Figures
Abstract
Background
Bronchial asthma (BA), atopic dermatitis (AD), and allergic rhinitis (AR) are common allergic diseases. Environmental factors were indicated to influence the development of allergic diseases.
Objective
To evaluate the correlation between the month of birth and the prevalence of allergic diseases in Taiwan.
Methods
Data from 104,455 children were collected from the National Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. Subjects were identified by at least two service claims for ambulatory care or one claim for inpatient care. All of the enrolled patients were aged 7∼15 years in 2010. In a bio-clinical data analysis, total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and ImmunoCAP™ allergen data (CAP) from mothers and infants were collected in a medical center in Taiwan. Correlations between children's allergic factors and the season of birth were assessed.
Results
A significant difference in the prevalence of BA according to the month of birth (Χ2 = 18.2, p<0.001) was found in the Taiwanese population. The fewest schoolchildren with were born in May (7.21%), and the most were born in October (10.59%). However, no tendency for the prevalence of AD (Χ2 = 4.6, P = 0.204) or AR (Χ2 = 4.3 P = 0.229) was found. In addition, we found that children born in autumn (August to October) had a higher prevalence of BA compared to those born in spring (February to April) (odds ratio: 1.13; 95% confidence interval: 1.05∼1.21). In a bio-clinical data study, markers of maternal and childhood allergies including IgE and CAP were detected in a risk analysis section. Children who were born in autumn had higher levels of CAP and total IgE.
Citation: Chang W-C, Yang KD, Wu M-TM, Wen Y-F, Hsi E, Chang J-C, et al. (2013) Close Correlation between Season of Birth and the Prevalence of Bronchial Asthma in a Taiwanese Population. PLoS ONE 8(11): e80285. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080285
Editor: Tesfaye Mersha Baye, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, United States of America
Received: November 13, 2012; Accepted: October 3, 2013; Published: November 20, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Chang et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was supported by grants (NSC101-2628-B038-001-MY2; NSC101-2320-B038-029-MY3) from the National Science Council of Taiwan, TMU 101-AE1-B14 from Taipei Medical University, CMRPG8B0151 from Chang Gung University, Taiwan and DOH102-TD-C-111-002 from an Excellence for Cancer Research Center grant, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis (AR), bronchial asthma (BA), and atopic dermatitis (AD) are common and increasing in prevalence in developed countries. The pathogenesis of allergic diseases is complex because these disorders are influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors [1]. Dysregulated innate immune responses result in acute inflammatory symptoms leading to allergies in susceptible individuals [2]. A number of genetic polymorphisms were identified to associate with susceptibility of allergic diseases [2]–[7]. Additionally, environmental factors such as ambient air pollution and passive smoking were also shown to increase the risk of allergic diseases [8].
Previous studies indicated that being born in winter is associated with a higher incidence of allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis [9]. This is possibly because birth in winter involves a longer exposure to indoor or domestic allergens, thus increasing the risk of respiratory viral infections. In addition, environmental factors including chemical irritants, seasonal climate changes, and bacterial colonization were reported to associate with allergic diseases such as BA [10]–[14].
In this study, we used data from the National Health Insurance (NHI) Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan and tested the correlation between factors of month of birth and allergic diseases (BA, AD, and AR). We also evaluated the association between season of birth and bio-clinical data, such as immunoglobulin E (IgE) and ImmunoCAP™ allergen (CAP), which are related to allergy-like symptoms. We expected to understand the relationship between season of birth and allergic diseases.
Methods
1 Database
We used data from the NHIRD in Taiwan, which is a longitudinal database of one million randomly selected subjects (LH2005). The NHI program was implemented in Taiwan in 1995 to provide comprehensive coverage for medical care. Approximately 98% of the Taiwanese population is enrolled in the NHI program by the end of 2005 [15].
The LH2005 contains the entire medical claims data of one million beneficiaries enrolled in 2005 including scrambled patient identification number, birth date, gender, one principal diagnosis and up to two or four secondary diagnoses for each outpatient and hospitalization claim of the International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes, medications, and date of visit to a medical institution. These data are randomly sampled from the 2005 registry for beneficiaries of the NHI program. The research design of study subjects from the NHIRD is shown in Figure 1.
There are two types of studies (population based database analysis and clinical IgE and CAP detection) in the research. For data based study, the identification numbers of individuals in the NHRI databases (Taiwan) were encrypted to protect the privacy of the individuals, this part of study was approved to exempt from full review by the Institution Review Board of Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; For clinical allergic factors detection, Institution Review Board of Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital approved this part of IgE and CAP studies. Design of work and final report conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki. Parents or guardians of these children sign written informed consent forms for this study.
