Figures
Abstract
Background and Aim
To investigate the value of changes in alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels for the prediction of radiologic response and survival outcomes in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) who received combined treatment of 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE).
Methods
A database of 154 HCC patients with PVTT and elevated AFP levels (>20 ng/mL) treated with 3D-CRT and TACE as an initial treatment between August 2002 and August 2008 was retrospectively reviewed. AFP levels were determined 1 month after radiotherapy, and AFP response was defined as an AFP level reduction of >20% from the initial level. Radiologic response, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were compared between AFP responders and non-responders. Propensity-score based matching analysis was performed to minimize the effect of potential confounding bias.
Results
The median follow-up period was 11.1 months (range, 3.1–82.7 months). In the propensity-score matching cohort (92 pairs), a best radiologic response of CR or PR occurred in more AFP responders than AFP non-responders (41.3% vs. 10.9%, p < 0.001). OS and PFS were also longer in AFP responders than in non-responders (median OS 13.2 months vs. 5.6 months, p < 0.001; median PFS 8.7 months vs. 3.5 months, p < 0.001).
Citation: Jeong Y, Yoon SM, Han S, Shim JH, Kim KM, Lim Y-S, et al. (2015) Propensity Score Matching Analysis of Changes in Alpha-Fetoprotein Levels after Combined Radiotherapy and Transarterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus. PLoS ONE 10(8): e0135298. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135298
Editor: Erica Villa, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia, ITALY
Received: March 4, 2015; Accepted: July 20, 2015; Published: August 7, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Jeong et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and their Supporting Information files.
Funding: These authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Despite surveillance programs for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in high-risk populations, most patients are diagnosed with advanced HCC with vascular invasions, and are therefore not eligible for curative treatment. The prognosis of advanced HCC with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) is extremely poor [1]. Because PVTT itself can cause intrahepatic dissemination or extrahepatic metastasis and deteriorate liver function, it is a major obstacle to determining effective treatment options. Although the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging and treatment strategy indicates that sorafenib is the only recommended treatment for advanced stage patients [2], the survival gain is modest and response rates are relatively low [3]. Partly because of these somewhat disappointing results, other various modalities such as transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), radioembolization, hepatic intra-arterial chemotherapy, external beam radiotherapy, and surgical resection in selected cases have been attempted before and after the use of sorafenib.
To reduce or stabilize PVTT and maintain portal blood flow, 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) with or without TACE has shown promising clinical outcomes and safety in several studies [4–8]. Despite the effectiveness of this combined treatment, most patients experience recurrences during the follow-up periods. Moreover, accurate radiologic assessment of the treated HCC is difficult in cases of infiltrative primary tumors or in the presence of underlying liver cirrhosis. Therefore, additional tools to radiological evaluation are needed to assess the prognosis of patients with advanced HCC.
The tumor marker alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is secreted in 39–65% of HCC patients, and has been used as a diagnostic tool [9,10]. Based on the hypothesis that AFP levels reflect the tumor activity and burden, this marker has been frequently measured during the treatment. In several studies, AFP response has been reported as a meaningful predictive factor for radiologic response, recurrence, and survival in early and advanced HCC cases [11–16]. Although 3D-CRT with or without TACE has been used to treat advanced HCC patients with PVTT, the predictive value of AFP levels after this combined treatment has not been assessed previously. Therefore, we here investigated changes in AFP levels for the prediction of radiologic response and survival outcomes in advanced HCC patients with PVTT who received combined treatment of 3D-CRT and TACE.
Methods
Ethics statement
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Asan Medical Center, and written informed consents were obtained from all patients.
Patients
Among the 412 HCC patients who were treated with TACE and 3D-CRT for PVTT between August 2002 and August 2008 in our previous report [7], 229 patients underwent combined 3D-CRT and TACE as an initial treatment after diagnosis of advanced HCC. Of these, 30 patients with an AFP level of ≤20 ng/mL and 45 patients who had no AFP evaluation after treatment were excluded from the present analysis. The remaining 154 patients were retrospectively reviewed.
