Figures
Abstract
In China, B. burgdorferi, B.garinii, B. afzelii and B. yangtze sp. nov have been reported; B.garinii and B. afzelii are the main pathogenic genotypes. But until now only one Chinese strain was reported with whole genome sequence. In order to further understand the genomic characteristics and diversity of Chinese Borrelia strains, 5 isolates from China were sequenced and compared with the whole genome sequences of strains in other areas. The results showed a high degree of conservation within the linear chromosome of Chinese strains, whereas plasmid showed a much larger diversity according to the majority genomic information of plasmids. The genome sequences of the five Chinese strains were compared with the corresponding reference strains, respectively, according to the genospecies. Pairwise analysis demonstrates that there are only 70 SNPs between the genomes of CS4 and B31. However, there are many more SNPs between the genomes of QX-S13 and VS116, PD91 and PBi, FP1 and PKo, R9 and Pko, respectively. Gene comparison showed some important different genes. OspA was one of the important different genes. Comparative genomic studies have found that OspA gene sequences of PD91 and R9 had great differences compared with the sequence of B31. OspA gene sequence of R9 had a 96bp deletion; OspA gene of PD91 had two deletions: 9bp and 10 bp. To conclude, we showed the genomic characteristics of four genotype Chinese B. burgdorferi strains. The genomic sequence of B. yangtze sp. nov and differences from B. valaisiana were first reported. Comparative analysis of Chinese strains with the different Borrelia species from other areas will help us to understand evolution and pathogenesis of Chinese Borrelia burgdorferi strains.
Citation: Hao Q, Du P, Zhang W, Hou X, Zhang L, Zhang Y, et al. (2016) Genomic Characteristics of Chinese Borrelia burgdorferi Isolates. PLoS ONE 11(4): e0153149. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153149
Editor: Brian Stevenson, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, UNITED STATES
Received: November 30, 2015; Accepted: March 24, 2016; Published: April 19, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Hao et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: This study was funded by Natural Science foundation (Grant No. 31100105) and National Key Science and Technology Projects of China (2013ZX10004-215 and 2013ZX10004001).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, which is the agent of Lyme disease, is a genetic diversity complex[1–5]. Up to now at least 15 genospecies have been described: B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. japonica, B. valaisiana, B. lusitaniae, B. andersonii, B. tanukii, B. turdi, B. bissettii, B. sinica, B. spielmani, B. californiensis, B. yangtze sp. nov and B. carolinensis sp. nov[6–10]. In China, more than 100 strains were isolated from ticks, animals and patients[11]. There are five species reported by several studies: Borrelia burgdorferi(sensu stricto), Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia sinica, and Borrelia yangtze sp. nov[6, 11, 12].
B. yangtze sp. nov is a group of B. valaisiana-related strains, which is distributed in eastern Aisa. According to the reports, There are phenotypic differences between B. valaisiana and B. yangtze sp. nov[13]. But there are no reports about the genomic differences between them.
To date, whole genome sequences of 26 Lyme disease spirochete strains have been reported: 15 B. burgdorferi isolates, 3 B. afzelii isolates, 5 B. garinii isolates, 1 B.bavariensis sp. nov. isolate, 1 B. bissettii isolate, 1 B. valaisiana isolate, and 1 B. spielmanii isolate[14–21]. Among all these strains, only 1 strain (B. garinii NMJW1, isolated from Ixodes persulcatus) comes from China[18].
In order to gain the genomic information of Chinese B. burgdorferi strains, Five Chinese isolates, including 2 B. afzelii isolates and 1 isolate of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, and B. yangtze sp. nov respectively, were sequenced and compared with the whole genome sequences of strains in other areas.
Materials and Methods
Strains
Five B. burgdorferi isolates were chosen for whole genome sequencing analysis: CS4 from B.b.s.s, PD91 from B. garinii, FP1 and R9 from B. afzelii, QX-S13 from B. yangtze sp. nov (Table 1).
DNA extraction
DNA was extracted by a modification of a method previously described [12]. After 20 min incubation at 37°C, 80μl of 10% SDS was added to the preparation (10μg in 1ml of PBS), and the preparation was heated at 65°C for 10min. Next, 20μl of RNase (10mg/ml) was added, and the solution was incubated at 37°C for 2h. Following the addition of 10μl of proteinase K, the preparation was incubated at 37°C for 2h. Next, the DNA was extracted two times with equal volumes of phenol and once with an equal volume of chloroform. The DNA was precipitated by adding two volumes of absolute ethanol. The precipitated DNA was washed with 70% ethanol and resuspended in TE (pH 8.0).
Genome sequencing, assembling and annotation
A genome shotgun method was used to acquire the genome sequence. DNA library of 500-bp fragments was constructed for high throughput genome sequencing with Illumina GAIIx sequencer and pair-end 75-bp reads were collected. We obtained, in total, 127~199 Mb reads for each strain covered 85~133 folds of the reference genome from B31[14]. By mapping to chromosome and plasmids of references, raw reads of each strain were located to chromosomes and plasmids, and then assembled by SOAPdenovo software respectively. The assembled sequences were analyzed by our automatic analysis pipeline, including gene prediction by Glimmer[22], gene annotation by compared to different databases of NT, NR and swissport with BLAST, and gene function prediction based on COG and InterproScan databases. Gene pathways were annotated based on KEGG.
Comparative genomic analyses
Whole-genome raw SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) were detected by mapping high-throughput SOLEXA read to reference genome using SOAP software with default parameters[23]. Insertions and deletions were detected by comparing the assembled genome with the reference genome using BLAST software.
