Figures
Abstract
Factor H Binding protein (fHbp) is an important meningococcal virulence factor, enabling the meningococcus to evade the complement system, and a main target for vaccination. Recently, the structure of fHBP complexed with factor H (fH) was published. Two fHbp glutamic acids, E283 and E304, form salt bridges with fH, influencing interaction between fHbp and fH. Fifteen amino acids were identified forming hydrogen bonds with fH. We sequenced fHbp of 254 meningococcal isolates from adults with meningococcal meningitis included in a prospective clinical cohort to study the effect of fHbp variants on meningococcal disease severity and outcome. All fHbp of subfamily A had E304 substituted with T304. Of the 15 amino acids in fHbp making hydrogen bonds to fH, 3 were conserved, 11 show a similar distribution between the two fHbp subfamilies as the polymorphism at position 304. The proportion of patients infected with meningococci with fHbp of subfamily A with unfavorable outcome was 2.5-fold lower than that of patients infected with meningococci with fHbp of subfamily B (2 of 40 (5%) vs. 27 of 213 (13%) (P = 0.28). The charge of 2 of 15 amino acids (at position 184 and 306) forming hydrogen bonds was either basic or acidic. The affinity of fHbpK184 and of fHbpD184 for recombinant purified human fH was assessed by Surface Plasmon Resonance and showed average KD of 2.60×10−8 and 1.74×10−8, respectively (ns). Patients infected with meningococci with fHbpD184 were more likely to develop septic shock during admission (11 of 42 [26%] vs. 19 of 211 [9%]; P = 0.002) resulting in more frequent unfavorable outcome (9 of 42 [21%] vs. 20 of 211 [10%]; P = 0.026). In conclusion, we dentified fHBPD184 to be associated with septic shock in patients with meningococcal meningitis.
Citation: Piet JR, Brouwer MC, Exley R, van der Veen S, van de Beek D, van der Ende A (2012) Meningococcal Factor H Binding Protein fHbpd184 Polymorphism Influences Clinical Course of Meningococcal Meningitis. PLoS ONE 7(10): e47973. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047973
Editor: Natasha S. Crowcroft, Public Health Ontario, Canada
Received: May 24, 2012; Accepted: September 19, 2012; Published: October 23, 2012
Copyright: © Piet et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study has been funded by grants from the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw; NWO-Veni grant 2006 [916.76.023], NWO-Vidi grant 2010 [016.116.358], both to D. van de Beek), the Academic Medical Center (AMC Fellowship 2008 to D. van de Beek, AMC PhD scholarship 2008 to J. Piet). A. van der Ende participated in the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission, Proposal/Contract no.: 512061 (Network of Excellence “European Virtual Institute for Functional Genomics of Bacterial Pathogens”.) The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus) is the leading cause of meningitis and septicemia in young adults, and is associated with substantial mortality and morbidity [1]–[3]. The meningococcus is a commensal of the human upper respiratory tract with asymptomatic colonization occuring in up to 30% of healthy individuals [4]–[7]. Invasive meningococcal disease has been associated with environmental factors like smoking, living in the same household as a patient and disease in proxies [8]. Other important risk factors for developing disease can be found in bacterial and host genetic factors [9], [10]. The influence of genetic bacterial factors is illustrated by a higher abundance of hypervirulent clones among isolates from patients as compared to asymptomatic carriers [11]. The distribution of meningococcal housekeeping genes has also been described to influence disease course in patients with meningococcal meningitis. Meningococci of clonal complex 11 (cc11) were associated with sepsis and unfavourable outcome [2]. Furthermore, meningococci with penta-acylated instead of hexa-acylated lipid A (due to a mutation in the lpxL1 gene) were found to activate TLR4 less efficiently, leading to reduced inflammation and coagulopathy [12]. On the host side, case control studies found single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influencing susceptibility and outcome of meningococcal disease [13], [14]. A genome wide association study has recently identified an SNP in human complement downregulator factor H (fH) to be associated with susceptibility [9].
