Figures
Abstract
Background
Esophageal cancer was the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in China in 2009. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) accounts for more than 90 percent of esophageal cancers. Genetic factors probably play an important role in the ESCC carcinogenesis.
Methods
We conducted a hospital based case-control study to evaluate functional hTERT rs2736098 G>A and TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the risk of ESCC. Six hundred and twenty-nine ESCC cases and 686 controls were recruited. Their genotypes were determined using the ligation detection reaction (LDR) method.
Results
When the TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 CC homozygote genotype was used as the reference group, the CT genotype was associated with a significantly decreased risk of ESCC (adjusted OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.58–0.94, p = 0.012); the CT/TT variants were associated with a 26% decreased risk of ESCC (adjusted OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.59–0.93, P = 0.009). The significantly decreased risk of ESCC associated with the TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T polymorphism was associated with male sex, young age (<63 years in our study) and alcohol consumption. No association between the hTERT rs2736098 G>A polymorphism and ESCC risk was observed.
Conclusion
TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 CT and CT/TT genotypes were associated with decreased risk of ESCC, particularly among men, young patients and those reported to be drinkers. However, our results are preliminary conclusions. Larger studies with more rigorous study designs are required to confirm the current findings.
Citation: Yin J, Wang L, Zheng L, Wang X, Shi Y, Shao A, et al. (2014) TERT-CLPTM1L Rs401681 C>T Polymorphism Was Associated with a Decreased Risk of Esophageal Cancer in a Chinese Population. PLoS ONE 9(7): e100667. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100667
Editor: Sai Yendamuri, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, United States of America
Received: July 31, 2013; Accepted: May 29, 2014; Published: July 9, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Yin et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81101889, 81000028), Jiangsu Province Natural Science Foundation (BK2010333, BK2011481), Social Development Foundation of Zhenjiang (SH2010017), Changzhou Young Talents and Science-Technology Foundation of Health Bureau (QN201102), and The “333” Elitist Training Program of Jiangsu (BRA2013135). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Esophageal cancer was the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in China in 2009 [1]. Esophageal cancer is very aggressive and is associated with a poor prognosis [2]. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) accounts for more than 90 percent of esophageal cancers [3]. Smoking and heavy drinking are major environmental risk factors for ESCC [4]. However, only a subset of individuals exposed to these environmental risk factors develops ESCC, suggesting that genetic factors, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), may also contribute to ESCC carcinogenesis.
Recently, several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) reported that common polymorphisms of Telomerase reverse transcriptase-cleft lip and palate transmembrane 1 like, CLPTM1L (TERT-CLPTM1L), which is located at locus 5p15.33, were associated with the risk of many types of cancer [5], [6]. The 5p15.33 locus, which is associated with telomerase function, contains two key genes: the TERT gene and the CLPTM1L gene. The TERT-CLPTM1L SNP, rs401681 (C>T, located in intron 13 of CLPTM1L, 27 kb from the TERT gene), is one of the most extensively studied SNPs. Two variants in 5p15 (rs401681 and rs2736098) are significantly associated with bladder cancer in individuals of European ancestry. These variants are in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with CLPTM1L and TERT, and both variants are also associated with basal cell carcinoma [6], lung cancer [7], glioma [8] and other tumors [6]. The TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C allele is also associated with shorter mean telomere length in lymphocytes [9]. Telomerase is expressed in stem cell lines and is inactive in somatic cells [10]. TERT is the reverse transcriptase catalytic subunit of telomerase, whose induction, together with telomerase activation, are critical steps during cellular immortalization and transformation [11]. Telomeres can become dysfunctional for a variety reasons, such as gradual shortening caused by incomplete replication of chromosomes, oxidative DNA damage or mutations in structural proteins, such as TERT [12]. Mutations in the coding regions of TERT can affect telomerase activity and telomere length, resulting in severe clinical phenotypes, including bone marrow failure syndromes and a substantial increase in cancer frequency [13].