2. Study population
We included patients aged 7∼15 years who had more than two ambulatory care visits or one hospital admission with any diagnosis of BA (ICD-9-CM codes 493.X), or AD (ICD-9-CM codes 691 and 691.8), or AR (ICD-9-CM codes 477.0, 477.1, 477.2, 477.8, and 477.9) from a sample of one million subjects because only one visit for outpatients might not have exactly confirmed these three diseases. In this study, we tested the correlation between these three allergic diseases with the month of birth of schoolchildren. We added the subject's gender, urbanization level, and residence region to our regression model to adjust our odds ratios (ORs).
Although 40% of children usually have asthma-like symptoms that commence at a preschool age, it is difficult to make a definite diagnosis of asthma in these children who may have transient wheezes or non-atopic wheezes [16], [17]. Therefore, we only enrolled schoolchildren who were aged 7∼15 years in 2010, then further classified schoolchildren into three age groups (7∼9, 10∼12, and 13∼15 years) to explore the associations between the season of birth and subsequent allergic diseases.
3. IgE level with asthma risk analysis
To identify associations of the month of birth with serum total IgE levels and sensitization (CAP), we collected blood samples from children in a cohort study as previously described [18]–[22]. In total, 987 children were recruited, and blood samples from the children were collected at 6 months old. Children's IgE data were collected during their visits to the Obstetric Clinic at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, from September 1999 to December 2004. Concentrations of total IgE and CAP were measured using a Pharmacia CAP fluoroimmunoassay (Pharmacia and Upjohn Diagnostics AB, Uppsala, Sweden) following the manufacturer's instructions. Two common inhaled allergens (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Derp) and cockroach), and four common food allergens (egg white, milk protein, shrimp, and peanut), which have prevalence of sensitization greater than 5% in the study country were included to assess allergen sensitization. CAP 1+ was defined as any specific IgE level of >0.35 kU/L, and CAP 2+ was defined as any specific IgE level of >0.7 kU/L.
4. Meteorological data
Meteorological data were obtained from the Taiwan Central Weather Bureau (CWB). According to the Taiwan CWB, the four seasons are defined by their characteristics of the average monthly ambient temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, rainfall, hours of sunshine, and maximum and minimum temperatures. Spring is February to April, summer is May to July, autumn is August to October, and winter is November to January.
5. Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS software vers. 18.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). All data were analyzed using a Chi-squared (Χ2) test for differences in the prevalence of related allergic diseases. ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed with the logistic regression analysis after taking the confounding variables (subjects' gender, urbanization level, and geographic region) into account. In this study, spring (February to April) was used as the base season to which the other seasons were compared for prevalence. Significance was set at p<0.05.
IgE of 6-month-old infants were analyzed in a logarithmic form. CAP+ and CAP2+ are expressed as percentages. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare allergic factors in different seasons, and p values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. In addition, because IgE reflects allergic conditions and type I hypersensitivity, it was not normally distributed. We therefore classified IgE data into two groups: normal and high groups. Normal IgE was defined as a maternal IgE level of <100 kU/L, and a level in 6-month-old infants IgE of <20 kU/L, whereas high IgE was defined as a maternal IgE level of >100 kU/L, and a 6-month-old level of >20 kU/L. We used a logistic regression analysis to compute the ORs and 95% CIs after adjusting for maternal IgE, and p values of<0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
1. Month of birth and prevalences of allergic diseases
We examined correlations between the month of birth and allergic diseases including BA, AD, and AR. As shown in Figure 2, there was a statistically significance correlation in the prevalence of BA with month of birth (Χ2 = 18.167, p<0.001). The fewest schoolchildren with BA were born in May (7.21%, OR: 0.91, CI: 0.80∼1.03), and the most were born in October (10.59%, OR: 1.16, CI: 1.05∼1.30). Moreover, neither the same tendency nor significant associations were found between the prevalence of AD (Χ2 = 4.6, p = 0.204) or AR (Χ2 = 4.3 p = 0.229) and the month of birth (Figure 2).
2. Birth season and the prevalence of BA
We further divided subjects into four groups based on the season of birth, and performed a logistic regression analysis to identify the association between birth season and BA (Table 1). The trend of sensitization across the four seasons showed that the rate in spring was lower than that in the other three seasons for the three allergic diseases (Figure 2). Therefore, we chose spring as the reference season to analyze moderate-to-severe BA in each season. The results showed that patients with BA who were born in autumn (August to October) had a 1.13-fold higher (95% CI: 1.05∼1.21) prevalence of BA than those born in spring after adjusting for subject's gender, urbanization level, and geographic region.
