Figures
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute respiratory disease caused by infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV). The complete genome sequences of five attenuated ILTV vaccine strains and six virulent ILTV strains as well as two Australian ILTV field strains have been published in Australia and the USA so far. To provide the complete genome sequence information of ILTVs from different geographic regions, the whole genome of ILTV LJS09 isolated in China was sequenced. The genome of ILTV LJS09 was 153,201 bp in length, and contained 79 ORFs. Most of the ORFs had high sequence identity with homologous ORFs of reference strains. There was a large fragment deletion within the noncoding region of unique long region (UL) of ILTV LJS09 compared with SA2 and A20 strains. Though the origin binding protein of ILTV LJS09 existed, there was no AT-rich region in strain LJS09. Alignments of the amino acid sequences revealed seven mutations at amino acids 71 (Arg → Lys), 116 (Ala → Val), 207 (Thr → Ile) and 644 (Thr → Ile) on glycoprotein B, 155 (Phe → Ser) and 376 (Arg → His) on glycoprotein D and 8 (Gln→Pro) on glycoprotein L of ILTV LJS09 compared to those of virulent strain (USDA) as ILTV LJS09 did not grow on chicken embryo fibroblasts, suggesting the role of the key seven amino acids in determination of the cell tropism of ILTV LJS09. This is the first complete genome sequence of the virulent strain of ILTV in Asia using the conventional PCR method, which will help to facilitate the future molecular biological research of ILTVs.
Citation: Kong C, Zhao Y, Cui X, Zhang X, Cui H, Xue M, et al. (2013) Complete Genome Sequence of the First Chinese Virulent Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus. PLoS ONE 8(7): e70154. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070154
Editor: Ding Xiang Liu, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Received: March 12, 2013; Accepted: June 16, 2013; Published: July 29, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Kong et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This research was supported by the Basic Scientific Research Operation Cost of State-leveled Public Welfare Scientific Research Courtyard (0302012009). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV, Gallid herpesvirus 1) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes acute respiratory disease in chickens [1]. The clinical symptoms of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) depend on the virulence of a particular strain. Symptoms of ILT are characterized by nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, gasping, coughing, and expectoration of bloody mucus [2]. Although live attenuated ILTV vaccines have been used widely in China, ILT still occurs frequently. There is great concern within the poultry industry that current vaccines will fail to protect against newly evolved virulent field isolates or the vaccine strain will evolve to virulent strain [3], [4], [5], [6].
The complete genome sequences of five attenuated ILTV vaccine strains [7], [8], [9] and six virulent ILTV strains [10], [11] as well as two Australian ILTV field strains [12] have been published in Australia and the USA so far. A full genomic ILTV sequence was also assembled by concatenating partial sequences of six different ILTV strains [13]. Even though many Chinese virulent strains have been isolated and identified, the full genomic sequence of a Chinese virulent strain of ILTV has not been reported. To improve our understanding of ILTV virulence and mechanism associated with enhanced viral virulence, more information on the complete ILTV genome sequences and their genes is needed. In 2009, a virulent ILTV field strain, named LJS09, was isolated from diseased chickens in the southeast of China. In this study the first complete genome sequence of the Chinese strain LJS09 was determined using the conventional PCR method and sequencing.
Materials and Methods
Ethics Statement
All animal studies were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SYXK (Hei) 2011022). Care of laboratory animals and animal experimentation were conducted following “the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes” guidelines for housing and care of laboratory animals.
Virus
ILTV LJS09 strain was isolated in 2009 from unvaccinated chickens in a farm in Jiangsu Province in China. The field sample was propagated in embryonated eggs as reported previously [5]. The trachea and its secretion from the infected chickens were homogenized with PBS (pH 7.4). After freeze-thaw three times, the mixture was clarified, filtered through a 0.22 µm filter, and treated with penicillin (500 U/ml) and streptomycin (500 U/ml). A suspension (200 µl) of the sample was inoculated into 9-day-old SPF embryonated chicken eggs via chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Five days post inoculation, the CAM was harvested, homogenized and serially passaged five times [14].
DNA Extraction and PCR Identification
Total DNA was extracted from homogenized CAM using the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-proteinase K and phenol/chloroform protocol [15]. A pair of primers within the glycoprotein B (gB) gene was designed to identify the genome. The nucleotide sequences of the forward and reverse primers of the gB gene of ILTV were 5′-TTCCGAGATCGAAGAAGTGAG-3′ and 5′-ACTCTGGTGGCAAGTATCCTGT-3′, respectively.