Activation of the complement cascade is a critical host defense against meningococcal disease [15]. Many pathogenic organisms have found ways to elude complement attack [16]. Meningococcal fH binding protein (fHbp) binds fH, thus inhibiting complement activation and hampering complement-mediated lysis in human plasma [17], [18]. This 27 kDa lipoprotein, formerly named genome-derived neisserial antigen 1870 (GNA1870) [19] or lipoprotein 2086 [20], is present on the surface of all meningococcal strains [20]. It acts as a receptor for fH, although fHbp is not the only factor determining the amount of fH bound [21], [22]. High levels of fHbp has been found in hypervirulent meningococcal strains [19]. Experiments with fHbp knock-out meningococcal strains showed a normal growth in broth, but no survival in blood [23]. Some strains have incomplete (truncated) forms of fHbp, but the functional relevance is unknown [24]. Inhibiting the binding of fH to the neisserial surface by vaccine derived fHbp antibodies may enhance bactericidal activity of the complement system, resulting in two distinct mechanisms of antibody-mediated vaccine efficacy [17].
Epidemiological surveys showed a high fHbp sequence diversity leading to great variations in fHbp structure. Currently, over 550 fHbp protein types have been identified (http://pubmlst.org/neisseria/fHbp/). These protein types can be subdivided in 3 major fHbp subgroups: variant 1 (subfamily B), and variants 2 and 3 (collectively called subfamily A) [19], [20]. The overall fHbp architecture appears to be modular, consisting of combinations of five modular variable segments, each flanked by blocks of two to five conserved amino acids [25]. Each of the modular segments is derived from one of two lineages and based on the modular classification fHbp can be classified in six modular groups (I–VI). Recently, the structure of fHbp of subfamily B in complex with fH was published [18]. Two fHbp amino acids, E283 and E304, were found to be important for the interaction with fH, via salt bridges. A further fifteen amino acids were identified hydrogen bonding to fH.
Results of studies of fHbp variance among patients’ isolates can have important consequences for further vaccine development as inclusion of more fHbp proteins could improve vaccine efficacy. Furthermore, it is unclear if the variation in fHbp and its encoded protein influences disease characteristics and outcome. Therefore we investigated the distribution of fHbp protein variants among the meningococcal isolates of 254 patients with meningitis from a nation-wide prospective cohort study and correlate protein types with clinical characteristics.
Results
Cohort of Patients with Meningococcal Meningitis
From October 1998 to April 2002, 258 episodes of community-acquired meningococcal meningitis in 258 patients were included. Detailed clinical and microbiological characteristics have been described previously [2], [26]. Patient characteristics, clinical course and the causative bacterial strain isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were available for 254 (98.4%) of the 258 meningococcal meningitis episodes. The case fatality rate was 7%, and 12% patients had an unfavorable outcome, defined as a score from one to four on the Glasgow outcome scale [27].
Multi Locus Sequence Typing and fHbp Sequencing
Serogrouping results were available for all 254 meningococcal strains and have been described previously [2]. Of these, 172 (68%) were of serogroup B, 78 (31%) of serogroup C, 3 (1%) of serogroup Y, and 1 (<1%) was of serogroup W135. MLST data of 254 isolates showed 91 unique sequence types (ST). The most prevalent clonal complexes (cc) were cc41/44 (41%), cc11 (24%), and cc32 (16%). All cc11 strains were serogroup C [2]. One isolate contained an 143 bp duplication in fHbp resulting in a premature stop codon and was excluded as non-functional. Full length fHbp sequences could be obtained from the 253 meningococcal strains. DNA and protein allele numbers were assigned by the Neisseria Factor H binding protein sequence typing website (http://pubmlst.org/neisseria/fHbp). All meningococcal serogroup data, sequence types, clonal complexes, and fHbp DNA/protein allele are shown in Table S1.
fHbp Protein Type Prevalence
Among 253 isolates, 42 unique fHbp sequences were found, of which 40 encoded unique protein sequences of mature fHbp. Of 253 fHbp protein sequences, 212 (84%) could be assigned to subfamily B (nomenclature according to Fletcher et al [20]) or variant 1 (nomenclature according to Masignani et al [19]). Of these 212 isolates 201 were of modular group I (nomenclature according to Beernink and Granhoff [25]) and 11 of modular group IV. Forty isolates (16%) belonged to subfamily A of which 32 belong to variant 2 (13%) and 8 to variant 3 (3%; Table 1). The isolates with subfamily A fHbp comprised modular groups II, III, V and VI, with 3, 12, 5 and 20 isolates, respectively. Strain 2011148 contained an intermediate fHbp with sequences from subfamily A and B. Of 161 serogroup B isolates, 15 had subfamily A fHbp, 155 had subfamily B and one had a hybrid A/b fHbp. Of 78 serogroup C isolates, 21 had subfamily A fHbp and 57 had subfamily B fHbp. The one serogroup W135 and the three serogrop Y isolates had subfamily A fHbp (Table S1). The major hypervirulent clonal complexes cc41/44, cc32 and cc11 had predominantly subfamily B fHbp or variant 1∶98 of 104 (94%), 39 of 40 (98%) and 50 of 62 (81%), respectively. Isolates of cc8 had predominantly fHbp of subfamily A: 9 of 10 (90%; all variant 2) (Table 1). The most prevalent fHbp protein types (protein type from the fHbp database at http://pubmlst.org/neisseria/fHbp/) were 14 (35%), 1 (15%) and 10 (10%). They were strongly associated with meningococcal sequence type: Of 89 isolates with fHbp protein type 14, 87 (98%) were cc 41/44, 38 of 38 (100%) of fHbp type 1 were cc32 and 25 of 26 fHbp type 10 isolates were from cc11 (Table 2).
