Figures
Abstract
Objective
To understand the disease burden due to Herpes Zoster (HZ) among people aged ≥50 years old in China and provide baseline data for future similar studies, and provide evidence for development of herpes zoster vaccination strategy.
Methods
Retrospective cohort study was conducted in 4 townships and one community. A questionnaire was used to collect information on incidence and cost of HZ among people aged ≥ 50 years old.
Results
The cumulative incidence rate was 22.6/1,000 among people aged ≥ 50 years old. The average annual incidence rate of HZ was 3.43/1,000 among people aged ≥ 50 years old in 2010–2012. Cumulative incidence and average annual incidence rate increased with age: the cumulative incidence of HZ among people aged ≥ 80 years old was 3.34 times of that among 50- years old (52.3/1000vs15.7/1,000); average annual incidence rate rises from 2.66/1,000 among 50- years old to 8.55/1,000 among 80- year old. Cumulative incidence and average annual incidence rate for females were higher than that for males (cumulative incidence, 26.5/1000vs18.7/1,000; annual incidence rate, 3.95/1000vs2.89/1,000). Cumulative incidence and average annual incidence rate in urban were higher than in rural (cumulative incidence, 39.5/1000vs 17.2/1,000; annual incidence rate, 7.65/1000vs2.06/1,000). The hospitalization rate of HZ was 4.53%. And with the increase of age, the rate has an increasing trend. HZ costs 945,709.5 RMB in total, corresponding to 840.6 RMB per patient with a median cost of 385 RMB (interquartile range 171.7–795.6). Factors associated with cost included the first onset year, area, whether hospitalized and whether sequelae left.
Citation: Li Y, An Z, Yin D, Liu Y, Huang Z, Xu J, et al. (2016) Disease Burden Due to Herpes Zoster among Population Aged ≥50 Years Old in China: A Community Based Retrospective Survey. PLoS ONE 11(4): e0152660. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152660
Editor: Graciela Andrei, Rega Institute for Medical Research, BELGIUM
Received: November 9, 2015; Accepted: March 17, 2016; Published: April 7, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The article was funded by China 12th five-year national science and technology major projects (2012ZX10004-703). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Herpes zoster (HZ), a disease characterized by clusters of blisters along the areas innervated by sensory nerve, is caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The disease is often accompanied by severe pain that negatively impact the quality of life. The incidence of HZ correlates with increasing age, especially people after 50 years old [1–2]. It is estimated that the risks of occurring HZ in people previously infected with varicella are 10%-30% and the severity also increases with age [3–7].The annual incidence of HZ in the year 2013, 2012 and 2011 in Guangdong, China was 5.8, 3.4 and 4.1 per 1000 person-years, respectively[8].
Zoster vaccine is an effective method to prevent HZ. A few countries have introduced the Zoster vaccine into the national immunization program since it was licensed. The Zoster vaccine was licensed for people at least 50 years of age who had not have prior HZ for the prevention of HZ in Australia and Europe, while target age is at least 60 years of age in the US [9–12]. There is rare surveillance data in China on HZ due to it is not a notifiable disease. In addition current available data in China are mostly focused on treatments, only one study [8] on epidemiology and incidence, and no data on economic burden is available, especially community and population based data.
Developing an effective immunization strategy against HZ should base on the baseline data, such as epidemiology of HZ in target population, incidence and cost of HZ etc. Therefore we conducted this community based, retrospective study with objectives to understand incidence and economic burden of HZ in selected communities among people aged ≥50 year olds, so as to provide rationale for evidence based immunization strategy for HZ vaccination in China, as well as to provide baseline data for future similar studies.
Materials and Methods
Study sites and subjects
One township from each province of Jiangsu, Heilongjiang, Jiangxi and Hebei (as representative of rural areas) was selected; and one community from Shanghai (as representative of urban areas) was selected to conduct the retrospective study. The study was conducted from May 2013 to May 2014, targeting people aged ≥50 years old who developed HZ prior to the study. This study was approved by the ethical review committee of Chinese center for disease control and prevention (the approve number: 201313). All subjects signed the informed consent before they were recruited in the survey.
Data collection and calculation of the incidence rate
Demographic information.
Population register data from community residency committee (or village), or statistics from local public security department were used to collect demographic information for people aged ≥50 years old.
Case searching.
We set up investigation team comprised of staff from local center for disease control and prevention, staff from local community health service center (or village doctors), and staff from community resident committees (or village committee). The team carried out a house to house census survey to collect HZ patient information, including all the self-reported HZ diagnosed by doctor. Thereafter the investigators carried out a face-to-face interview for the patients to collect detailed information on HZ disease.
Data Collection Method and Contents
We conducted a face to face interview using a uniformed questionnaire to collect information on basic demographic information, clinical manifestations, treatment information and economic burden of HZ patients. The clinical manifestations, treatment information and the cost in hospital of patients from the urban area were mainly collected from health care records and the receipts of payments for medical treatment. The same information of outpatients who had an onset date within 2 years and all the inpatients from rural area was mainly collected via reviewing the hospital outpatient logs / inpatient records and the reimbursement records from New Rural Co-financing Medical System and the Health Care Insurance System. The information of the remaining outpatients from rural area as well as other expense of all patients were collected via the payment receipts and memory provided by the subjects.