The role of CLPTM1L was initially described in ovarian cancer cells, where overexpression of the gene induced apoptosis in cisplatin-sensitive cells [14]. CLPTM1L is also involved in mitochondrial apoptosis in normal cells, and was reported to be overexpressed in lung cancer cells [15]. The CLPTM1L gene may play a role in the apoptotic response. Overexpression of CLPTM1L mRNA has been observed in many cancer types including non-melanoma skin cancers [13]. Although the function of the CLPTM1L gene is largely unknown, studies have demonstrated that it may induce apoptosis. For example, CLPTM1L, as a predicted transmembrane protein, is upregulated in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines, and may be involved in the apoptotic response of cells to cisplatin-induced genotoxic stress. CLPTM1L variants are hypothesized to enhance the metabolic activation of reactive metabolites and/or the formation and persistence of DNA adducts [6]. Jiang et al. found that TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 was a genetic variant associated with the risk of lung cancer [16].
The biological and pathological significance of hTERT and TERT-CLPTM1L suggests that functional genetic variations in the hTERT and TERT-CLPTM1L genes may contribute to the development of ESCC. Thus, the objective of this investigation was to evaluate the association between hTERT rs2736098 G>A and TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T polymorphisms and ESCC susceptibility in a hospital-based case-control study. We performed genotyping analyses of hTERT rs2736098 G>A and TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T SNPs in 629 ESCC cases and 686 controls in a Chinese population.
Patients and Methods
Ethical approval of the study protocol
This hospital-based case-control study was approved by the Review Board of Jiangsu University (Zhenjiang, China). We have complied with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki regarding ethical conduct of research involving human subjects and/or animals [17]. All subjects provided written informed consent to be included in the study.
Study subjects
629 subjects with esophageal cancer were consecutively recruited from the Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University and Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University (Zhenjiang, China) between October 2008 and December 2010. All cases of esophageal cancer were diagnosed as ESCC by pathologic means. The exclusion criteria were patients who previously had: cancer; any metastasized cancer; radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The 686 controls were patients without cancer frequency-matched to the cases with regard to age (±5 years) and sex recruited from the two hospitals mentioned above during the same time period. Most of the controls were admitted to the hospitals for the treatment of trauma.
Each subject was personally questioned by trained interviewers using a pre-tested questionnaire to obtain information on demographic data (e.g., age, sex) and related risk factors (including tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption). After the interview, 2-mL samples of venous blood were collected from each subject. Individuals who smoked one cigarette per day for >1 year were defined as “smokers”. Subjects who consumed ≥3 alcoholic drinks a week for >6 months were considered to be “alcohol drinkers”.
Isolation of DNA and genotyping by ligation detection reaction and online SNP function prediction
Blood samples were collected from patients using Vacutainers and transferred to tubes lined with ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA). Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood with the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Berlin, Germany) [18]. The samples were genotyped using the ligation detection reaction (LDR) method with technical support from the Shanghai Biowing Applied Biotechnology Company as previously described [19]. SNPs were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)LDR assay by ABI 9600 system (Applied Biosystems, USA). The target DNA sequences were amplified by themultiplex PCR method. The common probe was labeled at the 3′end with 6-carboxy-fluorescein and phosphorylated at the 5′ end. LDR parameters were as follows: 94°C for 2 min, 20 cycles of 94°C for 30 s and 60°C for 3 min. After the LDR reaction, we mixed 1 µL LDR-reaction product with 1 µL ROX and 1 µL loading buffer. After that, the mixture was denatured at 95°C for 3 min and chilled in ice water immediately. The fluorescent products of LDR were differentiated by ABI sequencer 377 (Applied Biosystems, USA). For quality control, repeated analyses were done for 160 (12.17%) randomly selected samples with high DNA quality.
We used online predictive tool: http://www.regulomedb.org/and http://snpinfo.niehs.nih.gov/snpinfo/snpfunc.htm to predict hTERT rs2736098 G>A and TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T SNPs function.
