Figures
Abstract
Dysregulation of the complement system has been linked to pathogenesis of hypertension. However, whether genetic changes of complement factor H (CFH) and its related genes are associated with hypertension is unknown. We genotyped three SNPs in the CFH gene cluster that are closely linked to age-related macular degeneration, namely rs1061170 (Y402H), rs2274700 (A473A) and rs7542235 (CFHR1–3Δ), and tested for their associations with blood pressure and hypertension risk in a population-based cohort including 3,210 unrelated Chinese Hans (50–70 years of age) from Beijing and Shanghai. We found that rs2274700 (A473A) and rs7542235 (CFHR1–3Δ) were both significantly associated with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (β = 0.632–1.431, P≤0.038) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β = 1.567–4.445, P≤0.008), and rs2274700 (A473A) was associated with hypertension risk (OR [95%CI]: 1.175 [1.005–1.373], P = 0.048). Notably, the associations of rs2274700 (A473A) with DBP (P = 2.1×10−3), SBP (P = 8×10−5) and hypertension risk (P = 7.9×10−3) were significant only in the individuals with low CRP levels (<2.0 mg/l), but not in those with CRP levels ≥2.0 mg/l (P≥0.0807) (P for interaction ≤0.0467). However, no significant association between rs1061170 (Y402H) and blood pressure or hypertension risk was observed (P≥0.259). In conclusion, our results suggest that genetic variations in CFH and its related genes may contribute to hypertension risk in Chinese Hans.
Citation: Gan W, Wu J, Lu L, Xiao X, Huang H, Wang F, et al. (2012) Associations of CFH Polymorphisms and CFHR1-CFHR3 Deletion with Blood Pressure and Hypertension in Chinese Population. PLoS ONE 7(7): e42010. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042010
Editor: Yong-Gang Yao, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Received: March 19, 2012; Accepted: July 2, 2012; Published: July 25, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Gan et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by research grants from Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2012CB524900 to Y.C. and 2010CB529506 to Y.P.), National Natural Science Foundation of China (30830037, 81021002 and 81130077 to Y.C.), and Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-EW-R-08 to Y.C. and KSCX2-EW-R-10 to X.L.). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Hypertension has been widely considered to be a multifactorial inflammatory disease. Growing evidence suggests that chronic low-grade activation of inflammation and immune system plays active roles in the pathogenesis of hypertension [1]. Elevated levels of circulating complement component 3 (C3), which plays a central role in the innate immune system, has been associated with increased risk of hypertension, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases [2]–[6]. C3 can be activated by all three complement pathways. Each complement cascade results in cleavage of C3 and generation of its functional peptide, which further initiates a massive amplification of further cleavages of other complement components. Such cleavage and amplification is controlled by complement factor H (CFH) and its related proteins [7]. However, whether dysfunction or mutation of CFH and its related proteins is associated with hypertension is currently unknown.
The human CFH and five CFH-related proteins (CFHR1–5) are all secreted plasma glycoproteins, which are primarily synthesized in the liver and play similar role in complement control. They all contain multiple short consensus repeat (SCR) domains that can protect host cells against complement damage, some of which serve as functional C-reactive protein (CRP)-binding sites in acute phase concentrations [8]. The genes encoding CFH and its five related proteins (CFHR1–5) all lie in tandem within a 355 kb genomic region (1q32). The genome-wide association studies showed that the common variants in CFH and CFH-related genes (CFHR1–5), and the haplotypes formed by these risk variants are significantly associated with the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [9]–[13]. The major risk variants with plausibly functional relevance include a nonsynonymous coding variant rs1061170 (Y402H), a synonymous coding variant rs2274700 (A473A), and a common deletion variant spanning CFHR1 and CFHR3 genes (CFHR1–3Δ), which is tagged by the G-allele of SNP rs7542235. It has been proposed that the rs1061170 (Y402H) polymorphism affects the binding affinity to C-reactive protein or heparin, and hinders the function of CFH in regulating the complement pathway [14]. Consistent with such an observation, available evidence suggests that the serum CRP levels and the rs1061170 (Y402H) variant of the CFH gene have synergistic effects on the risk of AMD [15]. On the other hand, the synonymous coding variant rs2274700 (A473A) is located at CFH-CRP binding site SCR-6/8 and may be in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with a genetic variant that affect expression or function of CFH or binding of the CRP to CFH.