Treatment
The combination treatment procedure has been described in detail in our previous report [7]. For the TACE procedure, a mixture of 2–10 mL of iodized oil (Lipiodol; Laboratoire Andrè Guerbet, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France) and 1 mg/kg cisplatin (Cisplatin; Dong-A Pharm. Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea) was infused with or without embolization using gelatin sponge cubes (Gelfoam; Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI). Radiotherapy was planned after the identification of PVTT at initial presentation and was started 2–3 weeks after TACE. All patients underwent simulation with a CT scanner (LightSpeed RT 16, GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI). Radiotherapy was performed with 6- or 15-MV X-rays from a linear accelerator (Varian, Palo Alto, CA). The fraction size was 2 to 5 Gy, and the total dose was determined by the volume of normal liver, liver function, and the maximum dose to the stomach or duodenum [7].
Evaluation
Serum AFP levels were measured by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (ARCHITECT i2000SR; Abbott, Chicago, IL). AFP response was defined as an AFP reduction of >20% (compare to the initial level) at 1 month after completion of radiotherapy. Radiologic response evaluation was performed by multiphase dynamic CT scans according to the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) criteria [17].
Statistics
Patient characteristics were compared between AFP responders and AFP non-responders using the student t, χ², and Fisher’s exact test. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were calculated from the date of start of treatment to the date of death or last follow-up, and to the date of progression of HCC and/or PVTT, distant metastasis, death or last follow-up, respectively, according to the Kaplan-Meier method and compared between the two groups by the log-rank test. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to generate the univariate and multivariate models describing the association of variables with OS and PFS. Backward elimination Cox’s regression was used to select the principal risk factors in the multivariate model. Variables with p values ≤ 0.2 by univariate analysis were chosen for multivariate analysis. To reduce potential confounding effects in this retrospective study, propensity-score based matching analysis was performed, which included all possible variables. We performed caliper matching on the PS (nearest available matching). Pairs (AFP responders and AFP non-responders) on the PS logit were matched to within a range of 0.2 multiplied by the standard deviations [18]. The balance of covariates was measured by their standardized differences. A difference of >20% of the absolute value was considered significantly imbalanced. All statistical tests were two-sided and performed at the 5% level of significance using SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) and R software version 2.13 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria; www.r-project.org).
Results
Patient characteristics are summarized in Table 1. The initial AFP level was ≤400 ng/mL in 52 (33.8%) patients. The median total radiation dose was 41.7 Gy (equivalent dose in 2 Gy fractions (EQD2), α/β = 10) (range, 26–62.5 Gy). Of the 154 patients, 99 (64.3%) were AFP responders and 55 (35.7%) were AFP non-responders. Liver function was significantly better (Child-Pugh A 64.6% vs. 43.6%, p = 0.012) and tumor size was smaller (median 10.3 cm vs. 12.0 cm, p = 0.027) in AFP responders than in AFP non-responders. There were more patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among AFP non-responders than among AFP responders. Otherwise, no other significant differences in patient characteristics were found between the two groups. Propensity-score matching generated 92 matched pairs of AFP responders and AFP non-responders. In this matched cohort, there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between AFP responders and AFP non-responders (Table 1).
The best radiologic response was complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) in 56 (36.4%) patients and stable disease (SD) or progressive disease (PD) in 98 (63.6%) patients. The median interval from the start of treatment to the best radiologic response was 2.8 months (range, 1.4–8.8 months). The best radiologic response of CR or PR was higher in AFP responders than in AFP non-responders (50.5% vs. 10.9%, p < 0.001). In the propensity-score matching cohort, more patients had a best radiologic response of ≥PR and SD among AFP responders than among AFP non-responders (CR or PR, 41.3% vs. 10.9%; SD, 34.8% vs. 17.4%, p < 0.001). More patients with best radiologic response of PD existed in AFP non-responders than in AFP responders (71.7% vs. 23.9%, p < 0.001) (Table 2).
The median follow-up period was 11.1 months (range, 3.1–82.7 months). The median OS was 11.0 months and 1- and 2-year OS was 44.8% and 21.4%, respectively (Fig 1). The median OS was longer in AFP responders than in AFP non-responders (Fig 2A). PFS was also longer in AFP responders than in AFP non-responders (Fig 3A). In the propensity-score matching cohort (92 pairs), AFP responders still showed superior OS (AFP responders vs. AFP non-responders, median 13.2 months vs. 5.6 months, p < 0.001) and PFS (AFP responders vs. AFP non-responders, median 8.7 months vs. 3.5 months, p < 0.001) (Figs 2B and 3B).
