJ, Dekens JA, et al.; Profile of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath changes as a result of gluten-free diet. J Breath Res, 2013, 7, 037104. 10.1088/1752-7155/7/3/037104Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Barrera G. Oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation products in cancer progression and therapy. ISRN oncology, 2012, 2012. 10.5402/2012/137289Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[8] Benard G, Bellance N, Jose C, Rossignol R. Relationships Between Mitochondrial Dynamics and Bioenergetics, In: Lu B, (Ed.), Mitochondrial Dynamics and Neurodegeneration, Springer, Netherlands, 2011. 10.1007/978-94-007-1291-1_2Search in Google Scholar

[9] Bullon P, Newman HN, Battino M. Obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis and chronic periodontitis: a shared pathology via oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction? Periodontology 2000, 2014, 64, 139-153. 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2012.00455.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[10] Calenic B, Ishkitiev N, Yaegaki K, Imai T, Costache M, Tovaru M, et al.; Characterization of oral keratinocyte stem cells and prospects of its differentiation to oral epithelial equivalents. Rom J Morphol Embryol, 2010, 51, 641-645. Search in Google Scholar

[11] Calenic B, Yaegaki K, Kozhuharova A, Imai T. Oral malodorous compound causes oxidative stress and p53-mediated programmed cell death in keratinocyte stem cells. J periodontol, 2010, 81, 1317-1323. 10.1902/jop.2010.100080Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Calenic B, Yaegaki K, Ishkitiev N, Kumazawa Y, Imai T, Tanaka T. p53‐Pathway activity and apoptosis in hydrogen sulfide‐exposed stem cells separated from human gingival epithelium. J Periodontal Res, 2013, 48, 322-330. 10.1111/jre.12011Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[13] Calenic B, Amann A. Detection of volatile malodorous compounds in breath: current analytical techniques and implications in human disease. Bioanalysis, 2014, 6, 357-376. 10.4155/bio.13.306Search in Google Scholar

[14] Cao W, Duan Y. Breath analysis: potential for clinical diagnosis and exposure assessment. Clin Chem, 2006, 52, 800-811. 10.1373/clinchem.2005.063545Search in Google Scholar

[15] D’aiuto F, Nibali L, Parkar M, Patel K, Suvan J, Donos N. Oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and severe periodontitis. Journal of dental research, 2010, 89, 1241-1246. 10.1177/0022034510375830Search in Google Scholar

[16] Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R, Giustarini D, Milzani A, Colombo R. Protein carbonyl groups as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Clinica Chimica Acta, 2003, 329, 23-38. 10.1016/S0009-8981(03)00003-2Search in Google Scholar

[17] Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R, Colombo R, Giustarini D, Milzani A. Biomarkers of oxidative damage in human disease. Clin Chem, 2006, 52, 601-623. 10.1373/clinchem.2005.061408Search in Google Scholar

[18] Davies MJ, Fu S, Wang H, Dean RT. Stable markers of oxidant damage to proteins and their application in the study of human disease. Free Radic Biol Med, 1999, 27, 1151-1163. 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00206-3Search in Google Scholar

[19] Dragonieri S, Annema JT, Schot R, van der Schee MP, Spanevello A, Carratu P, et al.; An electronic nose in the discrimination of patients with non-small cell lung cancer and COPD. Lung Cancer, 2009, 64, 166-170. 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.08.008Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[20] Dryahina K, Španěl P, Pospíšilová V, Sovová K, Hrdlička L, Machková N, et al.; Quantification of pentane in exhaled breath, a potential biomarker of bowel disease, using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2013, 27, 1983-1992. 10.1002/rcm.6660Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[21] Erhart S, Amann A, Haberlandt E, Edlinger G, Schmid A, Filipiak W, et al.; 3-Heptanone as a potential new marker for valproic acid therapy. Journal of breath research, 2009, 3, 016004. 10.1088/1752-7155/3/1/016004Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[22] Euler DE, Dave SJ, Guo H. Effect of cigarette smoking on pentane excretion in alveolar breath. Clin Chem, 1996, 42, 303-308. 10.1093/clinchem/42.2.303Search in Google Scholar