In this population-based cohort study of Chinese Hans, we examined whether the previously reported AMD-associated SNPs in the region of CFH gene cluster are associated with blood pressure or hypertension, and whether there is an interaction effect between plasma CRP levels and genotypes of these AMD-associated SNPs on blood pressure and hypertension risk.
Materials and Methods
Study Population
The study sample consisted of 3,210 unrelated Han Chinese enrolled in a population-based cohort originally designed to study the nutrition and health of the aging population (50–70 years). The study design and data collection has previously been described in detail [16]. Briefly, all participants were unrelated and with at least 20 years’ residence in Beijing or Shanghai. A multistage sampling method was used to recruit the study participants. Two urban districts and one rural district were chosen to represent a range of socioeconomic groups. In the sampling process, 400 participants from each urban district and 800 persons for each rural district were randomly selected from eligible candidates in the residential registration record. One person from each household was included in the study. The field work was conducted simultaneously in both Beijing and Shanghai from March to June 2005. All participants were asked to fast overnight before attending a physical examination, which included standard anthropometric measurements. A blood sample was collected and questionnaires on medical history, nutrition, and physical activity were completed. The sitting blood pressure of the subjects was measured by an Omron HEM-705CP Blood Pressure Monitor (OMRON Healthcare Inc., Vernon Hills, Illinois) three times after the subject being seated for 5 min and the average of the last two measurements was used for the analyses. For individuals taking anti-hypertensive medication, 10 mmHg and 5 mmHg were added to the observed values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) respectively to account for the treatment effects [17]. BMI was calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)2. Plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was measured by a particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay (Ultrasensitive CRP kit, Orion Diagnostica, Espoo, Finland) using micro particles coated with anti-human CRP antibodies. CRP levels were classified as low or high according to the cutoff of 2.0 mg/l which was suggested to be an effective predictor for CVD in Chinese older population [18]. Hypertension (HTN) was defined by whether the subjects had SBP ≥140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥90 mmHg, or had previously been diagnosed with hypertension and/or was taking anti-hypertensive medication. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and all participants provided their written consents. Phenotypic characteristics of the population are shown in Table 1.
Genotyping
Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes by a salting-out procedure (http://protocol-online.org/prot/Detailed/3171.html). Three AMD-associated SNPs [9], [19]–[22], namely rs1061170 (Y402H), rs2274700 (A473A) and rs7542235 (CFHR1–3Δ), were genotyped with TaqMan SNP allelic discrimination by the ABI PRISM 7900HT sequence detection system (Applied Biosystems) according to manufacturer’s protocol. In brief, polymerase chain reaction was conducted by using a TaqMan SNP genotyping master mix and TaqMan SNP genotyping assay (Applied Biosystems). The allelic-specific fluorescence was detected by the ABI PRISM 7900HT sequence detection system after amplification. The allelic discrimination was determined by using the software SDS2.3 (Applied Biosystems). The genotyping success rate was ≥97.4% and the concordance rate was ≥99% based on 12% duplicate samples (n = 384) for each SNPs. The genotype distributions of all the three SNPs were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P≥0.32), and those for rs2274700 (A473A) and rs7542235 (CFHR1–3Δ) were found to be similar between Beijing and Shanghai participants (P≥0.1909), but significantly different for rs1061170 (Y402H) (P<0.0001).