Associations of fHbp Polymorphism with Clinical Characteristics
Of the two residues in fHbp, E283 and E304, which are involved in salt bridges to fH and found to be important for the interaction with fH [18], E283 is conserved among fHbp of all 253 isolates. All fHbp of subfamily A (variant 2 and 3) had E304 substituted with T304. Of the 15 amino acids in fHbp making hydrogen bonds to fH [18], 3 were conserved: K264 (all except one isolate), D266 and V272. Of the 12 amino acids changed, 11 show a similar distribution between the two fHbp subfamilies as the polymorphism at position 304 if change in charge or size of side groups were considered (Table S2). The hybrid fHbp of strain 2011148 contained fHbpE304 and 3 of 10 of the other subfamily A polymorphisms. The results by Seib and colleagues [22] who investigated the binding of fH to purified fHbp of 12 different protein types (6 of each subfamily A and B) showed a 5-fold higher thermodynamic dissociation constant KD for the interaction between fH and fHbp of subfamily B than for that between fH and fHbp of subfamily A (Table S3). The average KD’s were 153 nM and 29 nM, respectively (P = 0.02, calculated from Table 3 in [22]), demonstrating that subfamily B fHbp has a lower affinity for fH. However, physiological fH concentration is in the order of 2 µM [28], which would give rise to saturated fH-fHbp binding [23]. The difference in KD is mainly caused by a 14-fold higher dissociation constant in case of fHbp of subfamily B (P = 0.03) (Table S3). Interestingly, the association constant of the fH-fHbp binding is 2.5-fold lower in case of fHbp of subfamily A (P = 0.04), indicating a slightly reduced on-rate of fH to fHbp of subfamily A. Together, these differences between fHbp of subfamily A and B prompt us to evaluate the relation between clinical course and infection with meningococci with either subfamily fHbp. Surprisingly, the proportion of patients infected with meningococci with fHbp of subfamily A (fHbp of strain 2011148 was considered to be of subfamily B) with unfavorable outcome was 2.5-fold lower than that of patients infected with meningococci with fHbp of subfamily B (2 of 40 (5%) vs. 27 of 213 (13%), though not reaching statistical significance (P = 0.28). Including strain 2011148 in the subfamily A group did not affect these percentages.
Of note, in subfamily B fHbp proteins, the residue at position 184 and 306 was either basic or acidic, whereas subfamily A fHbp proteins were basic in these positions. At postion 306 of fHbp in meningococci from patients we found either a lysine (basic) or a glutamine (acidic). Changing lysine at postion 306 in fHbp to a glutamic acid in the fHbp-fH model structure reported by Schneider and colleagues [18] may only weakly enhance the interaction between fhbp and fH through the interaction with a tyrosine at 352 in fH. Of 253 isolates, 154 had an acidic instead of a basic residue at position 306, without a correlation with the course of disease.
At position 184 of fHbp in patients’ meningococcal isolates an histidine (basic), a lysine (basic) or a aspartic acid (acidic) was found. In the published fHbp-fH model structure [18] the histidine at position 184 in fHbp is close to a loop of fH with His402, Gly403, Arg404, Lys405, Phe406, Val407. Changing Lys184 in fHbp to Asp184 may improve binding between fHbp and fH due to the interaction between the acidic Asp184 in fHbp with the basic residues Arg404 and or Lys405 in fH. We assessed the interaction between fHbpK184 or fHbpD184 with recombinant purified human fH (SCR67) by Surface Plasmon Resonance. fHbp_10 (1.P10) was chosen as a representative fHbp having an acidic residue (D, aspartic acid) at position 184. The average KD was 1.74×10−8 M and 2.60×10−8 M for fHbpD184 and fHbpK184, respectively, which was not significantly different.