[23] Fens N, Zwinderman AH, van der Schee MP, de Nijs SB, Dijkers E, Roldaan AC, et al.; Exhaled breath profiling enables discrimination of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2009, 180, 1076-1082. 10.1164/rccm.200906-0939OCSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[24] Filipiak W, Filipiak A, Ager C, Wiesenhofer H, Amann A. Optimization of sampling parameters for collection and preconcentration of alveolar air by needle traps. J Breath Res, 2012, 6, 027107. 10.1088/1752-7155/6/2/027107Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[25] Filipiak W, Ruzsanyi V, Mochalski P, Filipiak A, Bajtarevic A, Ager C, et al.; Dependence of exhaled breath composition on exogenous factors, smoking habits and exposure to air pollutants. J Breath Res, 2012, 6, 036008. 10.1088/1752-7155/6/3/036008Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[26] Filipiak W, Ruzsanyi V, Mochalski P, Filipiak A, Bajtarevic A, Ager C, et al.; Dependence of exhaled breath composition on exogenous factors, smoking habits and exposure to air pollutants. J Breath Res, 2012, 6, 036008. 10.1088/1752-7155/6/3/036008Search in Google Scholar

[27] Filipiak W, Sponring A, Baur MM, Filipiak A, Ager C, Wiesenhofer H, et al.; Molecular analysis of volatile metabolites released specifically by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BMC Microbiol, 2012, 12, 113. 10.1186/1471-2180-12-113Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[28] Fuchs P, Loeseken C, Schubert JK, Miekisch W. Breath gas aldehydes as biomarkers of lung cancer. Int J Cancer, 2010, 126, 2663-2670. 10.1002/ijc.24970Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[29] Hakim M, Broza YY, Barash O, Peled N, Phillips M, Amann A, et al.; Volatile organic compounds of lung cancer and possible biochemical pathways. Chemical reviews, 2012, 112, 5949-5966. 10.1021/cr300174aSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[30] Hekimi S, Lapointe J, Wen Y. Taking a “good” look at free radicals in the aging process. Trends in cell biology, 2011, 21, 569-576. 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.06.008Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[31] Herbig J, Muller M, Schallhart S, Titzmann T, Graus M, Hansel A. On-line breath analysis with PTR-TOF. J Breath Res, 2009, 3, 027004. 10.1088/1752-7155/3/2/027004Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[32] Hietanen E, Bartsch H, Bereziat JC, Camus AM, McClinton S, Eremin O, et al.; Diet and oxidative stress in breast, colon and prostate cancer patients: a case-control study. Eur J Clin Nutr, 1994, 48, 575-586. Search in Google Scholar

[33] Ho E, Karimi Galougahi K, Liu C-C, Bhindi R, Figtree GA. Biological markers of oxidative stress: applications to cardiovascular research and practice. Redox biology, 2013, 1, 483-491. 10.1016/j.redox.2013.07.006Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[34] Holt DW, Johnston A, Ramsey JD. Breath pentane and heart rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant, 1994, 13, 1147-1148. Search in Google Scholar

[35] Hoshi T, Heinemann SH. Regulation of cell function by methionine oxidation and reduction. Journal Physiol, 2001, 531, 1-11. 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0001j.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[36] Hu W, Feng Z, Eveleigh J, Iyer G, Pan J, Amin S, et al.; The major lipid peroxidation product, trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, preferentially forms DNA adducts at codon 249 of human p53 gene, a unique mutational hotspot in hepatocellular carcinoma. Carcinogenesis, 2002, 23, 1781-1789. 10.1093/carcin/23.11.1781Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[37] Hunt J, Yu Y, Burns J, Gaston B, Ngamtrakulpanit L, Bunyan D, et al.; Identification of acid reflux cough using serial assays of exhaled breath condensate pH. Cough, 2006, 2, 3. 10.1186/1745-9974-2-3Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[38] Hunter G, Xu JC, Biaggi-Labiosa AM, Dutta PK, Mondal SP, Ward BJ, et al. Smart sensor systems for human health breath monitoring applications, In: Amann A, Smith D, (Eds.) Volatile Biomarkers: Non-invasive Diagnosis in Physiology and Medicine. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2013. Search in Google Scholar