Statistical Analyses
Differences in the distributions of demographic characteristics, selected variables, and genotypes of the hTERT rs2736098 G>A and TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T variants between the cases and controls were evaluated using the χ2 test. The associations between hTERT rs2736098 G>A and TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T genotypes and risk of ESCC were estimated by computing the ORs and their 95% CIs using logistic regression analyses for crude ORs and adjusted ORs when adjusting for age, sex, smoking and drinking status. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was tested by a goodness-of-fit χ2 test to compare the observed genotype frequencies to the expected ones among the control subjects. All statistical analyses were performed with SAS 9.1.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
Results
Characteristics of the study population
Characteristics of cases and controls included in the study are summarized in Table 1. The cases and controls appeared to be adequately matched on age and sex as suggested by the χ2 tests (P = 0.541 and P = 0.185, respectively). As shown in Table 1, significant difference was detected on smoking status between the cases and the controls (P<0.001), and drinking rate was higher in ESCC patients than in control subjects (P<0.001). The primary information for two genotyped SNPs was in Table S1. For the hTERT rs2736098 G>A, the genotyping was successful in 600 (95.39%) ESCC cases and 651 (94.90%) controls in all 1315 samples, and for TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T, the genotyping was successful in 604 (96.03%) ESCC cases and 664 (96.78%) controls. The concordance rates of repeated analyses were 100%. Minor allele frequency (MAF) in our controls was similar to MAF for Chinese in database for all two SNPs (Table S1). The observed genotype frequencies for these two polymorphisms in the controls were all in HWE (Table S1).
Associations between two polymorphisms and risk of ESCC
The genotype distributions of hTERT rs2736098 G>A and TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T in the cases and the controls are shown in Table 2. In the single locus analyses, the genotype frequencies of TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T were 47.68% (CC), 41.72% (CT), and 10.60% (TT) in the case patients and 40.06% (CC), 47.74% (CT), and 12.20% (TT) in the control subjects, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.024). When the TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C allele was used as the reference group, the T allele was associated with a significantly decreased risk for ESCC (T vs C: adjusted OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.69–0.96, P = 0.014). When the TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 CC homozygote genotype was used as the reference group, the CT genotype was associated with a significantly decreased risk for ESCC (CT vs CC: adjusted OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.58–0.94, P = 0.012). When the TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 CC homozygote genotype was used as the reference group, the TT genotype was not associated with the risk for ESCC (TT vs CC: adjusted OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.51–1.09, P = 0.126). In the dominant model, the TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 CT/TT variants were associated with a 26% decreased risk of ESCC, compared with the TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 CC genotype (adjusted OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.59–0.93, P = 0.009). In the recessive model, when the TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 CC/CT genotypes were used as the reference group, the TT homozygote genotype was not associated with the risk for ESCC (adjusted OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.61–1.24, P = 0.447) (Table 2).
hTERT rs2736098 G>A was not showed a significant difference in the genotype distributions between cases and controls (P = 0.727). Logistic regression analyses revealed that the hTERT rs2736098 G>A polymorphism was not associated with the risk of ESCC (Table 2).
Using Power and Sample Size Calculation (PS, version 3.0, 2009, http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/twiki/bin/view/Main/PowerSampleSize) and considering TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T mutant alleles in the control group, ORs, ESCC samples and control samples, the power of our analysis (α = 0.05) was 0.708 in 604 ESCC cases and 664 controls, with an OR of 0.74.
Stratification analyses on the TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T polymorphisms and the risk of ESCC
To evaluate the effects of TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T genotypes on ESCC risk according to different age, sex, smoking and alcohol drinking status; we performed the stratification analyses (Table 3). A significantly decreased risk of ESCC associated with the TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T polymorphism was evident among male patients (CT vs CC: P = 0.0003; CT/TT vs CC: P = 0.0002), younger patients (<63 years in our study) (CT/TT vs CC: P = 0.049) and patients who were in drinking status (CT vs CC: P = 0.012; CT/TT vs CC: P = 0.016) (Table 3).
Discussion
In this hospital-based case-control study, we investigated the association of the hTERT rs2736098 G>A and TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T SNPs with the risk of ESCC in a Chinese population. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that the TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 CT and CT/TT genotypes were associated with decreased risk of ESCC, whereas no significant association between the hTERT rs2736098 G>A polymorphism and the risk of ESCC was observed. A significantly decreased risk of ESCC associated with the TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T polymorphism, particularly among men, young patients and those reported to be drinkers.
The function of CLPTM1L and its role in tumorigenesis is largely unknown. However, a recent study reported that CLPTM1L was a commonly overexpressed anti-apoptotic factor in lung cancer [15]. This suggested an inhibitory role in genotoxic stress-induced apoptosis, and identified CLPTM1L as an important factor affecting the survival of DNA damaged tumor cells and potentially lung cancer susceptibility [20].