Design of the Primers and Conventional PCR
A total of 102 pairs of primers (data not shown) were designed according to the ILTV Serva strain (accession number: HQ630064) to amplify the unique long (UL) and the unique short (Us) regions of ILTV LJS09 genome. Each pair of the neighbored primer was overlapped, and the amplified fragments were within 1500 bp. PCR was performed using 2 µl of template DNA (0.841 µg/µL) in total volume of 50 µl containing 5 µl of 10×Ex Taq buffer, 0.5 µl of Ex Taq (TaKaRa, Japan), 4 µl dNTPs (2.5 mmol/ml each), 2 µl of upstream primers (20 pmol/µl), 2 µl of downstream primers (20 pmol/µl), and ddH2O up to 50 µl. The thermal cycling conditions were as follows: 95°C for 5 minutes (1 cycle); 94°C for 30 seconds, 53–62°C for 30 seconds, 72°C for 90–150 seconds (30 cycles); 72°C extension for 10 minutes (1 cycle).
Determination of the TRS/UL Junction
The single primer PCR was used to determine the terminal repeat region (TRS) and the UL junction that was modified according to the single oligonucleotide nested PCR (SON-PCR) [16]. The single primer was located in the 5′-terminal end of UL region. Different from the SON-PCR, only one specific single primer and one pair of nested primers were used to amplify and identify the specificity of the products in this study, respectively. Compared with thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (TAIL-PCR), the three reactions for SON-PCR contained only one specific primer and consisted of only two rounds of high-stringency amplification and one intermediate low-to-high temperature-ramping step. The first round of high-stringency PCR allowed the primer to drive the linear amplification of the DNA template of interest as single-stranded DNA. The low-to-high temperature-ramping step allowed the binding of that same primer to multiple partially complementary strands. Finally, the second round of high-stringency PCR led to the exponential amplification of the DNA of interest [16]. One specific primer was used in this study, which was located in the 5′ terminal end of the UL region. The nucleotide sequence of the primer was 5′-GCGAGGTAGGGAGTG TGGCTGCTG-3′ (named SP-UL-5′). The protocol of modified single primer PCR is shown in Table 1.
The sequences of the nested primers within the UL region used for identification of the specificity of the amplified products were as follows: Forward: 5′-GGTCGGACATGAAA CCACAAGG-3′; Reverse: 5′-TGGGTGCTTGCCTGCATATACC-3′.
Determination of the Sequences and Loci of IRS/TRS
Four pairs of primers were designed to determine the sequences and loci of internal repeat region (IRS) and TRS (Figure 1). The nucleotide sequences of the primers were as follows (5′-3′): UL-IRS forward: GTCAAATCTTTCTGCACGCGAC; UL-IRS reverse: GTCAATCG GATCTTGTTCTGCAG; IRS-US forward: CCAGTTGAGAATCCCGACTCATC; IRS-US reverse: CTGTGTTTCCGACTCGGATGATG; US-TRS forward: GAAACCCACAAAC GAGCACGTC; US-TRS reverse: CAAAGAATC GTAGCGCCCACTC; TRS-UL forward: TCATGTCCTCTGATTCCTCGAC; and TRS-UL reverse: ACAGAAAGTAGGGGA GCGATTG.
1: The forward primer (UL-IRS forward) located within the UL region and the reverse primer (UL-IRS reverse) located within the IRS region. 2: The forward primer (IRS-US forward) located within the IRS region and the reverse primer (IRS-US reverse) located within the US region. The UL-IRS reverse and the IRS-US forward were overlapped. 3: The forward primer (US-TRS forward) located within the US region and the reverse primer (US-TRS reverse) located within the TRS region. 4: The forward primer (TRS-UL forward) located within the TRS region and the reverse primer (TRS-UL reverse) located within the UL region. The US-TRS reverse primer and the TRS-UL forward primer were overlapped.
DNA Sequencing
PCR products were cloned into pMD18-T vectors (TaKaRa, Japan) and transformed into E. coli DH5α competent cells. Plasmid PCR was used to screen the positive clones. The positive clones were sequenced by Shanghai Invitrogen Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). To guarantee the fidelity of results, at least three positive clones for each amplification product were sequenced for three times.
Genome Assembly and Analysis
DNA sequences were assembled using the Seqman program (DNASTAR, Madison, WI) and mapped manually. The complete sequence of ILTV LJS09 was submitted to GenBank. Open reading frames were predicted by the NCBI ORF Finder program and GeneMark program [17]. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence alignments with the reference strains (Table 2) were performed using DNAMAN and Geneious software package.
Results
PCR Identification of the Genome
The PCR product amplified using the gB primers with the genomic DNA templates was 567 bp long (Figure 2A) as expected and the sequence identity with other ILTV reference strains was up to 99% (data not shown).