Contents of basic demographic information.
The basic information included gender, date of birth and location.
Contents of clinical manifestations.
We collected the detailed clinical manifestations for the HZ occurred first time and the second recurrence, the information included the date of onset, age when HZ onset, duration of rash, locations of the herpes, how long the pain lasted, whether sequela occurred and the classification of the severity. If the HZ reoccurred more than two times, we didn’t collect the later manifestations and just asked how many times the HZ occurred for the same patient.
Contents of treatment information.
Treatment information included the total numbers of outpatient visit, the hospital level of the first 3 visits, whether to hospitalize, if hospitalized, the hospital level of each hospitalization for the first 3 times, the total days of hospitalization, the course and the outcome of HZ.
Contents and calculation of the cost.
Contents of cost data: Cost information included: 1) outpatient expenses; 2) hospitalization expenses; and 3) other expenses which include the cost of Over-The-Counter Drug, transportation cost due to seek medical service, productivity loss (caring for the patient), and other costs considered to be associated with the disease.
Discount rate: The discount rate was used to adjust the cost in variable years. Consumer Price Indices (CPI), obtained from the website of China National Bureau of Statistics from 1951 to 2013 in China, was used to calculate the annual average discount rate as follows [13].
N = 2013–1951 = 62, the average discount rate was 0.036, we used 0.04 as the average discount rate in this study.
Conversion of cost in different years: Based on the price of 2013, the cost occurred in other years is converted into 2013 price.
Statistical method
EPI Data 3.1 was used to set up database, and double data entry was used to guarantee the quality. Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS version 17.0) was used for data analysis. Chi square was used to test qualitative data, with relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) calculated. ANOVA, t test and multiple linear regression were used to test quantitative data. First type error level was set to be 0.05.
Results
Incidence of HZ
The total target subjects aged ≥50 years old in study areas were 49,721 in our study, and 1126 people had developed HZ, the cumulative incidence rate was 22.6/1,000. Cumulative incidence increased with age, the highest incidence was among people aged ≥ 80 years old which was3.34 times higher than that among people aged 50- years old (52.3/1000vs 15.7/1,000). There were 461 male patients and 665 female patients with a male to female ratio of 1:1.44. Cumulative incidence rate in female was higher than that in male (26.5/1000 vs. 18.7/1,000, RR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.26–1.59). There were 648 patients in rural areas, and 478 in urban areas. Cumulative incidence rate was higher in urban areas than that in rural areas (39.5/1000 vs17.2 /1,000, RR = 2.29, 95%CI = 2.04–2.57) (Table 1).
There were 144, 159 and 208 HZ patients in 2010, 2011, 2012 respectively, with an incidence rate of 2.90/1,000, 3.20/1,000 and 4.18/1,000 among people aged ≥ 50 years old. The average annual incidence rate was 3.43/1,000 for year 2010–2012. During the three years, average age-specific incidence rate increased with age, from 2.66/1,000 in 50- years old to 8.55/1,000 in 80- years old. Average annual incidence rate was higher in female than in male (3.95/1000 vs 2.89/1,000) and higher in urban areas than in rural areas (7.65/1000 vs 2.06/1,000) (Table 2).
Characteristics of HZ
First onset age.
In total 1,125 patients out of 1,126 reported the age of first onset, with the median age of 59 years old and interquartile of 52–68 years old. Cumulative incidence rate of HZ before 50 years old was 3.5/1,000, and increased with age, to 8.0/1,000, 10.7/1,000, 14.4/1,000 and 27.6/1,000 for 50-, 60-, 70-, and 80- years old age respectively (Table 3).
Sequelae occurrence.
About 16.6% (187/1,126) of HZ had sequelae left after HZ, including neuralgia (182), followed by erythema (15), papulovesicle (9), and blister (4), etc. The frequency of sequelae increased with age (Table 4).
Hospitalization rate of HZ
In total 4.53% (51/1,126) of HZ were admitted into hospital for treatments. The average length of hospital stay was 10 days (range: 3–51 days), with a median of 12.7 days based on 50 patients with complete information. There was statistical difference in hospitalization rates among gender and area: the rate for male higher than that for female, and higher in rural than that in urban. (Table 5).
Cost of HZ
Cost data were collected from 1,125 HZ patients with only 1 missing because the discount rate couldn’t be calculated resulting from his being unable to remember the onset date. The cost for outpatient was not available for 18 out of the 1,125 patients, and not available for 2 inpatients.
The total cost of enrolled HZ patients was 945,709.5 RMB, with a mean of 840.6 RMB per patient, and a median cost of 385 RMB (interquartile: 171.7–795.6) (Table 6). After log conversion, the univariate analysis showed that cost of HZ was related with area, first onset age, first onset year, hospitalization or not, and whether there were any sequelae (Table 7). Multivariate linear regression analysis found that the factors associated with the cost include first onset year, area, hospitalization or not, and whether there were any sequelae (Table 8).