[39] Jo C, Ahn D. Production of volatile compounds from irradiated oil emulsion containing amino acids or proteins. J Food Sci, 2000, 65, 612-616. 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2000.tb16059.xSearch in Google Scholar

[40] Kasapovic J, Pejic S, Todorovic A, Stojiljkovic V, Pajovic SB. Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in the blood of breast cancer patients of different ages. Cell Biochem Funct, 2008, 26, 723-730. 10.1002/cbf.1499Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[41] King J, Kupferthaler A, Unterkofler K, Koc H, Teschl S, Teschl G, et al.; Isoprene and acetone concentration profiles during exercise on an ergometer. J Breath Res, 2009, 3, 027006. 10.1088/1752-7155/3/2/027006Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[42] King J, Koc H, Unterkofler K, Mochalski P, Kupferthaler A, Teschl G, et al.; Physiological modeling of isoprene dynamics in exhaled breath. J Theor Biol, 2010, 267, 626-637. 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.09.028Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[43] Kirkham PA, Barnes PJ. Oxidative Stress in COPDOxidative Stress in COPD. Chest, 2013, 144, 266-273. 10.1378/chest.12-2664Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[44] Kischkel S, Miekisch W, Sawacki A, Straker EM, Trefz P, Amann A, et al.; Breath biomarkers for lung cancer detection and assessment of smoking related effects--confounding variables, influence of normalization and statistical algorithms. Clin Chim Acta, 2010, 411, 1637-1644. 10.1016/j.cca.2010.06.005Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[45] Kneepkens CM, Ferreira C, Lepage G, Roy CC. The hydrocarbon breath test in the study of lipid peroxidation: principles and practice. Clin Invest Med, 1992, 15, 163-186. 10.1097/00005176-199210000-00044Search in Google Scholar

[46] Kobayashi C, Yaegaki K, Calenic B, Ishkitiev N, Imai T, Ii H, et al.; Hydrogen sulfide causes apoptosis in human pulp stem cells. J Endod, 2011, 37, 479-484. 10.1016/j.joen.2011.01.017Search in Google Scholar

[47] Kohl I, Herbig J, Dunkl J, Hansel A, Daniaux M, Hubalek M. Smokers breath as seen by Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS), In: Amann A, Smith D, (Eds.) Volatile Biomarkers: Non-invasive Diagnosis in Physiology and Medicine. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2013. Search in Google Scholar

[48] Kokoszka J, Nelson RL, Swedler WI, Skosey J, Abcarian H. Determination of inflammatory bowel disease activity by breath pentane analysis. Dis Colon Rectum, 1993, 36, 597-601. 10.1007/BF02049868Search in Google Scholar

[49] Korkmaz GG, Altınoglu E, Civelek S, Sozer V, Erdenen F, Tabak O, et al.; The association of oxidative stress markers with conventional risk factors in the metabolic syndrome. Metabolism, 2013, 62, 828-835. 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.01.002Search in Google Scholar

[50] Kumagai T, Kawamoto Y, Nakamura Y, Hatayama I, Satoh K, Osawa T, et al.; 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal, the end product of lipid peroxidation, is a specific inducer of cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2000, 273, 437-441. 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2967Search in Google Scholar

[51] Lindinger W, Taucher J, Jordan A, Hansel A, Vogel W. Endogenous production of methanol after the consumption of fruit. Alcoholism-Clinical and Experimental Research, 1997, 21, 939-943. 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03862.xSearch in Google Scholar