Of 253 isolates, 42 (41 (98%) of serogroup B and 1 (2%) of serogroup C) had a fHbpD184 (acidic residue at position 184), while 211 had fHbpH184 or fHbpK184 (both with a basic residue at position 184). Of the 42 isolates with fHbpD184, 28 (67%) belonged to cc11, while the remaining 14 isolates belonged to 6 clonal complexes; 2 were singletons. There were clear correlations with disease progression. Patients infected with meningococci with fHbpD184 were more likely to develop septic shock during admission (11 of 42 [26%] vs. 19 of 211 [9%]; P = 0.002) contributing to a higher rate of unfavorable outcome (9 of 42 [21%] vs. 20 of 211 [10%]; P = 0.026; table 3). Of 34 patients infected with cc11 meningococci with fHbpH184 or fHbpK184 (all of subfamily B), 4 of 34 (12%) developed sepsis during clinical course as compared to 10 of 28 (36%) among the cc11 isolates with fHbpD184 (P = 0.034). In a multivariate regression analysis including age, admission score on the Glasgow coma scale, and focal neurological deficits, the association fHbpD184 with unfavorable outcome was preserved (odds ratio = 2.89; 95% confidence interval 1.15–7.25; P = 0.024).
Discussion
Over the last decade, fHbp has become of substantial interest: it is a key component in two forthcoming vaccines. Subvariant fHbp-1.1 (subfamily B), is included in the vaccine 4CMenB of Novartis, while fHbp-1.55 (subfamily B) and fHbp-3.45 (subfamily A) are included in the vaccine rLP2086 developed by Pfizer. In addition, it is recognized as an important virulence factor, essential for survival in human blood [23]. Here we show that variance in meningococcal fHbp sequences cultured from 254 meningitis patients included in a prospective nationwide cohort study was associated with disease severity and outcome. Of 254 strains evaluated in this study, only 1 did not contain functional fHbp, consistent with the attributed important role in survival of the organism in its host [17]. One hybrid variant containing sequences from both subfamily A and B was detected. An A/B hybrid isolated in 1960 in the Netherlands has been shown to bind fH [22]. The proportion of patients with unfavorable outcome was lower among patients infected with meningococci containing fHbp of subfamily A, although this did not reach significance. Patients infected with meningococci with fHbpD184 were more likely to develop septic shock during admission resulting in a higher rate of unfavorable outcome.
Compared to the published structure of a subfamily B fHbp [18], fHbp of subfamily A isolates in this study had a number of substitutions at positions important for the interaction with fH. E304, one of the two residues involved in salt bridges to fH, is substituted by T304 in subfamily A fHbp. Importance of these salt bridge forming amino acids in binding to fH was demonstrated with the double mutant fHbpE283A,E304A, having a more than two orders of magnitude reduced affinity for fH, with almost no interaction at analyte concentrations around ten times the wild-type KD [18]. However, single mutants were not investigated. Of 15 amino acids making hydrogen bonds to fH, 11 are substituted with an amino acid with a different charge or a different size (mostly smaller) of the side chain in subfamily A fHbp. This also suggests that fHbp of subfamily A might have a lower affinity for fH than fHbp of subfamily B. Hence, meningococci with subfamily A fHbp will be less protected in blood of the host, resulting in less severe disease. This seems to be contradicted by the results by Seib and colleagues [22] who investigated the binding of fH to purified fHbp of 12 different protein types (6 of each subfamily A and B). They state that the interaction between fH and fHbp of subfamily B on average had a 5-fold higher dissociation constant (KD) than that of fH and fHbp of subfamily A, mainly due to a 13-fold higher off-rate (kd). It is unclear if this is compatible with the published binding structure. Moreover, under physiological conditions, i.e., about 2 µM fH [28], binding of fH to fHbp is saturated and without multiplying meningococci virtually all fHbps would be occupied by fH in blood [23]. However, when meningococci divide non ligand bound fHbp will arise and the on-rate (ka) determines the speed with which fHbp will be occupied. Interestingly, the ka of fH to fHbp binding seems to be reduced in case of subfamily A fHbp. This might reduce survival of meningococci with subfamily A fHbp in the blood. Meningococci with subfamily B fHbp will be more protected by fH binding. However, we did not observe a significant difference between the rate of unfavorable outcome in patients infected with meningococci with fHbp of subfamily A and that of patients infected with meningococci with fHbp of subfamily B. In addition, the level of survival in human sera of recombinant MC58 strains expressing the diverse subvariants did not correlate with levels of fH binding [22]. Similar results were obtained by Dunphy and colleagues showing that expression by strain H44/76 of two natural fHbp sequence variants with lower fH affinity had minimal or no effect on non-immune clearance in blood or plasma [23]. Most likely, the outcome of the interaction between meningococcal fHbp and factor H on the survival of meningococci in blood depends on a multiple factors, like expression levels of fHbp, physiological conditions of the host that may affect factor H concentrations) than simply the affinity of fHbp with factor H.