Core genome analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction
Orthologous genes were detected by OrthoMCL software version 1.4[24] in 31 Borrelia burgdorferi strains including ours. The genes related with lateral gene transfer or recombination event were removed to get core genes. Gene differences were calculated from the distribution of orthologous genes in each genome. Phylogenetic relationship was reconstructed using concatenated amino acid sequence of core genes by Mega software using Neighbor-Joining method.
Results
Genomic features of 5 sequenced Chinese isolates
The draft-quality chromosome sequences of the five strains, CS4, FP1, R9, PD91 and QX-S13 were sequenced and assembled into 3, 3, 5, 5 and 5 scaffolds, with N50 are 469678-bp, 463417-bp, 463437-bp, 277204-bp and 467615-bp respectively. Table 2 shows the genomic festures in details.
Plasmids
Besides the chromosome, the plasmids of five sequenced strains were also be represented at least in part in the shotgun data (coverage>50%). We found that there are varying amounts of plasmids in the genome of the five Chinese strains compared with the B31 strain, including circular plasmids and linear plasmids (Table 3).
Comparative genomic analyses
Genome SNPs.
The genome sequences of the five Chinese strains were compared with the corresponding reference strains respectively according to the genospecies. Pairwise analysis demonstrates that there are only 70 SNPs between the genomes of CS4 and B31. However, there are much more SNPs between the genomes of QX-S13 and VS116, PD91 and PBi, FP1 and PKo, R9 and Pko respectively (Table 4).
Polymorphism of OspA gene
Comparative genomic studies have found that OspA gene sequences of 5 Chinese strains had great differences compared with the sequence of B31. OspA gene sequence of R9 had a 96bp deletion (147–242); OspA gene of PD91 had two deletion: 9bp (647–655) and 10 bp (657–666) (Fig 1).
Phylogenetic tree of Chinese strains and the ones in other areas
The result of phylogenetic analysis of 5 Chinese strains and 26 reference strains based on the whole genome showed all Borrelia burgdorferi strains had a same ancestor. The phylogenetic tree identified two pairs of statistically supported sister-group genomes from China: FP1-R9 and PD91-NMJW1(Fig 2).
Discussion
5 strains in this study comes from 4 genotypes in China: CS4 isolated from the bladder of a hare Caprolagus sinensis in Hunan province is the reference strain of B.b.s.s genospicies. Its whole genome sequence analysis helps to understand the Chinese B.b.s.s genetic characteristics and differences from American B.b.s.s strains. PD91 was isolated from the blood of a patient suffered from mental abnormality diagnosed clinically in Inner Mongolia, FP1 from the blood of a patient with facial paralysis in Nanchuan county, Chongqing city, R9 from the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with chronic meningitis in Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang province. Their whole genome sequences help to understand Chinese B. garinii and B. afzelii genetic information and differences from the European B. garinii and B. afzelii strains respectively; QX-S13 originating from the kidney of Apodemus agrarius in Guizhou province, belongs to B. Yangtze sp. nov. Its whole genome sequence can clear B. Yangtze sp. nov. genetic differences from B.valaisiana strain.
The genome sequences of 5 Chinese B. burgdorferi strains were compared respectively with the corresponding reference strains according to the genospecies. The results showed that there is the different length of Chromosomes in the different strains. Length differences of Chromosomes in sequenced strains were mainly focus on telomeric regions, which is consistent with the reports[16, 25].
Genome SNPs analysis showed there were much more SNPs between B. Yangtze sp. nov. strain QX-S13 and B. valaisiana strain VS116 (16724 SNPs), B. garinii strains PD91 and PBi (10988 SNPs).
Comparative genomic studies have found that OspA gene sequences of 5 Chinese strains had great differences compared with the ospA sequence of B31. OspA acts as an adhesin, and is required for spirochetes to successfully colonize in the tick midgut. But when the arthropod engorges on a host, OspA is down-regulated[26]. OspA gene variation shows B. burgdorferi adapts to diverse environments in the tick and mammal during its life cycle.
Sequence analysis of plasmids showed that the numbers of plasmids in 5 sequenced strains are different. But cp26 and lp54 or their homologous plasmids exist in all 5 strains. According to the reports[15, 16], The core of B.b.sl genomes consists of the chromosome and two plasmids collinear between all species. Additionally, strains can loose some plasmids due to a lack of selection pressure.
Whole genome phylogenetic analysis of 5 Chinese strains together with 26 reference strains identified two pairs of statistically supported sister-group genomes from China: FP1-R9 and PD91-NMJW1. FP1 was isolated from facial paralysis patient’s blood in Nanchuan county, Sichuan province, R9 was isolated from chronic meningitis patient’s cerebrospinal fluid in Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang province. Our investigation results showed that this kind of B. afzelii strains could cause neurogenic borreliosis and also distributed widely in China. PD91 and NMJW1, which belong to B. garinii, were isolated from Inner Mongolia. PD91 isolated from the blood of a patient suffered from mental abnormality and NMJW1 from Ixodes persulcatus were highly similar sequences, which could provided evidences for the spread of this kind of strains and proving that Ixodes persulcatus is a main vector in the transmission of Borrelia burgdorferi in Inner Mongolia.
To conclude, we showed the genomic characteristics of four genotype Chinese B. burgdorferi strains. The genomic sequence of B. yangtze sp. nov and differences from B. valaisiana were first reported. Comparative analysis of Chinese strains with the different Borrelia species from other areas will help us to understand evolution and pathogenesis of Chinese Borrelia burgdorferi strains.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: CC KlW. Performed the experiments: QH. Analyzed the data: QH PcD WZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LZ WL. Wrote the paper: QH. Selected strains: QH. Bacteria culture and collection: XxH. Checked the quality of sequences: YyZ. Submitted the manuscript: HxL.
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