[52] Mancino R, Di Pierro D, Varesi C, Cerulli A, Feraco A, Cedrone C, et al.; Lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity in vitreous, aqueous humor, and blood samples from patients with diabetic retinopathy. Molecular vision, 2011, 17, 1298. Search in Google Scholar

[53] Martinez-Lozano Sinues P, Kohler M, Zenobi R. Human breath analysis may support the existence of individual metabolic phenotypes. PloS one, 2013, 8, e59909. 10.1371/journal.pone.0059909Search in Google Scholar

[54] Mazzone PJ. Analysis of volatile organic compounds in the exhaled breath for the diagnosis of lung cancer. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 2008, 3, 774-780. 10.1097/JTO.0b013e31817c7439Search in Google Scholar

[55] Mazzone PJ. Exhaled breath volatile organic compound biomarkers in lung cancer. J Breath Res, 2012, 6, 027106. 10.1088/1752-7155/6/2/027106Search in Google Scholar

[56] McGrath LT, Patrick R, Silke B. Breath isoprene in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail, 2001, 3, 423-427. 10.1016/S1388-9842(01)00128-3Search in Google Scholar

[57] Mendis S, Sobotka PA, Euler DE. Expired hydrocarbons in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Free Radic Res, 1995, 23, 117-122. 10.3109/10715769509064026Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[58] Mendis S, Sobotka PA, Leja FL, Euler DE. Breath pentane and plasma lipid peroxides in ischemic heart disease. Free Radic Biol Med, 1995, 19, 679-684. 10.1016/0891-5849(95)00053-ZSearch in Google Scholar