A: The PCR product amplified from the genomic DNA using the gB primers (Lane 1) and negative control (Lane 2). B: The single primer PCR products using the SP-UL-5′; C: The specificity of the product using the nested primers; D: The PCR products of IRS and TRS. Lane 1: The PCR product amplified using the UL-IRS forward and UL-IRS reverse primers; Lane 2: The PCR product amplified using the IR-US forward and IR-US reverse primers; Lane 3: The PCR product amplified using the US-TR forward and US-TR reverse primers; and Lane 4: The PCR product amplified using the TR-UL forward and TR-UL reverse primers.
Determination of the TRS/UL Junction
There were many PCR products (Figure 2B) from the single primer PCR and only one band in nested PCR (Figure 2C). Several faint products were detected (Figure 2B), and each of the products that were separated in the agarose gel was extracted and identified with the nested PCR primers. Only the product of a 1200 bp fragment was identified specific by the nested primers. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the product indicated that 255 bp of the 1200 bp was consistent with the UL region and the remainder 945 bp was identical with the TRS region of the reference sequence (strain Serva, Accession No. HQ630064). It was concluded that there was genome structures by which the TRS region and the UL region were connected.
Determination of the Sequence and Locus of IRS/TRS
Four pairs of primers were designed to amplify the IRS and TRS regions. According to the results of the determination of the junction of the TRS/UL, there were genome structures through which the TRS and UL regions were connected. Based on this conclusion, the TRS region was also determined by a pair of primers located in the TRS and UL regions respectively. The PCR products were 7211 bp, 6945 bp, 7037 bp and 7031 bp, respectively (Figure 2D).
Genomic Organization
The genome of ILTV LJS09 was 153,201 bp in size, with a G+C content of 48.1%. The genome sequence of ILTV strain LJS09 has been submitted to the GenBank (accession no. JX458822). The LJS09 genome was organized with four genomic regions [18], [19]. The UL region was 112,911 bp long. The unique short (Us) region (13,094 bp) was flanked by the TRs and IRs [18], [19] that was 13,598 bp each. The LJS09 genome contained 79 predicted ORFs that had high similarities with homologous ORFs of other ILTV-1 strains [7], [8], [9], [10]. An annotated genome map of the LJS09 strain is shown in Figure 3. Compared with the reference strains, there was a large fragment deletion in the non-coding region of the UL region of LJS09 genome. The deletion was 189 bp long that was located between 3292–3480 bp of SA2 genome. The LJS09 genome had the highest similarity (99.6%) with that of the virulent strain 63140/C/08/BR while the identity with virulent strain USDA was the lowest (96.4%).
The locations and sizes of predicted ORFs, repeat regions and origins of DNA replication were annotated manually according to the annotated sequence of LJS09.
Comparison of ORFs between LJS09 and Reference Strains
In order to identify the differences between LJS09 and reference strains, the amino acid sequences of these strains were aligned. Twenty genes (gC, UL3, UL4, UL11, UL12, UL13, UL14, UL20, UL24, UL25, UL26.5, UL31, UL32, UL33, UL34, UL35, UL40, UL45, UL49, UL51) showed 100% identity. All the reference strains had identical amino acids in the listed genes except LJS09 strain that had unique mutations (Table 3).
The amino acid residues AAQD at amino acids 87–90 in the infected cell polypeptide 4 (ICP4) gene are unique to TCO (tissue culture origin) vaccine strains.
The OriS Region of Strain LJS09
Compared with the OriS sequence (accession no. AM238250), there was a deletion of 217 bp within the OriS region in LJS09 strain. There was a deletion of 76 bp in the OriS region of strain LJS09 when it was compared with the USDA strain (accession no. JN542534). Interestingly, both the origin binding protein (OBP) sites of USDA and LJS09 strains still existed. Neither the USDA strain nor the LJS09 strain contained the AT-rich region (Figure 4).
OBP: origin binding protein. The OriS sequences of strains 1874C5, 81658, 63140/C/08/BR, Serva, SA2, A20, LT Blen, and Laryngo were identical to that of the OriS (accession number: AM238250).
Analysis of Mutated Amino Acids of ILTV Glycoproteins Associated with the Cell Tropism
The American virulent reference strain (USDA) could be propagated in CEF cells, but the Chinese strain LJS09 in this study could not. To locate the mutations associated with the cell tropism, amino acid sequences of glycoproteins gB, gC, gD, gH and gL of these two strains were analyzed. No mutations were found on gC protein. Seven amino acid mutations were found at 71 (Arg → Lys), 116 (Ala → Val), 207 (Thr → Ile) and 644 (Thr → Ile) on gB protein, at 155 (Phe → Ser) and 376 (Arg → His) on gD protein, and at 8 (Gln→Pro) on gL protein compared to those of strain USDA.