3. Comparison of age and the prevalence of BA
To determine whether an effect of month of birth on the prevalence of BA could be observed from early or later childhood, we divided subjects into three age groups (7∼9, 10∼12, and 13∼15 years). Individuals aged 7∼9 and 13∼15 years showed significant correlation with the prevalence of BA (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.04∼1.29 for 7∼9 years group; OR: 1.23, 95% CI: 1.02∼1.45 for 13∼15 years group). Although differences for those aged 10∼12 years did not achieve significance, the same trend was noted (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.95∼1.23) (Table 2).
4. Birth season and allergic markers
To determine whether the effects of month of birth were correlated with allergic markers, expression levels of allergic markers in mothers and their children were collected. As shown in Table 3, a significant association between IgE levels in children and birth season (autumn) was found. In addition, a more-significant association between children with CAP and birth season was detected. Children who were born in autumn had a higher level of CAP (Table 3). Maternal IgE is an important factor that might influence the correlation between IgE levels in children and the birth season. Thus we further adjusted for maternal IgE in this study. As shown in Table 4, children born in autumn had a significantly higher risk of asthma than that those born in spring (OR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.27∼2.63) (Table 4).
Discussion
It has been reported that children born during autumn and winter have a higher risk of eczema compared to those born in spring and summer. Similar findings were observed in a large-scale population study in Japan, in which children born in autumn showed the highest prevalence of AD [9]. Importantly, the same tendency was observed for the prevalence of AD in this study, but with less significance. Takashi et al. suggested that children born in autumn are exposed to dry weather which may lead to dry skin. It is possible that dry skin is an important non-allergic etiologic factor for AD [9]. In Taiwan, the autumn and winter are more humid than in Japan, and this may explain why the association between season of birth and AD was not seen more clearly.
In this study, the key findings were that BA was more prevalent in children (especially those aged 7∼9 years) born in autumn, and less prevalent in those born in the other seasons. Cold temperatures, and especially very cold spells, were shown to increase the risk of pediatric asthma, as cold temperatures may induce hypersecretion from bronchial epithelial cells [23]. On the basis of this hypothesis, we speculated that children who are born in autumn may be exposed to cold weather (winter season) in their first months of life. This exposure may be an important environmental factor that triggers allergic reactions. In agreement with this hypothesis, children born in the winter season may be exposed to warmer temperatures in their first months of life (in spring) so that the prevalence of asthma and the level of allergic markers were lower.
Infection with multiple viruses in children is associated with a risk of asthma. Previous studies reported that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) accounted for the most cases (43.4%) and followed by human bocavirus (19.5%), human metapneumovirus (16.8%), and human rhinovirus (HRV) (12.4%) [24]. In addition, a long-term follow-up study indicated that HRV bronchiolitis was linked to a higher risk of wheezing compared to RSV bronchiolitis [25], [26]. Results from a cohort study (COAST) also indicated that HRV-related wheezing was significantly associated with the risk for asthma at age 6 years compared to patients who wheezed due to RSV [26]. Thus, viral infection is an important risk factor for airway obstruction and asthma in children. Results from a Taiwanese study indicated that RSV circulates in the community throughout the year with a peak in July to October [27]. Consistent with results from Huang et al., we found that children who were born in autumn (August to October) were associated with a significantly higher risk of asthma.
Our findings highlight the significant correlation between season of birth and the risk of childhood BA. However, there are limitations to this association study. For example, the study population was extracted from the NHIRD based on administrative claims data reported by physicians. Although we established criteria for outpatients and inpatients to improve the diagnostic accuracy, our criteria are difficult to recruit subjects with mild bronchial asthma and are not able to define moderate-to-severe BA. In addition, the mode of delivery may influence the risk of asthma in children especially those delivered by an emergency caesarean section [28]. In this study, we did not collect enough data to analyze the correlation between the mode of delivery and allergic diseases. Thus, more studies are needed to better understand underlying biological mechanisms that may link environmental risk factors and allergic diseases.
Despite these limitations, our results from the longitudinal data and large study population should decrease the selection biases inherent in the database. In addition, significant correlations between season of birth and allergic markers (IgE and CAP) were observed. The relationship between season of birth and asthma might be one of the environmental factors in this complex disease, and a greater understanding of plausible allergens will help decrease the incidence of BA in children's early life in the future.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: WCC HCK WPC. Performed the experiments: WCC HCK MTMW YML. Analyzed the data: WCC YFW EH JCC HCK MTMW YML WPC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KDY WCC WPC. Wrote the paper: WCC YFW EH HCK YML WPC.
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