Statistical Analyses
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and genotype distributions between Beijing and Shanghai participants were tested using likelihood ratio test. The phenotype differences between the participants from Beijing and Shanghai were analyzed by the Student’s t-test or χ2 test where appropriate. Association analyses for all SNPs were performed in the Beijing and Shanghai subpopulations separately. Subsequently, summary statistics (beta, se, OR and 95%CI) were calculated using an inverse-variance weighted (fixed effect) meta-analysis and P values were calculated using a z-score weighted approach. The association analysis assumed an additive genetic model for SNP rs2274700 (A473A), and a dominant genetic model for SNP rs1061170 (Y402H) and rs7542235 (CFHR1–3Δ) with low minor allele frequencies (counts of minor allele homozygote <20). A generalized linear regression model was used to test associations of each SNP with blood pressure. Logistic regression was used to examine association between each SNPs and risk of hypertension. Cochran’s Q test was applied to assess heterogeneity among different groups. All association analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and BMI. The potential modifying effects of CRP levels on genetic associations with blood pressure or risk of hypertension were evaluated by introducing a CRP categories × gene term into the linear or logistic regression models with adjustment for age, sex and BMI. Linkage disequilibrium was estimated using Haploview V3.2 (http://www.broad.mit.edu/mpg/haploview). All P-values were nominal and two-sided. Association analyses were performed with SAS version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
Results
The three AMD-associated SNPs genotyped in this study, namely the rs1061170 (Y402H), rs2274700 (A473A) and rs7542235 (CFHR1–3Δ) are all in low linkage disequilibrium with each other (r2≤0.09). The observed minor allele frequencies of rs1061170 (Y402H) and rs7542235 (CFHR1–3Δ) (0.059 and 0.072 respectively) in our population were comparable to those in HapMap-CHB samples (0.067 and 0.089 respectively), but significantly lower than HapMap-CEU samples (0.282 and 0.230 respectively).
We first examined the association of each SNP with blood pressure and hypertension. As shown in Table 2, blood-pressure-increasing alleles of rs2274700 (A473A) and rs7542235 (CFHR1–3Δ) were both significantly associated with higher DBP (P≤0.015) and SBP (P≤0.04) in the Shanghai subpopulation, and that of rs7542235 (CFHR1–3Δ) was also associated with higher SBP in the Beijing subpopulation (P = 0.013). However, we found no evidence for association of rs1061170 (Y402H) with DBP or SBP (P≥0.130). When we combined data from the two sub-populations, the blood-pressure-increasing alleles of rs2274700 (A473A) and rs7542235 (CFHR1–3Δ) were both significantly associated with higher DBP (rs2274700: β = 0.632, P = 0.038; rs7542235: β = 1.431, P = 0.019) and SBP (rs2274700: β = 1.567, P = 8×10−3; rs7542235: β = 4.445, P = 2×10−4). The rs2274700 (A473A) blood-pressure-increasing allele also showed an association with increased risk of hypertension (OR: 1.175 [1.005–1.373], P = 0.048). There was no significant heterogeneity of associations for those SNPs between the Beijing and Shanghai populations (P≥0.174). However, only the associations with SBP remained significant after Bonferroni correction for the multiple tests (the P value cutoff for Bonferroni correction was 0.05/6 = 0.0083). The relative contributions of SNPs rs2274700 (A473A) and rs7542235 (CFHR1–3Δ) to the variation in SBP were 0.17% and 0.35%, respectively.
Since rs1061170 (Y402H) and rs2274700 (A473A) are both located at the CRP-binding site in CFH, we therefore tested whether there was an interaction between plasma CRP levels and genotypes of these two SNPs for association with blood pressure or hypertension risk. As shown in Table 3, the associations of rs2274700 (A473A) with DBP (P = 2.1×10−3) and SBP (8×10−5), and hypertension risk (7.9×10−3)were significant only in individuals with low CRP levels (<2.0 mg/l), but not in those with elevated CRP levels (≥2.0 mg/l) (P≥0.0807, P for interaction: 0.001–0.047). No significant interaction was observed between rs1061170 (Y402H) genotype and plasma CRP level for association with blood pressure or hypertension (P≥0.7579) (Table 3).
Discussion
In this population-based cohort study of Chinese Hans, we demonstrated that rs2274700 (A473A) and rs7542235 (CFHR1–3Δ) were both significantly associated with blood pressure. Notably, the associations of rs2274700 (A473A) with blood pressure was significant only in the individuals with low CRP levels (<2.0 mg/l), but not in those with elevated CRP levels (≥2.0 mg/l). However, no significant association between rs1061170 (Y402H) and blood pressure and hypertension risk was observed.