In our study, fHbp of subfamily B was found to be dominant among all major hypervirulent clonal complexes, indicating that disease is caused mainly by meningococci with fHbp of subfamily B. Patients infected with meningococci with fHbpD184 (acidic residue substituting a basic residue at position 184) were more likely to develop septic shock during admission resulting in a higher rate of unfavorable outcome. Substitution of H184 to D184 in the fHbp-fH model structure [18] suggest a stronger interaction between fHbp and fH. Results of binding experiments however did not show significant differences in binding affinity between fH and the different fHbp184 variants. Possibly, the binding assay might not be sensitive enough to detect differences that are biologically relevant. Alternatively, fHbp might have other still unknown functions which are modified by this substitution. A stronger interaction between fHbpD184 and fH would lead to better protection of meningococci with fHbpD184 in the blood stream, which is consistent with more severe disease in patients infected with these meningococci. Of these patients, 67% were infected with meningococci belonging to cc11, but the predictive effect of fHbpD184 on outcome was preserved. Among patients infected with cc11 isolates, patients infected with meningococci with fHbpD184 were more likely to develop sepsis than those infected with meningococci with fHbpH184 or fHbpK184. Previously, we reported cc11 meningococcal isolates to be associated with sepsis and unfavorable outcome [2]. The present results, indicate that part of the virulence of cc11 isolates might be attributed to fHbpD184.
During our inclusion period, routine serogroup C vaccination had not yet started in the Netherlands. Vaccinating all children and adolescents from 14 months to 19 years -starting in June 2002- has dramatically reduced serogroup C disease in the Netherlands from 31% in our cohort to an incidence of 6.5% in 2009 (http://www.amc.nl/upload/teksten/medical microbiology/nrlbm jv/jv2009site.pdf) [29]. Therefore fHbp protein type distribution will most likely have changed, warranting epidemiological surveys of a more recent period.
In conclusion, we found fHbpD184 to be associated with severe disease and unfavorable outcome. This study provides insights regarding the clinical relevance of this potent vaccine target that is included in two forthcoming serogroup B vaccines. Because of the natural occurring strain variation of fHbp, further epidemiological surveys of sequence variation of this vaccine component remains warranted.
Materials and Methods
Ethics Statement
This observational study with anonymous patient data was carried out in accordance with the Dutch privacy legislation. Written informed consent to use data made anonymous was obtained from the patient (if possible) or from the patient’s legal representative. The Dutch Meningitis Cohort Study was approved by the ethics committee of the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam.
Meningitis Cases
The Dutch Meningitis Cohort Study from 1998–2002 was a prospective nationwide observational cohort study of adults with community-acquired bacterial meningitis in the Netherlands [26]. Inclusion and exclusion criteria have been described extensively elsewhere [2], [26]. In short, patients older than 16 years, who had bacterial meningitis confirmed by culture of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), were included from October 1998 to April 2002 after identification by the Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis. This laboratory received CSF isolates from 85% of all patients with bacterial meningitis in the Netherlands. The treating physician was contacted, and informed consent was obtained from all participating patients or their legally authorized representatives.
Case-record forms were used to collect data on patients’ history, symptoms and signs on admission, laboratory findings at admission, clinical course, outcome and neurologic findings at discharge, and treatment. Outcome was graded according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale. A score of one on this scale indicates death; a score of two a vegetative state (the patient is unable to interact with the environment); a score of three severe disability (the patient is unable to live independently but can follow commands); a score of four moderate disability (the patient is capable of living independently but unable to return to work or school); and a score of five mild or no disability (the patient is able to return to work or school). A favorable outcome was defined as a score of five, and an unfavorable outcome as a score below. The Glasgow Outcome Scale is a well-validated instrument with good inter-observer agreement [30]. At discharge, all surviving patients underwent a neurologic examination performed by a neurologist which included the assessment of the Glasgow Outcome Scale.
Bacterial strains Upon reception of bacterial isolates in the Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, a monoculture of the causative isolate was frozen and stored at –80°C. All isolates were passaged less than 5 times. Serogrouping and genotyping by Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) have previously been described [2].