Discussion
HZ is a common viral disease, due to viruses reactivated when the VZV specific immunity declines [14–15]. We found that cumulative incidence of HZ was 22.6/1,000 (17.2/1000 in rural areas and 39.5/1000 in urban areas) among people aged ≥50 years with an average annual incidence rate of 3.43 / 1,000 (2.06/1000 in rural areas and 7.65/1000 in urban areas), which is similar to that in Guangdong, China [8] and that in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific (3-5/1000) [16]. The average annual incidence rate in urban areas reported by our study is similar to that in Taiwan (>8.36/1,000) [17], Australia (9.67/1,000) [18], The United States (8.46/1000) [19] and South Korea (10/1,000) [20]. Both cumulative incidence and annual incidence rate of HZ increased with age, possibly related to the decline in immunity with age, which is consistent with reported abroad [1–2, 21–22]. We also found a higher cumulative incidence and annual incidence rate in female than that in male, consistent with some domestic and abroad studies [8,19–20, 22–26], although some studies [27–28] reported a non-statistical difference in incidence between female and male. Therefore, further researches are needed to understand whether a difference between genders really exists and if so, the mechanisms. Cumulative incidence and annual incidences vary among different regions. We found a lower incidence in rural areas than that in urban areas, with contributors to be further clarified. We also found a similar recurrent rate of 3% (34/1126), similar to that reported by Jie Fang (2.72%)[29]; and a hospitalization rate of 4.53%, similar to reported in Taiwan (>4.14% among people aged ≥60 years old) [17], but lower to that in Guangdong, China [8].
This study showed that the mean cost per HZ case was 840.6 RMB, with a median of 385 RMB. The majority of cost was direct treatment cost related to outpatient (average of 543.8yuan) and hospitalization costs (average of 4502.4yuan). The indirect cost related HZ was relatively low. Cost was higher for inpatients than for outpatients, and higher for patients with sequelae than those without sequelae.
There were 338 million people aged ≥50 years old in China (183 million in rural areas, and 155 million in urban areas) according to census in 2010 [30]. Based on cumulative incidence rate of HZ in rural areas and urban areas, it is projected that there were 9.27 million people who had suffered from HZ aged ≥50 years old across China, with a total cost of 7.793 billion RMB. Based on the average annual incidence rate in rural China and urban China in 2010–2012, we estimate that there are 1.563 million new HZ cases every year with a total cost of about 1.314 billion RMB across China.
In addition to the direct economic burden caused by HZ, the quality of life of patients is negatively influenced due to the severe pain caused by the disease, with physical (e.g., fatigue, weight loss, insomnia), psychological (e.g., difficulty in concentrating, depression), social (e.g., decreased social activities, change of social role) and functional (e.g., dressing, mobilization) influenced. These effects are particularly severe for elderly patients with HZ [31]. In the US, the postherpetic neuralgia is the third common cause of chronic neuropathic pain [32]. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the impact of disease on the quality of life of the patients in addition to the direct economic burden when HZ immunization strategy is developed.
The age specific incidence rate, sequelae, hospitalization rate, average cost of HZ all increase with age, therefore vaccination targeting younger age groups would be the most cost effective. It is recommended that Zoster vaccine is used for people aged ≥60 years old in US [12], and it is recommended that the Zoster vaccine is indicated in people aged ≥50 years old in Australia [10] and in Europe [11]. Considering local epidemiology of HZ and immunization policy abroad, based on the immune response observed in vaccinees aged 50–59 years comparable to that observed in vaccinees 60 years or older [33], we recommend that the Zoster vaccine is used for people aged ≥50 years old when it is available in China in the future and the long term protection of the vaccination also should be monitored in order to determine if the potential booster dose is necessary.
There are a few limitations in this study: 1) Memory bias. In total 11.1% of the HZ occurred before 2000, resulting in less reliable incidence and cost due to the only information source is memory. 2) The data on mortality and fatality couldn’t be obtained because since the retrospective nature. 3) Study sites were not selected randomly and subjects recruited were people aged ≥ 50 years old, therefore the results can only represent the population aged ≥ 50 years old in selected sites and the generalization to the population aged ≥ 50 years old in other areas should be with caution. However, because the provinces selected are representative of east, middle and west China, and rural and urban areas were selected, this study can partly reflect the incidence and cost of HZ in people aged ≥ 50 years old. This study can provide baseline information for future studies with representative sampling methods.
Supporting Information
S1 File. Declaration of variables in minimum database.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152660.s002
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the health workers from Huangpu CDC, Danyang CDC, Ningan CDC, Guixi CDC, Cangxian CDC and their affiliate community health service centers or township hospitals who participated in the field investigation.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YL DPY YML HQW. Performed the experiments: ZYH JFX YJM QFT QL. Analyzed the data: YL ZJA HQW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YL ZJA. Wrote the paper: YL ZJA.
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