To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence that genetic variants in CFH and CFHR1/R3 are associated with blood pressure, in accordance with previous observations that increased plasma C3 levels may contribute to hypertension risk [3], [19], [23]–[26]. Although the molecular mechanism by which the rs2274700 (A473A) and rs7542235 (CFHR1–3Δ) variants contribute to hypertension risk remains unknown, a possible explanation is that the mutations caused by A473A and CFHR1–3Δ may lead to changes in expression or function of CFH and CFHR1/R3, and consequently result in dysregulation of complement system and inflammation. Consistent with this notion, CFHR1 and CFHR3 deficiency resulting from the CFHR1–3Δ has been associated with complement over-activation, increased inflammatory response, and increased risks of inflammation-related diseases, such as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) and systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) [27], [28]. Therefore, the rs7542235 (CFHR1–3Δ) may contribute to hypertension risk by increasing inflammatory response, and rs2274700 (A473A) is likely to be in LD with other genetic variants that affect expression of CFH or binding capacity of CFH with CRP. Consistent with our observation that rs1061170 (Y402H) shows no significant association with blood pressure, a recent meta-analysis in more than 18,000 European individuals also found no evidence for association between rs1061170 (Y402H) and blood pressure and hypertension risk [29].
There is evidence that C-reactive protein can directly bind to CFH at both SCR-6/8 and SCR-16/20 sites, and consequently inhibit complement system activation and prevent inflammatory responses [8]. The sites of rs1061170 (Y402H) and rs2274700 (A473A) are both located at the CRP-binding sites in CFH [14], which may provide structural basis for the interaction between CRP and these genetic variants. Consistent with these notions, we found that the association between rs2274700 (A473A) and blood pressure was significant only in individuals with lower plasma CRP levels, suggesting that low CRP levels may be harmful to individuals carrying the blood-pressure-increasing allele of rs2274700 (A473A).
Taken together, our results suggest that common genetic variation in CFH and its related genes may contribute to variation in blood pressure and hypertension risk in Chinese Hans. However, further studies in additional independent cohorts are needed before a firm conclusion can be made.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YC HL. Performed the experiments: WG JW LL XX HH FW JZ LS GL. Analyzed the data: HL XL YC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YP. Wrote the paper: GW JW YC.
References
- 1. Pauletto P, Rattazzi M (2006) Inflammation and hypertension: the search for a link. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21: 850–853.
- 2. Engstrom G, Hedblad B, Berglund G, Janzon L, Lindgarde F (2007) Plasma levels of complement C3 is associated with development of hypertension: a longitudinal cohort study. J Hum Hypertens 21: 276–282.
- 3. Engstrom G, Hedblad B, Janzon L, Lindgarde F (2007) Complement C3 and C4 in plasma and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a population-based cohort study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 14: 392–397.
- 4. Hage FG, Oparil S, Xing D, Chen YF, McCrory MA, et al. (2010) C-reactive protein-mediated vascular injury requires complement. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30: 1189–1195.
- 5. Magen E, Mishal J, Paskin J, Glick Z, Yosefy C, et al. (2008) Resistant arterial hypertension is associated with higher blood levels of complement C3 and C-reactive protein. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 10: 677–683.
- 6. Magen E, Feldman A, Cohen Z, Alon DB, Linov L, et al. (2010) Potential link between C3a, C3b and endothelial progenitor cells in resistant hypertension. Am J Med Sci 339: 415–419.
- 7. Fritsche LG, Lauer N, Hartmann A, Stippa S, Keilhauer CN, et al. (2010) An imbalance of human complement regulatory proteins CFHR1, CFHR3 and factor H influences risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Hum Mol Genet 19: 4694–4704.
- 8. Okemefuna AI, Nan R, Miller A, Gor J, Perkins SJ (2010) Complement factor H binds at two independent sites to C-reactive protein in acute phase concentrations. J Biol Chem 285: 1053–1065.
- 9. Klein RJ, Zeiss C, Chew EY, Tsai JY, Sackler RS, et al. (2005) Complement factor H polymorphism in age-related macular degeneration. Science 308: 385–389.
- 10. Li M, Atmaca-Sonmez P, Othman M, Branham KE, Khanna R, et al. (2006) CFH haplotypes without the Y402H coding variant show strong association with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet 38: 1049–1054.