Overall survival rates (A) and progression-free survival rates (B) in all patients.
Overall survival (OS) rates depending on the AFP response in all patients (A) and in the propensity score-matching cohort (B).
Progression-free survival (PFS) rates depending on the AFP response in all patients (A) and in the propensity score-matching cohort (B).
On multivariate analysis, AFP response and best radiologic response were significant predictive factors for OS (AFP responder, HR = 0.312, p < 0.001; best radiologic response of CR or PR, HR = 0.213, p < 0.001) and PFS (AFP responder, HR = 0.416, p = 0.001; best radiologic response of CR or PR, HR = 0.231, p < 0.001) (Table 3). In the propensity-score matching analysis which included age, gender, Child-Pugh class, performance status, initial AFP level (≤400 ng/mL vs. >400 ng/mL), viral etiology, tumor size, sites of PVTT, and stage, AFP response remained a significant prognostic factor for OS (AFP responder, HR = 0.264, p < 0.001) and PFS (AFP responder, HR = 0.307, p < 0.001) (Table 4).
Discussion
AFP response has not only been reported as a meaningful predictive factor for recurrence and survival in early stage HCC patients who receive curative treatments [13,15,16] but also has shown the prognostic value for radiologic response and survival rates in advanced HCC after palliative treatments [11,12,14,19–21]. Regarding patients with PVTT, few studies to date have analyzed the prognostic value of AFP response after treatment. In a study by Riaz et al., 55.8% of patients showed an AFP response after TACE or radioembolization, and AFP responders had higher radiologic response rates and significantly better survival rates than AFP non-responders [14]. In two studies which analyzed prognostic value of AFP response after concurrent chemoradiotherapy, 68% to 78% of patients achieved an AFP response [12,19]. The median survival duration in those studies were similar to that of our present study, with values ranging from 13.3 to 17.6 months in AFP responders, which is significantly better than the values reported for AFP non-responders. Recently, 3D-CRT was used with or without TACE to reduce PVTT and to maintain portal blood flow [4–6,8]. However, no studies have yet analyzed the prognostic value of the AFP response after a combined 3D-CRT and TACE in patients with PVTT. In our present analyses, AFP responders showed better survival and higher radiologic response rates than AFP non-responders in all patients. In addition, the AFP responders showed a significantly better median survival of 13.2 months and higher radiologic response rates than AFP non-responders in the propensity-score matching cohort after combined 3D-CRT and TACE.
Based on the criteria used in previous sorafenib studies, we defined an AFP response as a reduction of >20% from the initial level. To improve the specificity and positive predictive value, other studies have alternatively defined the AFP response as a reduction of >50% compared to the initial level [14,15,20]. However, the proportion of AFP responders in those studies were similar to that of the present study, which may be due to similar evaluation times of AFP response used among studies. In earlier studies that define AFP response as a >50% reduction, the timing of the AFP responses were later than that in studies that define this response as a 20% reduction [14,20]. In HCC patients with PVTT, most patients have a poor prognosis and experience tumor progression during subsequent treatment. Hence, an early AFP evaluation may be more useful to determine additional treatments if the ratio of responders to non-responders is similar.
The radiologic response rate in our current study subjects was 36.4% according to mRECIST criteria. The radiologic response was found to be the strongest prognostic factor for OS and PFS, and significantly more of our AFP responder subjects achieved a radiologic response of CR or PR than the non-responders. The median time to best radiologic response from the start of treatment was 2.8 months (range, 1.4–8.8 months). This range suggests varied and unpredictable durations when compared to AFP responses that were usually evaluated at a constant timing. Riaz et al. also reported the time to best radiologic response and AFP response [14]. According to the WHO criteria, these authors found that a radiologic response was achieved in 53% of AFP responders and in 24% of AFP non-responders. The median time to best radiologic response was 5.6 months (range, 3.9–8.5 months) and the median time to AFP response was 3.3 months (range, 2.5–4.4 months). The authors suggested that an AFP response may be able to predict treatment response before a radiologic response evaluation. Other studies have evaluated radiologic response, and similar to our present study found higher radiologic response rates among AFP responders [11,19]. As we noted above, the timing of radiologic response varies between studies. Considering the prognostic value of the radiologic response rate for survival outcomes, the evaluation of the AFP response may be a useful tool to predict subsequent radiologic response in advanced HCC patients.
