Abstract
Muscle synergies are proposed to function as motor primitives that are modulated by frontal brain areas to construct a large repertoire of movement. This paper reviews the history of the development of our current theoretical understanding of nervous system-based motor control mechanisms and more specifically the concept of muscle synergies. Computational models of muscle synergies, especially the nonnegative matrix factorization algorithm, are discussed with specific reference to the changes in synergy control post-central nervous system (CNS) lesions. An alternative approach for motor control is suggested, exploiting a combination of synergies control or flexible muscle control used for gross motor skills and for individualized finger movements. Rehabilitation approaches, either supporting or inhibiting the use of basic movement patterns, are discussed in the context of muscle synergies. Applications are discussed for the use of advanced technologies that can promote the recovery and functioning of the human CNS after stroke.
About the authors
Sharon Israely was born in Israel in 1974. He received his B.PT. in physical therapy in 2004 from the University of Haifa and M.Sc. in physical therapy from Tel-Aviv University in 2011. He is currently a Ph.D. candidate in the field of motor control and neurorehabilitation in the University of Haifa.
Gerry Leisman is an Israeli neuroscientist educated in Europe and the United States in Medicine, Neuroscience, and Biomedical Engineering at Manchester University. He received his Ph.D. in Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering from Union University in 1979. Currently, he is a full professor of neuro and rehabilitation sciences and a research fellow in the School of Health Science at the University of Haifa, the Director of the National Institute for Brain and Rehabilitation Sciences in Nazareth, Israel, and a professor of neurology at the Institute for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Electrophysiology at the Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de la Habana Facultad “Manuel Fajardo”, Havana, Cuba. He has been influential in examining mechanisms of self-organizing systems in the brain and nervous system applied to motor-cognitive interactions exemplified by his work in memory, kinesiology, optimization, consciousness, death, and autism. He has likewise applied optimization strategies to movement and gait, cognition, and coma recovery.
Eli Carmeli was born in Haifa City, Israel, in 1955. He received his license diploma in physical therapy from Wingate Institute in 1980, B.PT. in physical therapy from Tel Aviv University in 1987, and Ph.D. from Technion Israel Institute of Technology in 1993. He performed postdoctoral research at the University of Florida in Gainesville, FL, USA. He is an associate professor and the Chairperson of the Physical Therapy Department at the University of Haifa. His publications and research interests are about the aging process both on the cellular and clinical levels, physical activity with individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities and movement, and public health.
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