[59] Miekisch W, Kischkel S, Sawacki A, Liebau T, Mieth M, Schubert JK. Impact of sampling procedures on the results of breath analysis. J Breath Res, 2008, 2, 026007. 10.1088/1752-7155/2/2/026007Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[60] Mochalski P, King J, Klieber M, Unterkofler K, Hinterhuber H, Baumann M, et al.; Blood and breath levels of selected volatile organic compounds in healthy volunteers. The Analyst, 2013, 138, 2134-2145. 10.1039/c3an36756hSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[61] Mochalski P, King J, Unterkofler K, Amann A. Stability of selected volatile breath constituents in Tedlar, Kynar and Flexfilm sampling bags. Analyst, 2013, 138, 1405-1418. 10.1039/c2an36193kSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[62] Murata T, Yaegaki K, Qian W, Herai M, Calenic B, Imai T, et al.; Hydrogen sulfide induces apoptosis in epithelial cells derived from human gingiva. J Breath Res, 2008, 2, 017007. 10.1088/1752-7155/2/1/017007Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[63] Okunieff P, Fenton B, Chen Y. Past, present, and future of oxygen in cancer research. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2005, 566, 213-222. 10.1007/0-387-26206-7_29Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[64] Ondrula D, Nelson RL, Andrianopoulos G, Schwartz D, Abcarian H, Birnbaum A, et al.; Quantitative determination of pentane in exhaled air correlates with colonic inflammation in the rat colitis model. Dis Colon Rectum, 1993, 36, 457-462. 10.1007/BF02050011Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[65] Pabst F, Miekisch W, Fuchs P, Kischkel S, Schubert JK. Monitoring of oxidative and metabolic stress during cardiac surgery by means of breath biomarkers: an observational study. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2007, 2, 37. 10.1186/1749-8090-2-37Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[66] Paredi P, Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ. Elevation of exhaled ethane concentration in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2000, 162, 1450-1454. 10.1164/ajrccm.162.4.2003064Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[67] Paredi P, Kharitonov SA, Leak D, Ward S, Cramer D, Barnes PJ. Exhaled ethane, a marker of lipid peroxidation, is elevated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2000, 162, 369-373. 10.1164/ajrccm.162.2.9909025Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[68] Pelli MA, Trovarelli G, Capodicasa E, De Medio GE, Bassotti G. Breath alkanes determination in ulcerative colitis and Crohn‘s disease. Dis Colon Rectum, 1999, 42, 71-76. 10.1007/BF02235186Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[69] Peng G, Trock E, Haick H. Detecting simulated patterns of lung cancer biomarkers by random network of single-walled carbon nanotubes coated with nonpolymeric organic materials. Nano Lett, 2008, 8, 3631-3635. 10.1021/nl801577uSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[70] Phillips M, Cataneo RN, Ditkoff BA, Fisher P, Greenberg J, Gunawardena R, et al.; Volatile markers of breast cancer in the breath. Breast J, 2003, 9, 184-191. 10.1046/j.1524-4741.2003.09309.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[71] Phillips M, Cataneo RN, Greenberg J, Grodman R, Salazar M. Breath markers of oxidative stress in patients with unstable angina. Heart Dis, 2003, 5, 95-99. 10.1097/01.hdx.0000061701.99611.e8Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[72] Phillips M, Boehmer JP, Cataneo RN, Cheema T, Eisen HJ, Fallon JT, et al.; Heart allograft rejection: detection with breath alkanes in low levels (the HARDBALL study). J Heart Lung Transplant, 2004, 23, 701-708. 10.1016/j.healun.2003.07.017Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[73] Phillips M, Cataneo RN, Ditkoff BA, Fisher P, Greenberg J, Gunawardena R, et al.; Prediction of breast cancer using volatile biomarkers in the breath. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 2006, 99, 19-21. 10.1007/s10549-006-9176-1Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[74] Phillips M, Cataneo RN, Saunders C, Hope P, Schmitt P, Wai J. Volatile biomarkers in the breath of women with breast cancer. J Breath Res, 2010, 4, 026003. 10.1088/1752-7155/4/2/026003Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[75] Poli D, Goldoni M, Corradi M, Acampa O, Carbognani P, Internullo E, et al.; Determination of aldehydes in exhaled breath of patients with lung cancer by means of on-fiber-derivatisation SPME-GC/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 2010, 878, 2643-2651. 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.022Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[76] Rahman I, van Schadewijk AA, Crowther AJ, Hiemstra PS, Stolk J, MacNee W, et al.; 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal, a specific lipid peroxidation product, is elevated in lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2002, 166, 490-495. 10.1164/rccm.2110101Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[77] Repetto M, Semprine J, Boveris A. Lipid peroxidation: chemical mechanism, biological implications and analytical determination. Lipid peroxidation, 2012, 1-28. 10.5772/45943Search in Google Scholar

[78] Rodway GW, Choi J, Hoffman LA, Sethi JM. Exhaled nitric oxide in the diagnosis and management of asthma: clinical implications. Chron Respir Dis, 2009, 6, 19-29. 10.1177/1479972308095936Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[79] Schwoebel H, Schubert R, Sklorz M, Kischkel S, Zimmermann R, Schubert JK, et al.; Phase-resolved real-time breath analysis during exercise by means of smart processing of PTR-MS data. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry, 2011, 401, 2079-2091. 10.1007/s00216-011-5173-2Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[80] Sedghi S, Keshavarzian A, Klamut M, Eiznhamer D, Zarling EJ. Elevated breath ethane levels in active ulcerative colitis: evidence for excessive lipid peroxidation. Am J Gastroenterol, 1994, 89, 2217-2221. Search in Google Scholar

[81] Sinues PM, Kohler M, Zenobi R. Monitoring diurnal changes in exhaled human breath Anal Chem, 2013, 85, 369-373. 10.1021/ac3029097Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[82] Smith D, Spanel P, Enderby B, Lenney W, Turner C, Davies SJ. Isoprene levels in the exhaled breath of 200 healthy pupils within the age range 7-18 years studied using SIFT-MS. J Breath Res, 2010, 4, 017101. 10.1088/1752-7155/4/1/017101Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[83] Smith D, Spanel P, Fryer AA, Hanna F, Ferns GA. Can volatile compounds in exhaled breath be used to monitor control in diabetes mellitus? J Breath Res, 2011, 5, 022001. 10.1088/1752-7155/5/2/022001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[84] Sobotka PA, Gupta DK, Lansky DM, Costanzo MR, Zarling EJ. Breath pentane is a marker of acute cardiac allograft rejection. J Heart Lung Transplant, 1994, 13, 224-229. Search in Google Scholar