This study had several limitations of note. First, AFP elevation may be associated with chronic liver diseases such as viral hepatitis and liver cirrhosis as well as HCC. In patients with chronic liver disease, elevated AFP levels may reflect hepatic regeneration that occurs after parenchymal damage [22]. In our present study, 89.6% of patients had HBV infection, but the activity of hepatitis and use of antiviral agents were not considered in our analysis. Second, the prognostic value of the AFP response is limited to patients with elevated AFP levels. In our present study cohort, 30 patients were excluded from the analysis due to an initial AFP level of ≤20 ng/mL among 229 patients. Third, as mentioned above, most patients had HBV infection, which is a higher rate than observed in western counties. Because the effect of viral etiology on the prognostic value of AFP is uncertain, careful interpretation is needed. Lastly, because of the retrospective nature of our present study, baseline characteristics were not evenly distributed between the response groups at initial analysis. To address this problem, additional propensity-score matching analysis was performed and the prognostic value of the AFP response was also confirmed in this additional analysis.
Despite the abovementioned limitations, our present study is one of few investigations to evaluate the prognostic value of the AFP response after combined 3D-CRT and TACE as an initial treatment in HCC patients with PVTT. In advanced HCC patients with PVTT, the assessment of radiologic response after treatment can be difficult due to diffusely infiltrative tumors, underlying liver cirrhosis, or parenchymal changes after previous treatments. In addition, most patients with advanced HCC experience recurrences or progressions during the follow-up periods, Hence, the AFP response may be a useful tool that may predict the radiologic response and thus be used for the early prediction of clinical outcomes in HCC cases. This would assist clinicians to determine the most appropriate additional treatments.
In summary, the AFP response is a significant predictive factor for the radiologic response. Furthermore, the AFP response is statistically significantly associated with OS and PFS. AFP evaluation after combined radiotherapy and TACE thus appears to be a useful tool to predict clinical outcomes in HCC patients with PVTT.
Supporting Information
S1 Table. Raw data excel file for Tables 1 and 2, Figs 1A, 1B, 2A and 3A.
This raw data excel file shows patients characteristics (age, gender, Child-Pugh class, ECOG performance status, initial AFP level, viral etiology, tumor size, site of PVTT, and modified UICC stage), treatment outcomes (AFP response and best radiologic response), and oncologic outcomes (PFS and OS) for entire patients (n = 154).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135298.s001
(XLS)
S2 Table. Raw data excel file for Tables 1, 2, 3 and 4, Figs 2B and 3B.
This raw data excel file shows patients characteristics (age, gender, Child-Pugh class, ECOG performance status, initial AFP level, viral etiology, tumor size, site of PVTT, and modified UICC stage), treatment outcomes (AFP response and best radiologic response), and oncologic outcomes (PFS and OS) for propensity score matched patients (92 pairs).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135298.s002
(XLS)
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YJ SMY YSL SYK JHK. Performed the experiments: YJ SMY JHS KMK YSL HCL SYK JHP JHK. Analyzed the data: YJ SMY SH JHS KMK HCL SYK JHP SWL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SH SDA EKC. Wrote the paper: YJ SMY SH YSL SYK JHK.