The CLPTM1L gene is upregulated in cisplatin-resistant cell lines, and is linked to cisplatin-induced apoptosis; furthermore, over-expression of CLPTM1L mRNA has been observed in many cancers [6], [14], [21], [22]. Variants at this locus are hypothesized to regulate telomere length and be associated with multiple malignancies, including cancers of the lung, prostate, urinary bladder, cervix and pancreas. Rs401681 is located in intron 13 of CLPTM1L at 5p15.33, and it is one of the most studied SNPs. Although little is known about the function of this SNP, our bioinformatics analysis indicated that it might affect transcription regulation and further affect the expression of the gene. To show that these alterations can indeed contribute to cancer properties, invitro validation studies with specific invitro cell lines of ESCC that harbor these genetic alterations are warrented. Such as cell cultures, transient transfections, luciferase assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, Western blot analysis, reverse transcriptase PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and quantitative Real-Time PCR.
Several studies addressing the association between the CLPTM1L rs401681 polymorphism and cancer have been published, with inconsistent results [6], [15], [19], [23], [24], [25]. An association study that included 2,396 lung cancer cases and 3,001 controls showed that the CLPTM1L T allele was associated with a significantly decreased risk of lung cancer [15]. Nan and collaborators observed a suggestive positive relationship between the rs401681 C allele and shorter relative telomere length [7]. Rafnar et al. suggested that the rs401681 C allele might be associated with the acceleration of the gradual shortening of telomeres with age [6]. Possible links between shorter telomeres and decreased risk of melanoma have been reported. This could be attributed to the shorter replicative lifespan of melanocytes conferred by a shorter telomere length, which provides a more stringent barrier to unlimited cell division. A decreased risk of melanoma might also be associated with the reduction of nevi size and count in individuals with shorter telomeres. Rs401681 is also associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer, as shown by the presence of chromosome ends lacking telomeric repeat sequences in this cancer [26]. Jiang et al. found that TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 T allele was associated with decreased risk of lung cancer [16]. And in ESCC cohort, the trend of TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 T allele is protective but not reach significant (OR = 0.935, 95% CI = 0.800–1.093 in additive model) [16], indicating necessary for replications in other cohors.
The frequencies of genetic polymorphisms often vary between ethnic groups. In the present Chinese study, the allele frequency of TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 T was 0.361 in 686 control subjects, which is consistent with the values reported in the SNP database for the Chinese Han (0.305) and Japanese populations (0.343); however, the frequency was lower than that of a Sub-Saharan African (0.642) population (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP).
This case-control study had several limitations. First, the patients and controls were enrolled from hospitals and may therefore not be representative of the general population; the information familial cancer history of the cases and controls was not obtained, this inherent bias may have resulted in spurious findings. Second, the polymorphisms investigated in our study were based on functional considerations and may not provide a comprehensive view of the genetic variability of TERT-CLPTM1L, such as rs402710 and rs2736100 et al. Further studies are needed to clarify the genetic mechanism of esophageal carcinogenesis by fine-mapping the susceptibility region of the variants. Third, the statistical power of our study was limited because of the moderate sample size and absence of a validation cohort. Larger, well-designed studies are warranted to confirm the associations observed in the present study. Finally, we did not obtain detailed information on cancer metastasis and survival, which further restricted the analysis of the roles of the hTERT rs2736098 G>A and TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T polymorphisms in ESCC progression and prognosis.
In conclusion, our study provides strong evidence that the functional TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T polymorphism may contribute to the risk of ESCC. However, the exact functional relevance of the CLPTM1L rs401681 SNP remains unclear. It may be in strong LD with other potential functional or causal SNPs, contributing to the risk of ESCC. Additional, larger studies and in vitro or tissue-specific biological characterization are required to confirm the current preliminary findings.
Supporting Information
Table S1.
Primary information for hTERT rs2736098 G>A and TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T polymorphisms.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100667.s001
(DOCX)
Data S1.
Data of hTERT rs2736098 G>A and TERT-CLPTM1L rs401681 C>T polymorphisms.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100667.s002
(SAV)
Acknowledgments
We appreciate all patients who participated in this study. We wish to thank Dr. Yiqun Chen (Biowing Applied Biotechnology Company, Shanghai, China) for technical support.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JY XW WT SC HG. Performed the experiments: AS LW. Analyzed the data: HG JY SC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XW GD CL. Wrote the paper: JY WT SC HG. Critical review of manuscript: YS LZ SC HG.
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