PCR and Sequencing
PCR templates were prepared by boiling ∼100 N. meningitidis colonies from chocolate agar plates in 200 µl of distilled H2O for 5 min, and then centrifuged. 1 µl of the supernatant was used in the PCR reaction (10 µl total volume). The primers used for PCR and sequencing are listed in Table S4. The amplification steps were 95°C for 5 min, 30 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 58°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 90 s, followed by a final extension step at 72°C for 5 min. Amplicons were 1∶9 diluted and 1 µl was used in the sequencing reaction.
Bioinformatic and Phylogenetic Analysis
Sequences were assembled and analysed using the Codoncode aligner software suite. Evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method [31]. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated from the dataset (Complete deletion option). There were a total of 251 positions in the final dataset. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA4 [32].
In vitro Mutagenesis and Cloning of fHbp
fHbp_10 (1.P10) was chosen as a representative fHbp having an acidic residue (D, aspartic acid) at position 184. The gene encoding this protein was amplified from N. meningitdis strain M01 240185 (serogroup B, clonal complex ST-11; kindly provided by dr. R. Borrow, Meningococcal Reference Unit, Health Protection Agency North West Laboratory, Manchester) using primers NG2145 and NG2143 (Table S4) and cloned into pET21b at NdeI-XhoI restriction sites for expression as a C-terminally 6×HIS tagged fusion protein lacking the N-terminal sequence required for lipid attachment. This plasmid was subjected to mutagenesis using the QuikChange site directed mutagenesis kit (Agilent Technologies) with primers 1P10DKF and 1P10DKR (Table S4) to produce plasmid pET21fHbp1P10D184K, in which codon GAT encoding acidic residue aspartic acid (D184) was replaced by codon AAA encoding basic residue, lysine (K184). All sequences were checked by sequencing.
fHbP Purification and Interaction with fH
Following growth of B834(DE3) strains harbouring pET21fHbp1P10 or pET21fHbp1P10D184K overnight at 21°C in LB containing 1 mM IPTG fHbp, recombinant fHbp was purified by affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA Magnetic Agarose Beads (Qiagen). Interaction with recombinant purified human fH (SCR67) was assessed by Surface Plasmon Resonance using a ProteOn XPR36 (BioRad). fHbp was immobilized on a ProteOn GLM sensor chip and increasing concentrations of fH67 were injected over the flow channels at 40 µl/min and allowed to dissociate for 300 seconds. ProteOn manager software was used to calculate the KD.
Statistics
The Mann-Whitney U test was used to identify differences between groups with respect to continuous variables, and dichotomous variables were compared with use of the χ2 test or Fischer’s Exact test. All statistical tests were two-tailed, with P<0.05 regarded as significant. Analyses were undertaken with PASW Statistics 18.0. We used logistic regression analysis to calculate odds ratios and 95% CI to assess the strength of the association between potential prognostic factors and the probability of an unfavorable outcome.
Supporting Information
Table S1.
All meningococcal isolates used in the study with serogroup data, sequence types, clonal complexes, and fHbp DNA/protein allele.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047973.s001
(XLS)
Table S2.
fHbp polymorphism of the 17 amino acids showing interaction with human factor H, according to fHbp subfamilies.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047973.s002
(DOCX)
Table S3.
The association constant (ka), dissociation constant (kd) and the thermodynamic dissociation constants (KD) of the binding between fH and fHbp, according to protein family.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047973.s003
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge Dr. D. Speijer for stimulating dicussions and critically reading of the manuscript. Dr. P. Gros is acknowledged for his expert help in evaluating the fHbp-fH model structure. D. van de Beek and A. van der Ende participate in the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Commission, Proposal/Contract no.: 279185 (EUCLIDS -The genetic basis of meningococcal and other life threatening bacterial infections of childhood), A. van der Ende participated in the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Commission, Proposal/Contract no.: 512061 (Network of Excellence “European Virtual Institute for Functional Genomics of Bacterial Pathogens”.) This publication made use of the Neisseria Multi Locus Sequence Typing website (http://pubmlst.org/neisseria/) developed by Keith Jolley and sited at the University of Oxford [33]: Development of this site has been funded by the Wellcome Trust and European Union.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JRP MCB RE SvdV DvdB AvdE. Performed the experiments: JRP RE SvdV. Analyzed the data: JRP MCB RE SvdV DvdB AvdE. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MCB DvdB AvdE. Wrote the paper: JRP MCB DvdB AvdE.
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