[85] Sosa V, Moliné T, Somoza R, Paciucci R, Kondoh H, LLeonart ME. Oxidative stress and cancer: an overview. Ageing research reviews, 2013, 12, 376-390. 10.1016/j.arr.2012.10.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[86] Spanel P, Dryahina K, Smith D. Acetone, ammonia and hydrogen cyanide in exhaled breath of several volunteers aged 4-83 years. J Breath Res, 2007, 1, 011001. 10.1088/1752-7155/1/1/011001Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[87] Spanel P, Smith D. Recent SIFT-MS Studies of Volatile Compounds in Physiology, Medicine and Cell Biology., In: Amann A, Smith D, (Eds.) Volatile biomarkers: non-invasive diagnosis in physiology and medicine. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2013. Search in Google Scholar

[88] Taucher J, Hansel A, Jordan A, Fall R, Futrell JH, Lindinger W. Detection of isoprene in expired air from human subjects using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 1997, 11, 1230-1234. Search in Google Scholar

[89] Trefz P, Rosner L, Hein D, Schubert JK, Miekisch W. Evaluation of needle trap micro-extraction and automatic alveolar sampling for point-of-care breath analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem, 2013, 405, 3105-3115. 10.1007/s00216-013-6781-9Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[90] Trefz P, Kischkel S, Hein D, James ES, Schubert JK, Miekisch W. Needle trap micro-extraction for VOC analysis: effects of packing materials and desorption parameters. J Chromatogr A. 2012, 1219, 29-38 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.077Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[91] Trefz P, Schmidt M, Oertel P, Obermeier J, Brock B, Kamysek S, et al.; Continuous real time breath gas monitoring in the clinical environment by proton-transfer-reaction-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem, 2013, 85, 10321-10329. 10.1021/ac402298vSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[92] Tsutsui H, Kinugawa S, Matsushima S. Oxidative stress and heart failure. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 2011, 301, 2181-2190. 10.1152/ajpheart.00554.2011Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[93] Van de Kant KD, van der Sande LJ, Jöbsis Q, van Schayck OC, Dompeling E. Clinical use of exhaled volatile organic compounds in pulmonary diseases: a systematic review. Respir Res. 2012, 13, 117. Search in Google Scholar

[94] Vijverberg SJ, Koenderman L, Koster ES, van der Ent CK, Raaijmakers JA, Maitland-van der Zee AH. Biomarkers of therapy responsiveness in asthma: pitfalls and promises. Clin Exp Allergy, 2011, 41, 615-629. 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03694.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[95] Wang T, Pysanenko A, Dryahina K, Spanel P, Smith D. Analysis of breath, exhaled via the mouth and nose, and the air in the oral cavity. J Breath Res, 2008, 2, 037013. 10.1088/1752-7155/2/3/037013Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[96] West JD, Marnett LJ. Endogenous reactive intermediates as modulators of cell signaling and cell death. Chem Res Toxicol, 2006, 19, 173-194. 10.1021/tx050321uSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[97] Yaegaki K, Brunette DM, Tangerman A, Choe Y-S, Winkel EG, Ito S, et al.; Standardization of clinical protocols in oral malodor research. J Breath Res, 2012, 6, 017101. 10.1088/1752-7155/6/1/017101Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2014-12-17
Accepted: 2015-4-1
Published Online: 2015-6-19

© 2015 Bogdan Calenic et al.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Downloaded on 26.4.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/chem-2015-0105/html
Scroll to top button