Discussion
In this study, a pair of primers located in the gB gene was used to identify the ILTV. gB is a highly conserved gene of herpesvirus [20], but the homology between α-herpesviruses was low and it can be used as a target gene in the laboratory diagnosis of ILTV.
The genome of LJS09 was sequenced by the conventional method that was different from the high-throughput sequencing. In this study, both the sequences and loci of the repeat regions were determined precisely through conventional PCR and sequencing. To ensure the accuracy of the sequence, at least three clones were sequenced. The single oligonucleotide nested PCR can be used to identify any DNA region adjacent to a known one [16]. In this study, only one specific single primer was used to amplify the products, followed by purification and identification of each of the products by a pair of nested primers. The identified product consisted of the 5′ terminal sequence of UL region adjacent to 3′ terminal sequence of TRs. The genomic DNA of ILTV is replicated through the rolling circle replication. In the process of DNA replication, the genomic DNA concatermer can be formed [21]. In this study, we confirmed the ILTV genome structure through which the TRS and UL region were connected. Therefore, it is feasible to determine the actual sequence of the 3′ terminal of TRS and 5′ terminal of UL.
The genes gC, UL3, UL4, UL11, UL12, UL13, UL14, UL20, UL24, UL25, UL26.5, UL31, UL32, UL33, UL34, UL35, UL40, UL45, UL 49 and UL 51 may play no or only a minor role in ILTV virulence since there is no difference in the amino acid sequences of these genes between strains.
SA2 and A20 are TCO vaccine strains whereas Serva, Laryngo, LT Blen are CEO vaccine strains. Particularly, CEO vaccine strains are more easier to revert to virulence than TCO vaccine strains after bird-to-bird passage [22] or after reactivation from latency [23]. ICP4 is a regulator of viral transcription that is required for productive infection [24], [25] and the possibly flexible region of the protein allows it to efficiently interact with multiple transcription factors [26]. The expression level of ICP4 varies from the stress factors and the latency infection periods. Therefore, ICP4 is closely related to the reactivation of latent virus [27]. The insertion of the four amino acid residues in the ICP4 of TCO vaccine strains may affect the ability of ICP4 to active the transcription factors that may decrease the reactivation capacity of the latent virus. In addition, the difference of the four amino acid residues can be used to distinguish the TCO from the CEO besides the PCR-RFLP [3].
Glycoproteins play an important role in virus attachment to and penetration of host cells and are related to host range diversity [28]. Glycoproteins gB [29], [30], gC [31], [32], gD [33], [34] and gH/gL [35], [36], [37] are important for interaction between the virus and the host, and mutations of these genes may alter the structure and function of the corresponding protein, therefore affecting or inhibiting the interaction of the virus and the receptors on the host cells [38], [39]. Since the American virulent reference strain (USDA) could be propagated in CEFs but the Chinese strain LJS09 in this study could not, these unique mutations in ILTV LJS09 may indicate the importance of these amino acids for the cell tropism of ILTV LJS09. Amino acid sequence alignments revealed seven mutations at amino acids 71, 116, 207 and 644 on gB protein, 155 and 376 on gD protein and 8 on gL protein of ILTV LJS09 compared to those of strain USDA, suggesting the important role of these amino acids on gB, gD and gL proteins in determination of the cell tropism of ILTVs.
Like many other alphaherpesviruses, ILTV possesses three origins of viral DNA replication, with two copies of OriS located in the IRS and TRS regions and one copy of OriL located in the UL region [40]. OriS contains a palindrome structure and studies on OriL (a palindrome of some 136 bp overall) of both HSV-1 and HSV-2 have shown that it is highly prone to deletion from plasmid clones carried in Escherichia coli [41]. In order to ensure the accuracy of the sequence, the PCR product of this region was sequenced in our study even though deletions of oriL or both copies of oriS have little effect on viral replication in vitro [42], [43]. The results of the OriS sequences may support these previous findings since a deletion was only found in OriS of virulent strains LJS09 and USDA but not in those of other virulent or attenuated vaccine strains.
Although several whole genomes of ILTV strains have been determined and reported, there are no reports of the whole genomes of the ILTV strains in Asia so far. This is the first complete genome sequence of ILTV isolated in China, which will facilitate the future study of molecular biology of ILTV.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YW YZ. Performed the experiments: CK. Analyzed the data: CK YZ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XZ HC MX. Wrote the paper: CK YZ XC.
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