- 11. Hughes AE, Orr N, Esfandiary H, Diaz-Torres M, Goodship T, et al. (2006) A common CFH haplotype, with deletion of CFHR1 and CFHR3, is associated with lower risk of age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet 38: 1173–1177.
- 12. Arakawa S, Takahashi A, Ashikawa K, Hosono N, Aoi T, et al. (2011) Genome-wide association study identifies two susceptibility loci for exudative age-related macular degeneration in the Japanese population. Nat Genet 43: 1001–1004.
- 13. Wright AF (2011) A rare variant in CFH directly links age-related macular degeneration with rare glomerular nephropathies. Nat Genet 43: 1176–1177.
- 14. Laine M, Jarva H, Seitsonen S, Haapasalo K, Lehtinen MJ, et al. (2007) Y402H polymorphism of complement factor H affects binding affinity to C-reactive protein. J Immunol 178: 3831–3836.
- 15. Robman L, Baird PN, Dimitrov PN, Richardson AJ, Guymer RH (2010) C-reactive protein levels and complement factor H polymorphism interaction in age-related macular degeneration and its progression. Ophthalmology 117: 1982–1988.
- 16. Ye X, Yu Z, Li H, Franco OH, Liu Y, et al. (2007) Distributions of C-reactive protein and its association with metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and older Chinese people. J Am Coll Cardiol 49: 1798–1805.
- 17. Cui JS, Hopper JL, Harrap SB (2003) Antihypertensive treatments obscure familial contributions to blood pressure variation. Hypertension 41: 207–210.
- 18. Jiang S, Bao Y, Hou X, Fang Q, Wang C, et al. (2009) Serum C-reactive protein and risk of cardiovascular events in middle-aged and older chinese population. Am J Cardiol 103: 1727–1731.
- 19. Edwards AO, Ritter R, 3rd, Abel KJ, Manning A, Panhuysen C, et al (2005) Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration. Science 308: 421–424.
- 20. Hageman GS, Anderson DH, Johnson LV, Hancox LS, Taiber AJ, et al. (2005) A common haplotype in the complement regulatory gene factor H (HF1/CFH) predisposes individuals to age-related macular degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 7227–7232.
- 21. Haines JL, Hauser MA, Schmidt S, Scott WK, Olson LM, et al. (2005) Complement factor H variant increases the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Science 308: 419–421.
- 22.
Raychaudhuri S, Ripke S, Li M, Neale BM, Fagerness J, et al. (2010) Associations of CFHR1-CFHR3 deletion and a CFH SNP to age-related macular degeneration are not independent. Nat Genet 42: 553–555; author reply 555–556.
- 23. Muscari A, Bozzoli C, Puddu GM, Sangiorgi Z, Dormi A, et al. (1995) Association of serum C3 levels with the risk of myocardial infarction. Am J Med 98: 357–364.
- 24. Muscari A, Massarelli G, Bastagli L, Poggiopollini G, Tomassetti V, et al. (2000) Relationship of serum C3 to fasting insulin, risk factors and previous ischaemic events in middle-aged men. Eur Heart J 21: 1081–1090.
- 25. Nadar SK, Lip GY (2007) New insights into complement C3 and inflammation in hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 21: 261–263.
- 26. Onat A, Can G, Rezvani R, Cianflone K (2011) Complement C3 and cleavage products in cardiometabolic risk. Clin Chim Acta 412: 1171–1179.
- 27. Zipfel PF, Edey M, Heinen S, Jozsi M, Richter H, et al. (2007) Deletion of complement factor H-related genes CFHR1 and CFHR3 is associated with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. PLoS Genet 3: e41.
- 28. Zhao J, Wu H, Khosravi M, Cui H, Qian X, et al. (2011) Association of genetic variants in complement factor H and factor H-related genes with systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility. PLoS Genet 7: e1002079.
- 29. Sofat R, Casas JP, Kumari M, Talmud PJ, Ireland H, et al. (2010) Genetic variation in complement factor H and risk of coronary heart disease: eight new studies and a meta-analysis of around 48,000 individuals. Atherosclerosis 213: 184–190.