References
- 1. Yeung YP, Lo CM, Liu CL, Wong BC, Fan ST, Wong J. Natural history of untreated nonsurgical hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005; 100: 1995–2004. pmid:16128944
- 2. Llovet JM, Bru C, Bruix J. Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis. 1999; 19: 329–338. pmid:10518312
- 3. Llovet JM, Ricci S, Mazzaferro V, Hilgard P, Gane E, Blanc JF, et al. Sorafenib in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2008; 359: 378–390. pmid:18650514
- 4. Ishikura S, Ogino T, Furuse J, Satake M, Baba S, Kawashima M, et al. Radiotherapy after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and portal vein tumor thrombus. Am J Clin Oncol. 2002; 25: 189–193. pmid:11943901
- 5. Kim DY, Park W, Lim DH, Lee JH, Yoo BC, Paik SW, et al. Three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for portal vein thrombosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer. 2005; 103: 2419–2426. pmid:15822130
- 6. Yamada K, Izaki K, Sugimoto K, Mayahara H, Morita Y, Yoden E, et al. Prospective trial of combined transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for portal vein tumor thrombus in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003; 57: 113–119. pmid:12909223
- 7. Yoon SM, Lim YS, Won HJ, Kim JH, Kim KM, Lee HC, et al. Radiotherapy plus transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma invading the portal vein: long-term patient outcomes. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012; 82: 2004–2011. pmid:21621346
- 8. Zeng ZC, Fan J, Tang ZY, Zhou J, Qin LX, Wang JH, et al. A comparison of treatment combinations with and without radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein and/or inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005; 61: 432–443. pmid:15667964
- 9. Chen CJ, Lu SN, You SL, Wu MH, Wang LY, Lee LT, et al. [Community-based hepatocellular carcinoma screening in seven townships in Taiwan]. J Formos Med Assoc. 1995; 94 Suppl 2: S94–102. pmid:8672950
- 10. Daniele B, Bencivenga A, Megna AS, Tinessa V. Alpha-fetoprotein and ultrasonography screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2004; 127: S108–112. pmid:15508073
- 11. Chan SL, Mo FK, Johnson PJ, Hui EP, Ma BB, Ho WM, et al. New utility of an old marker: serial alpha-fetoprotein measurement in predicting radiologic response and survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing systemic chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27: 446–452. pmid:19064965
- 12. Lee MH, Kim SU, Kim do Y, Ahn SH, Choi EH, Lee KH, et al. Early on-treatment predictions of clinical outcomes using alpha-fetoprotein and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin responses in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012; 27: 313–322. pmid:21793906
- 13. Nobuoka D, Kato Y, Gotohda N, Takahashi S, Nakagohri T, Konishi M, et al. Postoperative serum alpha-fetoprotein level is a useful predictor of recurrence after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2010; 24: 521–528. pmid:20596642
- 14. Riaz A, Ryu RK, Kulik LM, Mulcahy MF, Lewandowski RJ, Minocha J, et al. Alpha-fetoprotein response after locoregional therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: oncologic marker of radiologic response, progression, and survival. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27: 5734–5742. pmid:19805671
- 15. Shim JH, Han S, Lee YJ, Lee SG, Kim KM, Lim YS, et al. Half-life of serum alpha-fetoprotein: an early prognostic index of recurrence and survival after hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann Surg. 2013; 257: 708–717. pmid:23108121
- 16. Tsai MC, Wang JH, Hung CH, Kee KM, Yen YH, Lee CM, et al. Favorable alpha-fetoprotein decrease as a prognostic surrogate in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010; 25: 605–612. pmid:20074164
- 17. Lencioni R, Llovet JM. Modified RECIST (mRECIST) assessment for hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Liver Dis. 2010; 30: 52–60. pmid:20175033
- 18. Lim YS, Han S, Heo NY, Shim JH, Lee HC, Suh DJ. Mortality, liver transplantation, and hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with entecavir vs lamivudine. Gastroenterology. 2014; 147: 152–161. pmid:24583062
- 19. Kim BK, Ahn SH, Seong JS, Park JY, Kim do Y, Kim JK, et al. Early alpha-fetoprotein response as a predictor for clinical outcome after localized concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int. 2011; 31: 369–376. pmid:21083802
- 20. Memon K, Kulik L, Lewandowski RJ, Wang E, Ryu RK, Riaz A, et al. Alpha-fetoprotein response correlates with EASL response and survival in solitary hepatocellular carcinoma treated with transarterial therapies: a subgroup analysis. J Hepatol. 2012; 56: 1112–1120. pmid:22245905
- 21. Personeni N, Bozzarelli S, Pressiani T, Rimassa L, Tronconi MC, Sclafani F, et al. Usefulness of alpha-fetoprotein response in patients treated with sorafenib for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2012; 57: 101–107. pmid:22414760
- 22. Bloomer JR, Waldmann TA, McIntire R, Klatskin G. Relationship of serum alpha-fetoprotein to the severity and duration of illness in patients with viral hepatitis. Gastroenterology. 1975; 68: 342–350. pmid:163780